Deep Purple Registry
A registry of passages with difficult to resolve
nouns or pronouns
(Revised December 2023)
Preface
The “Deep
Purple Registry” is a catalogue
of over 200 Bible passages and over 700 verses that required special attention because
they contain nouns – particularly pronouns – that reference entities not
readily resolved as either a reference to Deity
(i.e., God the Father, Son or
Holy Spirit)– or to some other entity
(e.g., non-deity angels or other heavenly beings; mortal men; Satan or his
demons, etc.) True references to Deity
merit the “Royal Purple” font treatment in
the KJP Bible.
These exceptions warrant further
explanation as to their resolution in the associated work, the “Purple Letter Edition” rendering of KJV Bible,
dubbed the “KJP”. The nouns and pronouns that fall into this exception category
are generally identified in the “KJP” text by what is called the “Deep Purple”
font, darker than the “royal purple” font that is used for references to Deity. (Think of the “Deep
Purple” font as signifying “deep mystery”,
where there is no agreement or clear consensus to who is referred to.)
This “Deep
Purple Registry” was a by-product of the
research for the ‘Pronoun Resolution Project’, which set out to color-code all
references to Deity as a visual clue
to readers of Scripture when God is
spoken of. The primary product of the ‘Project’ was the KJP Bible text, where
references to God are in the “Royal Purple” font color. The premise of the
‘Project’ was that a primary purpose for reading God’s
Word is to learn more of Him; and when
it is not clear who is being spoken of, it detracts from that purpose, as well
interrupting the ‘flow’ of the passage. This is true even when the reference is
readily resolved from the context; and is especially perplexing when the
context and some quick research fails to resolve the reference. As the ‘Pronoun
Resolution Project’ proceeded, the need for two additional font colors emerged:
blue for God’s
angels; and a “Deep
Purple” (a darker purple) for especially difficult references that may
or may not refer to God. The “Project”
used the “1611 Authorized King James Version” of the Bible as its base. Though
the “Deep Purple Registry”
that resulted from research of the more difficult Bible passages is based on
the AV1611 KJV, it may also prove useful when reading or studying other English
translations of the Bible, since this Registry
provides entries in canonical order (Book, Chapter & Verse), that all Bibles
follow to offer a pronoun resolution reference resource that can apply to all
English translations of the Bible.
Deep
Purple Registry entries appear in book,
chapter and verse order; and consist of 3 or 4 sections, as needed, in this
format:
The first section identifies the issue
or question; the 2nd section [within a border (box)] contains the
verse or passage in question; the third section, with a heading of “N/C:”, if needed, contains Notes/Comments
to briefly state what is known about the issue, and explain the rationale for
this KJP font treatment; and the fourth section (the Resolution section)
contains how the issue was dealt with and describers the KJP font treatment
applied to that entity reference. These entries seek to address the ‘tough’
ones; including those with unresolved ambiguity, that are in dispute among
Bible scholars, those with dual-resolution, or others that merit further
explanation.
Reference Materials
Consulted, and their abbreviations used in this Registry:
Commentary and other
reference source abbreviations used in this Registry
are as follows:
“BBC” = Believer’s Bible Commentary by
Wm. MacDonald; “CC” = Clarke's
Commentary; “CS T/D” = Chas. Spurgeon’s “Treasuries of David”; “EBC” = Expositor's Bible Commentary; “GSB” = Geneva Study
Bible Commentary; “ISBE” = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia; “JAA” =
Dr. Joseph A. Alexander Commentary; “JFB” = Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible
Commentary; “LMG” = Lesley M. Grant Commentary; “MH” = Matthew Henry
Commentary; “W&Z” = The Bible Knowledge Commentary by John F. Walvoord
& Roy B. Zuck; “WN” = Wesley’s Notes; “BN” = Barnes’ Notes.
Also frequently
consulted were 14 Parallel Translations (referred to as a group herein as
“PT”):
AKJV = American King James Version; ASV
= American Standard Version; BBE = Bible in Basic English; DBT = Darby Bible
Translation; DRB = Douay-Rheims Bible; ERV = English Revised Version; ESV = English
Standard Version; GWT = God’s Word Translation;
KJV = King James Version; NAS = New American Standard Bible; RSV = Revised
Standard Version; WEB = World English Bible; WBT = Webster's Bible Translation;
WNT = Weymouth New Testament; YLT = Young’s Literal Translation.
Other abbreviations used: “N/C:” (Notes/Comments
sections of entries when applicable; “OT” is Old Testament; “NT” is New
Testament; AV is 1611 Authorized Version (of KJV).
Beginning of Deep Purple Registry Entries in Canonical Order
Genesis 1:26 – Here in the Garden of
Eden is the first of several occurrences of God using the first person plural pronoun “Us” in referring to Himself – and is an early Biblical
intimation of the Holy Trinity: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. See also Gen. 3:22, 11:7 and Isaiah 6:8 for other such examples.
1:26 And God said, Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness; and let them
have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over
the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth
upon the earth.
Resolution:
Apply the capitalized “Deep Purple” bold font to the first
of the occurrences of “Us”, as a mechanism to refer readers to the “Deep Purple Registry” to further explain this
extraordinary reference. The subsequent occurrences of first person plural
pronouns referring to God will have entries here in the “Deep
Purple Registry”; but will be treated with
the “Royal Purple” font consistent
with the intent of this work, as seen below.
Genesis 3:15 – Q: Who is referred to by the three nouns “seed”, “it” (“he”) and “his” in verse 3:15?
KJP - 15And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy
seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
N/C:. These three nouns may refer to Christ, but there is no agreement on the question: 7 of the 30 translations,
by their use of capitalization, indicate
a reference to Deity – likely Christ, and
many commentators seem to believe they refer to Christ,
but at least one commentator is adamant
that they do not!
Resolution:
Apply the “Deep
Purple” font to those
three words to alert the reader to the possibility that they may indirectly
refer to Deity, and insert this entry in the “Deep
Purple Registry”.
Genesis 3:22 – This is another instance
of God using
the first person plural pronoun “Us” in referring to Himself.
3:22 And
the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of Us, to know good and evil;
and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and
eat, and live for ever:
Resolution:
Apply the capitalized “Royal Purple” bold
font consistent with the intent of this work, but insert an entry here
in the “Deep Purple Registry” for further explanation.
Genesis 11:7 - The Tower of Babel –
Another example of God using the first person plural pronoun “Us” in referring to Himself.
11:7 Come
{Go to}, let Us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not
understand one another's speech.
Resolution:
Apply the capitalized “Royal Purple” bold
font consistent with the intent of this work, but insert an entry here
in the “Deep Purple Registry” for further explanation.
Genesis 14:18 - 20 – Who is
Melchizedek and
what, if any, type of Theophany is this?
14:18 And
Melchizedek, king of Salem, brought forth
bread and wine; and he was the priest of the most high God. 14:19 And he blessed him, and said,
Blessed be Abram of the most high God, Possessor of heaven and earth: 14:20 And blessed be the most high God, Who hath delivered thine
enemies into thy hand. And he gave him tithes of all.
N/C: Upon
first reading this passage (Genesis 14:18 - 20) that mentions Abram’s encounter
with Melchizedek, it may
arouse the reader’s mild curiosity, or possibly even mild irritation that it is
inserted in this narrative with so little background information. Were it not
for other passages in God’s Word, such as Ps. 110:4; Heb. 5:6; 6:20; 7:2-3; 10; 7:17, 21, it would
remain a mere obscure and perplexing biblical ‘factoid’. However, this is not a
mere insertion of ‘trivia’.
Resolution:
While much mystery remains about Melchizedek, most Bible scholars agree
that at a minimum he is a “type of Christ the King-Priest” and therefore references to Melchizedek are treated with the “deep
purple” font as means of alerting the reader that
there is more here than meets the eye of the casual reader. Note the spelling
variation in Hebrews (NT): “Melchizedec” As for the two pronouns in verse 19 (“And he blessed him”), the first
refers to Melchizedec, who blessed Abraham.
Genesis 16:7 Who is the “angel of the LORD” or “the angel of God” referenced here and
elsewhere in Scripture?
16:7 And
the Angel of the LORD found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the
fountain in the way to Shur. 16:8 And He said, Hagar, Sarai's maid, whence camest thou? And whither wilt
thou go? And she said, I flee from the face of my mistress, Sarai. 16:9 And the
Angel of the LORD said unto her, Return to
thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands. 16:10 And the Angel of the LORD said unto her, I will multiply thy seed
exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude. 16:11 And the Angel of the LORD said unto her, Behold,
thou art with child, and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name
Ishmael; because the LORD hath heard thy affliction. 16:12 And he will be a wild man; his
hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he
shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren. 16:13 And she called the name of the LORD Who spoke unto her, Thou God seest me; for she said,
Have I also here seen {looked after} Him that seeth me?
N/C: This is the first of several appearance in the OT of an entity
that is referred to most often as the “Angel of the LORD” or “the Angel of God”, and also as “the Angel of the Covenant”. (See also Gen. 21:17; 22:11-12; 31:11; Exod.
3:2; 14:19; Num.22:22-35; Jud. 2:1; 2:4; 5:23; 6:11-13; 6:20; 13:3-21;
2Sam.24:16; 1Kings 19:7; 2Kings 1:3; 1:15; 19:35; 1Chron.21:12-30; Ps.34:7;
Isa. 37:36; Zech.1:11-12; 3:1; 3:5-6; 4:4-6; and 12:8 for other occurrences.) It
is clear that this is not an ‘ordinary angel’ and is deserving of more explanation at this first Biblical
occurrence: ISBE calls Him “the Angel of Theophany” and the following excerpt from page 134 could serve
well as an apt and reliable introduction to the question, “Who is the angel of the LORD or the angel of God?” - “A study of these
passages shows that while the angel and Jehovah are at times distinguished from each other, they are with equal
frequency, and in the same passages, merged into each other. How is this to be
explained? It is obvious that these apparitions cannot be the Almighty Himself, whom no man hath seen, or can
see. In seeking the explanation, special attention should be paid to two other
passages. In Ex 23:20 ff God promises to send an angel before His people to lead them to the promised land; they are commanded to
obey him and not
to provoke him "for he will not pardon your transgression: for My name is in him." Thus the angel can forgive sin, which
only God can do, because God's name, (i.e., His character and thus His authority) are in the angel. Further, in the passage Ex 32:34 – 33:17 Moses intercedes for
the people after their first breach of the covenant; God responds by promising,
"Behold, Mine angel shall go before thee"; and immediately after God says, "I will not go up in the
midst of thee." In answer to further pleading, God says, "My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee rest."
Here a clear distinction is made between an ordinary angel, and the angel who carries with him God's presence. The conclusion may be
summed up in the words of Davidson in his O.T. Theology: "In
particular providences one may trace the presence of Jehovah in influence and
operation; in ordinary angelic appearances one may discover Jehovah present on some side of His being, in some attribute of His character; in the angel of the Lord He is fully present as the covenant God of His people, to redeem
them." The question still remains, Who is the theophanic angel? To this many answers have
been given, of which the following may be mentioned:
(1) This angel is simply an angel of God with a special commission;
(2) He may be a momentary descent of God into visibility;
(3) He may be the Logos, a kind of temporary preincarnation of the second Person of the Trinity.
Each has its difficulties,
but the last is certainly the most tempting to the mind. Yet it must be
remembered that at best these are only conjectures that touch on a great
mystery. It is certain that from the beginning God used angels in human form, with human
voices, in order to communicate with man; and the appearances of the angel of the Lord, with his special redemptive
relation to God's people, show the working of that Divine mode of self-revelation
which culminated in the coming of the Saviour, and are thus a foreshadowing of, and a preparation for, the full
revelation of God in Jesus Christ. Further than this it is not safe to go.” Some suggest that the
key to distinguishing between these entities lies in whether the definite
article “the” (as opposed to “an”) is used as part of the entity’s title. Assuming
these articles (the and an) have been preserved in translation to English, then
the form of this article, while perhaps a helpful “clue”, does not appear to be
a reliable hard-fast indicator of the identity of these entities, since both
the definite and indefinite forms are used for the same entity in several
passages. Also note that in addition to Stephen’s reference to the OT appearance
to Moses of “an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush” in the wilderness of Mount Sinai,
during his defense before the Sanhedrin, there are 2 other occurrences of “an
angel of the Lord” and 9 of “the angel of the Lord” found in the New
Testament. Thus there appears to be no ‘easy answers’ to this perplexing
question. Loren Jacobs, of Jews for Jesus, in his treatise titled “An Angel You
Ought To Know”, has well said: “This writer maintains that the angel of the
Lord must be the Lord God. Yet in some sense, the angel of the Lord, even
though He Himself is deity, must be distinguished from the totality of the
Godhead. For in Zechariah 1:12, the angel of the Lord is seen interceding on
behalf of Israel, calling out to the Lord of hosts! The Holy Scriptures have
given us a paradox: The Angel of the LORD is distinct from God, yet is Himself
very God! This paradox is consistent with God's very nature. God, who is
involved with His creation and interested in our welfare (Psalm 139:3, 13), is
also high above (Isaiah 55:8,9). God is a vengeful God to those who flaunt His
revealed will (Deuteronomy 32:35), and yet He is merciful (Exodus 33:19). God
is all-important (Psalm 139), and yet He willingly "forgets"
(Jeremiah 31:34, Isaiah 64:9). God is an advocate, a defender of His people
(Psalm 59:1, Job 16:19), but He is also a prosecutor and judge (Psalm 50:6),
Ecclesiastes 3:17). When we study the nature of God, we find paradoxes.”
Resolution:
This and subsequent Biblical occurrences as
cited above are most likely of the same entity; yet sometimes with subtle
distinctions as alluded to in the ISBE and Loren Jacobs excerpts copied above. There
is good evidence that this is a true Theophany – or more specifically – a
Christophany – a pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ and as such seems worthy of treatment with the “Royal purple” font. However, to do so
would, at least in some instances, be to make blanket assumptions that may not
be warranted. Therefore, references of this entity throughout the OT will be
capitalized to indicate Deity and have the “Deep Purple” font applied for consistency across all occurrences and to refer the
reader here for fuller explanation of this unique heavenly Being. Within these passages,
where other pronouns clearly refer to God, the Father, the usual “Royal purple” font will be applied, despite the unavoidable apparent and
contradiction.
Genesis 18:2 – 19:25 Who are
the “three men” that appear in these Genesis 18 & 19 passages?
18:2 And
he lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood by him: and when he
saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself toward the ground, 18:3 And
said, My LORD, if now I have found favor in Thy sight, pass not away, I pray Thee, from Thy servant: 18:4 Let a little water, I pray You, be fetched, and wash Your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree: 18:5 And I
will fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort Ye Your hearts; after that Ye shall pass on: for therefore are Ye come to Your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast
said. 18:6 And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready
quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes upon the
hearth. 18:7 And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetched a calf, tender and
good, and gave it unto a young man; and he hasted to dress it. 18:8 And
he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before
them; and he
stood by them under the tree, and they did eat. 18:9 And they said unto him, Where is Sarah, thy wife? And he said,
Behold, in the tent. 18:10 And He said, I will certainly return unto thee according to the time of life;
and, lo, Sarah, thy wife, shall have a son. And Sarah heard it in the
tent door, which was behind him. 18:11 Now Abraham and Sarah were
old and well stricken in age; and it ceased to be with Sarah
after the manner of women. 18:12 Therefore Sarah laughed within herself,
saying, After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also? 18:13 And
the LORD said
unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a surety bear a
child, who am old? 18:14 Is any thing too hard for the LORD? At the time appointed I will return unto thee,
according to the time of life, and Sarah shall have a son. 18:15 Then Sarah
denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. And He said, Nay; but thou didst
laugh. 18:16 And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward Sodom; and Abraham went
with them to bring
them on the
way.
N/C: This ‘threesome’ - consisting of God and two of His angels - appears in vv.2,4-5,8-9,
& 16; while the pronouns in vv. 3, 10, 13-15 appear to refer to a single entity, Who is God.
18:17 And
the LORD said,
Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I do; 18:18 Seeing that
Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of
the earth shall be blessed in him? 18:19 For I know him, that he will command his children and his household
after him, and they shall keep the way of the LORD, to do justice and judgment; that the LORD may bring upon Abraham
that which He hath spoken of him. 18:20 And the LORD said, Because the cry of
Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous; 18:21 I will go down now, and see
whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which is come
unto Me; and if not, I will know.
N/C: The Lord as a separate entity again appears in vv.17-21,
and in other verses that follow in chapters 18 and 19 of Genesis.
18:22 And the men turned their faces from thence, and went
toward Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before the LORD.
N/C: The angel(s) apart from the Lord are referred to in v.22,
where they leave
for Sodom, and then are spoken of again beginning in 19:1.
18:23 And
Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt Thou also destroy the righteous with the wicked? 18:24 Suppose {Peradventure}
there are {be} fifty righteous within the city: wilt Thou also destroy and not spare
the place for the fifty righteous that are therein? 18:25 That be far
from Thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked:
and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from Thee. Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?
18:26 And the LORD said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place
for their sakes. 18:27 And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken
upon me to speak unto the LORD, who am but dust and ashes: 18:28 Suppose {Peradventure}
there shall lack five of the fifty righteous: wilt Thou destroy all the city for lack
of five? And He said, If I find there forty and five, I will not destroy it. 18:29 And he spoke unto Him yet again, and said, Suppose
{Peradventure} there shall be forty found there. And He said, I will not do it for
forty's sake. 18:30 And he said unto Him, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will
speak: Suppose {Peradventure} there shall thirty be found there. And He said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there. 18:31 And
he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD: Suppose {Peradventure}
there shall be twenty found there. And He said, I will not destroy it for twenty's sake. 18:32 And he said,
Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will speak yet but this once: Suppose ten
shall be found there. And He said, I will not destroy it for ten's sake. 18:33 And the LORD went His way, as soon as he had ceased
talking with Abraham: and Abraham returned unto his place.
N/C: It
appears to be the Lord only Who is referred to in the passage of vv. 23-33.
19:1 And
there came two angels to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the gate of Sodom: and Lot
seeing them rose up to meet them; and he bowed himself with his face toward the ground; 19:2 And
he said, Behold now, my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all
night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your ways. And
they said,
Nay; but we will abide in the street all night. 19:3 And he pressed upon them greatly; and they turned in unto him, and
entered into his house; and he made them a feast, and did bake unleavened bread, and they did eat. 19:4 But before they lay down, the men of the
city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both old and
young, all the people from every quarter: 19:5 And they called unto Lot, and said
unto him, Where are the men who came in to thee this night? Bring them out unto us, that we may
know them. 19:6 And
Lot went out at the door unto them, and shut the door after him, 19:7 And said,
I pray you, brethren, do not so wickedly. 19:8 Behold now, I have two daughters
which have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do
ye to them as is good in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; for therefore
came they under the shadow of my roof. 19:9 And they said, Stand back. And they
said again, This one fellow came in to sojourn, and he will needs
be a judge: now will we deal worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore
upon the man, even Lot, and came near to break the door. 19:10 But the men put forth their hand, and pulled Lot into
the house to them, and shut to the door. 19:11 And they smote the men that were at the door of the house with
blindness, both small and great; so that they wearied themselves to find the
door. 19:12 And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides? Son in law, and thy
sons, and thy daughters, and whatsoever thou hast in the city, bring them
out of this place: 19:13 For we will destroy this place, because the cry of them is waxen great
before the face of the LORD; and the LORD hath sent us to destroy it. 19:14 And Lot went out, and spoke unto his sons in
law, which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for
the LORD will
destroy this city. But he seemed as one that mocked unto his sons in law. 19:15
And when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot, saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two
daughters, which are here; lest thou be consumed in the iniquity of the city. 19:16
And while he lingered, the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon
the hand of his two daughters; the LORD being merciful unto him: and they brought him forth, and set him outside the city. 19:17 And it
came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that he said, Escape for thy life;
look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the plain; escape to the
mountain, lest thou be consumed. 19:18 And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my lord! 19:19 Behold now, thy servant hath found grace
in thy sight,
and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou hast showed unto me in
saving my life; and I cannot escape to the mountain, lest some evil overtake
me, and I die: 19:20 Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is
a little one. Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and
my soul shall live. 19:21 And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow this
city, for which thou hast spoken. 19:22 Haste thee, escape thither; for I cannot do any thing till
thou be come thither. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar. 19:23 The
sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered into Zoar. 19:24 Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and upon
Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven; 19:25 And He overthrew those cities, and all the plain, and all the
inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground.
Resolution: Use “deep purple” where all three ‘angels’ (the Lord and two of His angels.) This ‘threesome’ appears
in Chapter 18, vv. 2,4-5,8-9, & 16. It appears to be the Lord only Who is spoken of in vv.10,
14-15, 17, 19-33. Use blue font where only the angel(s) – and not the Lord – are referred to, which occurs in 18:22, where they leave for
Sodom, and then are spoken of again beginning in 19:1. While both the Lord and the angels are referred to in chapter
18 and 19, they do not appear as a ‘threesome’ after they part in 18:22.
It appears that only the
two angels entered
Sodom, and lodged with Lot at his urging (19:1 And there came two angels to Sodom at even); and
were God’s agents in destroying Sodom, Gomorrah, and other cities in the
plain. Note, however, that these two angels appear to have had sufficient authority or autonomy to grant
Lot’s request to spare the town of Zoar. Also note that the pronoun shifts from
the plural (19:13 For we will destroy this place, because the cry of them is waxen great
before the face of the LORD; and the LORD hath sent us to destroy it.) to 2nd and 1st person
singular (19:21 And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow this
city, for which thou hast spoken. 19:22 Haste thee, escape thither; for I cannot do any thing till
thou be come thither.) Also note that ultimately, the destruction came from the
Lord (Then
the LORD rained
upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven; And He overthrew those cities,
and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew
upon the ground. 19:24-25)
Genesis 21:17 Is this an encounter with God (Theophany), or with one
of His angels?
21:17 And God heard the voice of the
lad; and the Angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her, What aileth
thee, Hagar? Fear not; for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is. 21:18 Arise,
lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great
nation. 21:19 And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she went, and
filled the bottle with water, and gave the lad drink. 21:20 And God was with the lad; and he
grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer.
N/C: There are
a number of appearances in the OT of what is referred to as “The Angel of God”. It remains to be seen if
these occurrences are all Theophanies (manifestations of a member of the Triune Godhead), or manifestations of God’s angels. One test of this is
whether the being that appears acts as God, or as one of His messengers or agents (angels). Note that in verse 18 of this passage the angel of God states that “I will make him a great nation.” Further, in verse 19, it states
that “God opened her eyes” (See Gen.16:7 entry for more on the “Angel of God”.)
Resolution:
By the context, this appears to be a
manifestation of God, Himself – or a Christophany - and not one of His ‘ordinary’ angels, but will be treated with
the “deep purple” font as
means of alerting the reader to its unique significance.
Genesis 22:11-15 “The Angel of Lord” restrains Abraham from
sacrificing Isaac.
22:10 And
Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. 22:11 And
the Angel of the
LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he
said, Here am I. 22:12 And He said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing
unto him; for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from
Me. 22:13 And
Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram
caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and
offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son. 22:14 And Abraham
called the name of that place Jehovah-jireh, as it is said to this day,
In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen. 22:15 And the Angel of the LORD called unto Abraham out of heaven the second time, 22:16 And
said, By Myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy
son, thine only son: 22:17 That in blessing I will bless thee, and in
multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the
sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of
his enemies; 22:18 And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be
blessed; because thou hast obeyed My voice.
N/C: Here is
another OT occurrence of what is referred to as “The Angel of Lord”. It is not clear that
these occurrences are all Christophanies (pre-incarnate manifestations Christ, or of God Himself), (See under Gen. 16:7 for
fuller explanation.)
Resolution:
While this appears to be a manifestation of God, Himself – and not one of His angels, it, like other such
occurrences, will be treated with the “deep
purple” font as a means of alerting the reader to its significance.
Genesis 24:7 Abraham instructs his servant to go to his country to take a wife
unto his son Isaac; and assures him that God shall send His angel before him.
24:4 But
thou shalt go unto my country, and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my son
Isaac. 24:5 And the servant said unto him, Suppose the woman will not be
willing to follow me unto this land: must I needs bring thy son again unto the
land from whence thou camest? 24:6 And Abraham said unto him, Beware thou that
thou bring not my son thither again. 24:7 The LORD God of heaven, Who took me from my father's house, and from the land of my kindred,
and Who spoke unto me, and Who swore unto me, saying, Unto thy seed will I give this land; He shall send His angel before thee, and thou
shalt take a wife unto my son from thence.
Resolution:
This appears to be a simple reference to God’s angel, and will be treated with
the “blue” font as
the usual treatment of angels, In the KJP Bible.
Genesis 24:40 Abraham’s servant relates
and quotes Abraham’s assurance to him that God shall send His angel before him.
24:39 And
I said unto my master, Suppose the woman will not follow me. 24:40 And
he said unto me, The LORD, before Whom I walk, will send His angel with thee, and prosper thy way; and thou shalt take a wife for my
son of my kindred, and of my father's house:
Resolution:
This, like 24:7, is a simple reference to God’s angel, and is treated with the
usual “blue” font for angels.
Genesis 31:11 Jacob encounters the “Angel of God” in a dream.
31:11 And
the Angel of God spoke unto me in a dream, saying,
Jacob: And I said, Here am I. 31:12 And He said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which leap
upon the cattle are striped, speckled, and spotted; for I have seen all that Laban
doeth unto thee. 31:13 I am the God of Bethel, where thou anointedst the pillar, and where
thou vowedst a vow unto Me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the land
of thy kindred.
N/C: Here is
an OT occurrence of what is referred to as “The Angel of Lord”. It is not clear that these occurrences are all Christophanies
(pre-incarnate manifestations Christ), or of God Himself. (See under Gen. 16:7 for fuller explanation.) Note that in verse
13 of this passage the Angel of God states that “I am the God of Bethel, where thou anointedst the pillar, and where
thou vowedst a vow unto Me.”
Resolution:
By the context, this appears to be a
manifestation of God, Himself – and certainly not one of His angels, but will be treated with the “deep
purple” font to alert the reader to its significance.
Genesis 32:1-3 Who or
what is referred to by “the angels of God” in verse 3?
32:1 And
Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him. 32:2 And when
Jacob saw them, he said, This is God's host: and he called the name of that place Mahanaim. 32:3 And
Jacob sent messengers before him to Esau his brother unto the land of Seir, the
country of Edom.
N/C: Here is
another encounter with what is referred to as “The Angels of God”. Some of these
occurrences are Theophanies (manifestations of a member of the Triune Godhead), others are
manifestations of God’s angels. One test of this is whether the ‘angel’ acts as God, or as one of His messengers of agents (angels). Note that in verse 1 & 2 of this passage the entities
referred to as “the angels of God” is treated as plural –
and as such they appear to be messengers or angels of God.
Resolution:
By the context, this appears to be a
manifestation of God’s angels and will be treated with the “blue” font to identify them as such.
Genesis 32:24-32 – Whom did Jacob wrestle with in
this passage, an angel, or God?
32:23 And
he took them, and sent them over the brook, and sent over what he had. 32:24 And
Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a Man with him until the breaking of the day. 32:25 And when He saw that He prevailed not against him, He touched the hollow of his
thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with Him. 32:26 And He said, Let Me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let Thee go, except Thou bless me. 32:27 And He said unto him, What is
thy name? And he said, Jacob. 32:28 And He said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel; for as
a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed. 32:29 And Jacob asked Him, and said, Tell me,
I pray Thee, Thy name. And He said, Wherefore is it
that thou dost ask after My name? And He blessed him there. 32:30 And Jacob called the name of the place
Peniel; for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved. 32:31 And as he passed
over Penuel the sun rose upon him, and he limped upon his thigh. 32:32 Therefore
the children of Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is
upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day: because He touched the hollow of
Jacob's thigh in the sinew that shrank.
N/C: Here is
the account of Jacob’s encounter with what is referred to as “a Man”. Some of these
occurrences are true Theophanies (manifestations of a member of the Triune Godhead); others are
manifestations of God’s angels. Our test here is whether the being in question acts as a member of the Godhead - as opposed to one of God’s messengers or agents (angels). Note that in verse 30
Jacob says he has “seen God face to face”. Other evidence from Scripture shows this to be an
appearance of pre-incarnate Christ.
Resolution:
This appears to be a true Theophany – or more
specifically – a Christophany – a pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ and will be treated with
the “Royal purple” font to
identify it as such.
Genesis 32:25 - Which pronoun in
the latter part verse 25, “he” or ‘him”, refers to God, and which to Jacob?
32:25 And
when He saw that
He prevailed
not against him, He touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh
was out of joint, as he wrestled with him.
N/C: This is
one of those instances where we know that one of these two pronouns refers to Deity, and the other to mortal
man; and it’s virtually impossible to ascertain which is which.
Resolution:
While we know that one of these two pronouns
refers to Deity, and the other to mortal man, their references are not readily
resolved, nor is it crucial that they be. Therefore, they will remain
un-resolved beyond recognizing that one applies to the Lord; and will apply the deep purple font to both as an
acknowledgement of the unresolved ambiguity.
Genesis 48:16 Jacob’s reference to “an Angel” in verse 16 is really a
reference to God.
48:15 And
he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before Whom my fathers, Abraham and Isaac, did walk, the God Who fed me all my life long
unto this day, 48:16 An angel Who redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads; and let my name be
named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow
into a multitude in the midst of the earth. 48:17 And when Joseph saw that his
father laid his right hand upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him; and he
held up his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh's
head. 48:18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father; for this is
the firstborn; put thy right hand upon his head. 48:19 And his father refused,
and said, I know it, my son, I know it; he also shall become a
people, and he also shall be great; but truly his younger brother shall be
greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations.
N/C: Here in
the account of Jacob’s blessing of Ephraim and Manasseh, Joseph’s sons, on the
eve of his death, Jacob refers to the God of his fathers, Abraham and Isaac, as “an Angel” in verse 16. Despite the term, it is clearly as reference
to God, the Father.
Resolution:
There is no implication of an angel, per se, here. This is
merely the use of the term “an Angel” as an appellation by Jacob of God, the Father, and will be treated with the “Royal
purple” bold font that it merits.
Genesis 49:24 Jacob makes reference to Christ (v.24) in his prophecy of
his and Joseph’s sons.
49:2 Gather
yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel, your father.
49:3 Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my
strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power: 49:5 Simeon
and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their
habitations. 49:8 Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy
hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father's children shall
bow down before thee. 49:10 The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a
lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto Him shall the gathering
of the people be. 49:13 Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and
he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto
Sidon. 49:14 Issachar is a strong ass crouching down between two
burdens: 49:16 Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. 49:18
I have waited for Thy salvation, O LORD. 49:19 Gad, a troop shall overcome him; but he shall overcome at
the last. 49:20 Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield
royal dainties. 49:21 Naphtali is a hind let loose; he giveth beautiful
{goodly} words. 49:22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful
bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall: 49:23 The archers
have harassed him, and shot at him, and hated him: 49:24 But his
bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands
of the mighty God of Jacob (from there is the Shepherd, the Stone of Israel), 49:25 Even
by the God of thy father, Who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, Who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the
deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb:
N/C: Here in
verse 24, on the eve of his death, in his prophecy regarding his and Joseph’s
sons, Jacob includes a reference to Christ, the Messiah, “the Shepherd, the Stone of Israel”.
Resolution:
The two references are treated with the “Royal purple” font as it applies to Christ.
Exodus - 3:2 Here the Angel of the LORD appears to Moses in the
burning bush.
3:1 Now
Moses kept the flock of Jethro, his father-in-law, the priest of Midian; and he
led the flock to the backside of the desert, and came to the mountain of God, even to Horeb. 3:2
And the Angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush;
and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not
consumed. 3:3 And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and see this great sight,
why the bush is not burnt. 3:4 and when the LORD saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses,
Moses. And he said, Here am I. 3:5 And He said, Draw not near here: put off thy shoes from off thy
feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. 3:6 Moreover He said, I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid
his face; for he was afraid to look upon God. 3:7 And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of My people who are in
Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters; for I know their sorrows; 3:8 And
I am come
down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out
of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and
honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites,
and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites. 3:9 Now therefore,
behold, the cry of the children of Israel is come unto Me; and I have also seen the
oppression wherewith the Egyptians oppress them. 3:10 Come now therefore, and I will send thee unto
Pharaoh, that thou mayest bring forth My people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt. 3:11 And Moses said
unto God, Who am I, that I should go unto Pharaoh, and that I
should bring forth the children of Israel out of Egypt? 3:12 And He said, Certainly I will be with thee; and
this shall be a token unto thee, that I have sent thee: When thou hast brought forth the people out of
Egypt, ye shall serve God upon this mountain. 3:13 And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I
come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent
me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is His name? What shall I say unto
them? 3:14 And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and He said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you.
N/C: This is one of several appearances of the Angel of the LORD in the OT. In this
particular passage we see a transition (v.2 through v.6, assuming that here, as
in most instances, the Angel of the LORD is indeed a pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ) from the Second Person to the First Person of the Trinity. In verse 2 the Angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a
burning bush; but in verse 6 He identifies Himself as God, saying, “I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Jacob”.
Resolution:
This Angel of the LORD (v.2, typically a pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ) also appears to be a
manifestation of God, Himself – certainly not one of His angels. It will be treated with the “deep
purple” font as means of alerting the reader to its
unique occurrence.
Exodus 12:23 God accompanies and directs
the actions of “the destroyer” throughout Egypt.
12:23 For
the LORD will
pass through to smite the Egyptians; and when He seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, the LORD will pass over the door,
and will not permit the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you. 12:24 And ye
shall observe this thing for an ordinance to thee and to thy sons for ever.
N/C: Here we
see the Lord Himself acting as the sovereign God, overseeing of the actions of “the destroyer” (angel of death).
Resolution:
There is a reference to an angel “the destroyer” in this passage, which is
treated with blue font. The balance of the passage appears to refer to the Lord Himself and these nouns and
pronouns are treated with the Royal Purple font.
Exodus 13:21-22 The Lord in a pillar of the cloud by day and
the pillar of fire
by night.
13:21 And
the LORD went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the
way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and
night: 13:22 He took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of
fire by night, from before the people.
Resolution:
This is a visible manifestation of the presence
of God acting
as Israel’s Guide in their wanderings in the wilderness. It appears in the OT in Ex.
13:21-22, 14:19-20, 24, 33:9-10, Num. 12:5, 14:14, Deut. 31:15, and Neh. 9:12
& 19. Each deserves special treatment - applying “Deep purple” font to alert the reader
to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Exodus 14:17-19 The “Angel of God” interposes himself between the Egyptians and
the camp of Israel.
14:17 And
I, behold,
I will harden
the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them; and I will get Me honor upon Pharaoh, and
upon all his host, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen. 14:18 And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I have gotten Me honor upon Pharaoh, upon
his chariots, and upon his horsemen. 14:19 And the Angel of God, Who went before the camp of
Israel, removed and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them: 14:20 And it came between the camp of
the Egyptians and the camp of Israel; and it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to
these, so that the one came not near the other all the night. 14:21 And
Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the LORD caused the sea to go back
by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the
waters were divided.
Resolution:
The Angel of God, typically a pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ, is also a term that is
here used to refer to the visible manifestation of the presence of God acting as Israel’s protector and Guide in their inaugural
wanderings in the wilderness. The term “pillar” also appears in this verse. Applying “Deep purple” font to both nouns to
flag them as unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Exodus 19:16,19 etc. Certain manifestations of a
“voice” in
scripture are significant.
Exodus
19:16, 19:19 (2); 1Kings 19:12, 19:13; Ezekiel 1:24 (2), 1:25, 1:28, 3:12, 9:1,
43:2;
Matt.
3:17, 17:5; Mark 1:11, 9:7; Luke 3:22, 9:35, 9:36; John 12:28, 12:30; Acts
7:31, 9:4, 9:7, 10:13, 10:15, 11:7, 11:9, 22:7, 22:9, 26:14; Hebrews 12:26;
2Peter 1:17, 1:18; Rev. 1:10, 1:12, 1:15, 4:1, 6:6, 6:7, 9:13, 10:4, 10:8,
11:12, 12:10, 14:2, 14:13, 16:1, 16:17, 18:4, 19:5, 21:3.
N/C: There are instances in scripture where the word “voice” represents the presence
and glory of God. Their occurrences, listed above by book, chapter and verse, are
worthy of note.
Resolution:
These particular occurrences, as enumerated
above, are not necessarily identical in type, but most appear to be the voice
of God, while
others may be of heavenly beings. These are all extraordinary and thus are
treated with the “deep purple” font to alert the reader to their unique attribute.
Exodus 19:16-19 Here the cloud and voice represent God’s presence to the people.
19:15 And
he said unto the people, Be ready against the third day: come not near {at}
your wives. 19:16 And it came to pass on the third day in the morning,
that there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding
loud; so that all the people that was in the camp trembled. 19:17 And
Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet with God; and they stood at the lower
{nether} part of the mount. 19:18 And Mount Sinai was altogether in a smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire; and the smoke thereof ascended as the
smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly. 19:19 And when the voice of the trumpet sounded
long, and became louder and louder, Moses spoke, and God answered him by a voice. 19:20 And the LORD came down upon Mount
Sinai, on the top of the mount; and the LORD called Moses up to the top of the mount; and Moses went
up.
Resolution:
This is another visible and audible
manifestation of the presence of God on Mount Sinai as He meets and confers with Moses. These, like the pillar, deserve
special treatment - applying “Deep purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Exodus 20:18-21 The cloud and voice representing God’s presence to the people.
20:18 And
all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking; and when the people saw
it, they moved
{removed}, and stood afar off. 20:19 And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with
us, and we will hear; but let not God speak with us, lest we die. 20:20 And Moses said unto the people,
Fear not; for God is come to test you, and that His fear may be before your
faces, that ye sin not. 20:21 And the people stood afar off, And Mount Sinai
was altogether in a smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire; and the smoke thereof ascended 20:22 And
the LORD said unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the children of Israel,
Ye have seen that I have talked with you from heaven.
Resolution:
This is another visible and audible
manifestation of the presence of God on the mount as He meets and confers with Moses. These also merit special treatment
- applying “Deep purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Exodus 23:20-23 God sends an angel before Israel to lead them. Who is this angel?
23:20 Behold,
I send an Angel before thee, to keep thee in the way,
and to bring thee into the place which I have prepared. 23:21 Beware of Him, and obey His voice, provoke Him not; for He will not pardon your transgressions; for My name is in Him. 23:22 But if thou shalt
indeed obey His voice, and do all
that I speak; then I will be an enemy unto thine enemies, and an adversary unto thine
adversaries. 23:23 For Mine Angel shall go before thee, and bring thee in unto the Amorites, and
the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites, the Hivites, and the
Jebusites; and I will cut them off. 23:24 Thou shalt not bow down to their gods,
nor serve them, nor do after their works; but thou shalt utterly overthrow
them, and quite break down their images.
Resolution:
There is ample evidence that this Angel is the same one
represented earlier (e.g., Ex. 20:16-19) by the pillar of cloud and fire; and
many Bible scholars believe this to be a pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ – note the severe warning
to obey Him. References to Him also merit special treatment - applying “Deep purple” font to alert the reader
to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Exodus
24:7-13 - Who is the “He” and “His” in verse 24:11?
24:7 And
he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of the people; and
they said, All that the LORD hath said will we do, and be obedient. 24:8 And Moses took the
blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the
covenant, which the LORD hath made with you concerning all these words. 24:9 Then went up
Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel: 24:10 And
they saw the God of Israel: and there was under His feet as it were a paved
work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in its clearness.
24:11 And upon the nobles of the children of Israel He laid not His hand; also they saw God, and did eat and drink. 24:12
And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to Me into the mount, and be there; and I will give thee tables of
stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 24:13 And Moses rose
up, and his servant, Joshua; and Moses went up into the mount of God.
Resolution:
The pronouns “He” and “His” in v.11 refer to God, and will be treated with “Royal
purple” bold font.
Exodus 24:9-18 This is notable because we are here told that Moses, Aaron, Nadab,
Abihu, and seventy elders of Israel “went up”, “and they saw the God of Israel”; and “also they
saw God, and did eat and drink”. Note the description of His appearance: “and there
was under His feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were
the body of heaven in its clearness.”
24:9 Then
went up Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of
Israel: 24:10 And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under His feet as it were a paved
work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in its clearness.
24:11 And upon the nobles of the children of Israel He laid not His hand; also they saw God, and did eat and drink. 24:12
And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to Me into the mount, and be there; and I will give thee tables of
stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them.
24:13 And
Moses rose up, and his servant, Joshua; and Moses went up into the mount
of God. 24:14 And
he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come again unto you:
and, behold, Aaron and Hur are with you; if any man have any matters to
do, let him come unto them. 24:15 And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount. 24:16 And
the glory of the LORD abode upon Mount Sinai,
and the cloud covered it six days; and the seventh day He called unto Moses out of
the midst of the cloud. 24:17 And the sight of the glory of the LORD was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. 24:18
And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and got up into the mount; and Moses was in the mount forty days
and forty nights.
Resolution:
The nouns in vv.9-13 refer to God, as do “the LORD” & “He” (v15) and “the LORD” (v17), and will be
treated with “Royal purple” bold font to distinguish them from the references to “cloud” (4), “glory” (2) and “fire” (1) in vv.15-18, which,
like earlier occurrences of the pillar of cloud & fire receive special treatment - the “Deep purple” font to alert the reader
to this unusual evidence of God’s presence and glory.
Exodus 24:15-18 Here the presence and glory of God is manifested by a cloud, and fire.
24:15 And
Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount. 24:16 And the glory of the LORD abode upon Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days; and the seventh day He called unto Moses out of
the midst of the cloud. 24:17 And the sight of the glory of the LORD was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. 24:18
And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and got up into the mount; and Moses was in the mount forty days
and forty nights.
Resolution:
The nouns “cloud” (4). “glory” (2) and “fire” (1) in vv.15-18, like the earlier occurrences of the pillar of cloud & fire
receive special treatment - using “Deep
purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual
evidence of God’s presence and glory.
Exodus 32:34 and 33:2 God sends an angel before Israel. Who is this
angel?
32:24 Therefore
now go, lead the people unto the place of which I have spoken unto thee;
behold, Mine angel shall go before thee: nevertheless in the day when I visit I will visit their sin upon
them.
Exodus 33:2 God sends an angel before Israel. What entity
is this angel?
33:1 And
the LORD said
unto Moses, Depart, and go up from here, thou and the people
which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt, unto the land which I swore unto Abraham, to
Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, Unto thy seed will I give it: 33:2 And I will send an angel before thee; and I will drive out the
Canaanite, the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the
Jebusite:
Resolution:
There is ample evidence that this Angel referred to in these
passages is the same one represented earlier by the pillar of cloud & fire. Like the pillar, it deserves special
treatment - applying “Deep purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Exodus 34:6-7 God proclaims His Own attributes, and as such this direct quote from God deserves some special treatment. Thus, all of these words of God’s Own choosing - nouns, adjectives and qualifying
phrases He used in declaring His Own attributes – are uniquely treated here with the
“royal purple” font applied to them.
34:6And the LORD passed
by before him, and proclaimed, The LORD, The LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth, 7Keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, and Who will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth generation.
Resolution:
These words, constituting God’s Own description of His attributes, deserve unique and special treatment – application of
“Royal Purple” font to
the entire proclamation.
Exodus 40:34-38 The presence and glory of God manifests itself in a cloud, and fire.
40:34 Then
a cloud covered
the tent of the congregation, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. 40:35 And Moses was not able to enter into
the tent of the congregation, because the cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. 40:36 And when the cloud was taken up from over the
tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys: 40:37 But
if the cloud were not taken up, then they journeyed not till the day that it was taken up. 40:38 For
the cloud of the LORD was upon the tabernacle
by day, and fire was on it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel,
throughout all their journeys.
Resolution:
The nouns “cloud” (5). “glory” (2) and “fire” (1) in vv.34-38, like the earlier occurrences of the pillar of cloud and fire receive special treatment
- using “Deep purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Leviticus
7:34 – To Whom does the pronoun “I” in verse 34 below refer?
Leviticus 7:34 For the
wave breast and the heave shoulder have I taken of the children of Israel from off the sacrifices of their
peace offerings, and have given them unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons by
a statute for ever from among the children of Israel.
N/C: This appears to be a clear reference to God.
Resolution: Apply royal purple font to the “I” in verse 34 as an almost certain reference to God.
Leviticus
7:35-36 - Who is the “he” in verses 35 and 36 below – God, or Moses?
Leviticus 7:35-36 7:35 This is the
portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing of his sons, out of
the offerings of the LORD made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister
unto the LORD in the priest's office; 7:36 Which the LORD commanded to be given them
of the children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them, by a statute for ever throughout their
generations.
N/C: Several parallel translations were consulted (the commentaries do
not address themselves to this question). The ‘reference’ in question is
underscored in the parallel translations below.
The NIV, which
typically capitalizes pronouns that refer to God, here uses the passive voice that avoids referring to the one who
presented Aaron and his sons to minister in their office as priests: “This is
the portion of the offerings made to the LORD by fire that were allotted to
Aaron and his sons on the day they were presented to serve the LORD as
priests. On the day they were anointed, the LORD commanded that the
Israelites give this to them as their regular share for the generations to
come.” D-RB – “This is the anointing of Aaron and his sons, in the
ceremonies of the Lord, in the day when Moses offered them, that they
might do the office of priesthood, And the things that the Lord commanded to be
given them by the children of Israel, by a perpetual observance in their
generations” WEB – “This is the anointing portion of Aaron, and the
anointing portion of his sons, out of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire, in
the day when he presented them to minister to Yahweh in the priest's
office; which Yahweh commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in
the day that he anointed them. It is their portion forever throughout
their generations.” YLT – “This is the anointing of Aaron, and the
anointing of his sons out of the fire-offerings of Jehovah, in the day he
hath brought them near to act as priest to Jehovah, which Jehovah hath
commanded to give to them in the day of His anointing them, from the
sons of Israel -- a statute age-during to their generations.” GSB –
“This is the portion of the {n} anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing
of his sons, out of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, in the day when
he presented them to minister unto the LORD in the priest's office; Which
the LORD commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in the day that he
anointed them, by a statute for ever throughout their generations.”
Resolution: Apply deep purple font to the “He” in verses 35 and 36 as a likely reference to God. The other less likely
referent, if not God, is Moses.
Numbers 22:21-35 This appearance of the Angel of the LORD raises the question of
what sort of entity here confronted Balaam.
22:21 And
Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes
of Moab. 22:22 And God's anger was kindled because he went: and the Angel of the LORD stood in the way for an
adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were
with him. 22:23 And the ass saw the Angel of the LORD standing in the way, and His sword drawn in His hand; and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the
field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way. 22:24 But the Angel of the LORD stood in a path of the
vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side. 22:25 And
when the ass saw the Angel of the LORD, she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot
against the wall: and he smote her again. 22:26 And the Angel of the LORD went further, and stood in
a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to
the left. 22:27 And when the ass saw the Angel of the LORD, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam's anger was kindled, and
he smote the ass with a staff. 22:28 And the LORD opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam, What have
I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times? 22:29 And Balaam
said unto the ass, Because thou hast mocked me, I would there were a sword in
mine hand, for now would I kill thee. 22:30 And the ass said unto Balaam, Am
not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto
this day? Was I ever accustomed to do so unto thee? And he said, Nay. 22:31
Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the Angel of the LORD standing in the way, and His sword drawn in His hand: and he bowed down
his head, and fell flat on his face. 22:32 And the Angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore
hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? Behold, I went out to withstand
thee, because thy way is perverse before Me; 22:33 And the ass saw Me, and turned from Me these three times: unless she had turned from Me, surely now also I had slain thee, and saved
her alive. 22:34 And Balaam said unto the Angel of the LORD, I have sinned; for I knew not that Thou stoodest in the way
against me: now therefore, if it displease Thee, I will return {get me back} again. 22:35 And the Angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with
the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with
the princes of Balak.
N/C: The Angel of the LORD in the OT is typically a Christophany. In this instance, we note
that at the start of this encounter (vv.22-30), this Entity was visible to Balaam’s
donkey, but not visible to Balaam, until the Lord opened Balaam’s eyes to
the vision of the Angel of the LORD standing in the way (v.31). In v.28 the Lord enabled the donkey to
speak. It’s not clear from the text whether the Angel of the LORD is the same entity that actually performed these two enabling
acts – or if “the LORD” is a separate entity from “the Angel of the LORD”. However, verse 32 does tell us that “the Angel of the LORD” asked Balaam why he had
smitten his ass three times, and then proceeded to tell Balaam that He (“the Angel of the LORD”) had withstood Balaam
because his way was perverse before Him, and had the ass not turned from Him, He would have slain him. Further, in verse 35, he instructs Balaam
to speak “only the word that I shall speak unto thee” These statements suggest that this “Angel of the LORD” enjoyed the autonomy and
authority to assess Balaam’s behavior as perverse and to act upon that
evaluation even to the point of slaying Balaam, had his ass not taken evasive
action. This autonomy and authority seems greater than that of a mere messenger or angel of God, and suggests that this Being is some form of Deity.
Resolution: The “deep purple” font will be applied to all occurrences of nouns or pronouns
that refer to this entity within this passage to signify that It is likely a member of the Godhead.
Numbers
23:22 - Who is the “he” in verse 22 below?
Numbers
23:22 God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn.
N/C: Several
parallel translations and commentaries were consulted. Many of these interpret
this passage to be a testimony to God’s strength; but several commentaries (WN; JFG), on this same
question, interpret this to be a reference to Israel’s strength, being much
greater than when they left Egypt. The question is further compounded by the
fact that “he” is singular, as is the word “God”;– apart from the exception noted in 24:2 (below). There seems to
be no consensus as to whom (or what) the “he” in verse 22 refers.
Resolution: Apply deep purple font to the “he” in verse 22 as a possible reference to God.
Numbers
24:2 – Here singular “Israel” is
subsequently referred to twice in the same verse by the plural possessive
pronoun “their”.
2And
Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel abiding in their tents
according to their tribes; and the Spirit
of God came upon him.
N/C: Clearly “Israel” here refers to the nation of
Israel, and is treated as plural, despite the singular noun form.
Resolution: No action or special font treatment applies.
Numbers
24:7 – Who is the “He” and “his”
(4 occurrences) in verse 7 (Israel or God)?
Numbers
24:7 He shall pour the water out of his buckets, and his seed shall be in
many waters, and his king shall be higher than Agag, and his kingdom shall be
exalted.
Resolution: Use regular black font for the “He” and “his” in v.7; they refer
to the nation Israel.
Numbers 24:8 – Who is the “he” and “his” (2 occurrences each) in
verse 8 (Israel or God)?
24:8 God brought him forth out of
Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break
their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.
N/C: Here, again, there is no consensus among scholars (MH, WN, PT) as to whether this, as
well a Numbers 23:22, is a reference to Israel – or to God.
Resolution: Used deep purple font for the “he” and “his” in verse 8, as it could refer to God or Israel.
Special
Treatment of Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy is especially challenging in that the
‘speaker’ in this book alternates back and forth from Moses to God or
visa-versa. This necessitated this special section that departs from the normal
Registry entry format to address this. This section follows immediately below.
Following this lengthy ‘special’ section, normal Registry entries resume,
beginning with normal entries for Deuteronomy.
Deuteronomy Chapters 1-11, 17-18, 29,
32-32 and 34 -
Do the pronouns “I”, “me”, “my” and “mine” used in these chapters of
Deuteronomy refer to Moses or God?
N/C: First person singular pronouns that appear in Deuteronomy can be
perplexing as to whether they refer to Moses or God. A surprising number of them appear to refer to Moses. Because
most Bible scholars and commentators do not concern themselves with pronoun
resolution issues in scripture; there are precious few scholarly resources
available to bring to bear upon this aspect of God’s word. I was torn between
two approaches to this problem that covers such a large body of text.
The first approach is to separate the list of chapters and verses in question into
three categories: (1) those where the pronouns refer to Muses; (2) those where
the pronouns refer to God; and (3) those where it’s not clear whether the pronouns refer to
God, or to
Moses. Chapter and verses where 1st person singular pronouns refer
to other entities are omitted from the list.
The second approach is to display all the passage texts with color-coded highlighting
to afford the reader the opportunity to decide for themselves whether they
concur with the conclusions arrived at. This second approach sub-section is
necessarily lengthy!
I implemented both
approaches as seen below.
Resolution:
First Approach: Used regular black font for the first person singular pronouns
“I” or “me” in the following verses in Deuteronomy,
Where they appear to refer
to Moses rather than God: 1:9(2); 1:12; 1:13, 1:15; 1:16; 1:17; 1:18; 1:37; 1:39,
1:41; 1:42; 1:43; 2:2; 2:9; 2:13; 2:27; 2:28; 2:29; 2:31(me); 3:12-13,
3:15-16, 3:18-19-20-21; 4:1-2; 4:5; 4:8; 4:21-22; 4:26; 4:40; 5:1;
5:5; 6:2; 6:6; 7:11; 8:19; 9:9; 9:17-21; 9:24-26; 10:3;
10:5; 10:10; 11:2; 11:8; 11:26; 17:3; 18:15; 28:1;
28:13-14-15; 31:2; 31:5; 31:27-29; and 32:46.
Where they appear to refer
to God: in the
following list of verses: Deuteronomy 1:8; 1:35-36; 1:42b; 2:5; 2:9b; 2:19; 2:24-25; 2:31b; 3:2b; 3:26b; 4:10b; 5:6-10; 5:28b-31; 7:4; 9:12b-14; 9:23; 10:1b-2; 10:11b; 11:14-15; 18:18-20; 29:6; 31:14; 31:16-21; 31:23; 32:20-24; 32:26-27; 32:34-35; 32:39-42; 32:49; 32:51-52; 34:4; and the bold royal purple font is appropriate for these first
person singular pronouns.
Where they remain
unresolved: Verses 11:18; 11:21 have not been unresolved
to any degree of certainty as to whether they refer to God, or to Moses; the
“deep purple font” has been applied to them.
Second Approach: Highlighted full text of applicable passages in question:
This approach, while
neither elegant nor particularly scholarly, seemed the best available: Each
passage was carefully read in context and a color-coded highlighting scheme was
applied to aid in identifying, to the degree possible, the speaker in each
passage of this book, as seen below. Clearly, Moses is the author and narrator
of Deuteronomy; but some first-person-singular pronouns in this book refer to God.
These highlight colors were
used to aid the effort to distinguish between the ‘speakers’:
1. Those words where the ‘speaker’ is clearly God are highlighted in blue. Some of these are instances of Moses
quoting God, most appear to be passages where God, Himself, is the
‘speaker’.
2. Those words that clearly are spoken by Moses are highlighted in
green. These represent
the vast majority of the text. I also used a dark pink to highlight those nouns and pronouns that
refer to Moses or
to Moses and Israel
collectively as an additional visual clue.
3. Those passages where the identity of the ‘speaker’ is in
question are highlighted in yellow.
4. Those few passages where neither God nor Moses is the speaker
are not highlighted at all.]
1These are the
words which Moses spoke unto
all Israel on this side of the Jordan in the wilderness, in the Arabah
opposite Suph {plain over against the Red Sea}, between Paran, and Tophel,
and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab. 2(It is eleven
days' journey from Horeb by the way of Mount Seir unto Kadesh-barnea.) 3And it came to pass in
the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month,
that Moses spoke unto
the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them; 4After he had slain
Sihon, the king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and Og, the king of
Bashan, who dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei. 5On this side of the
Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare
this law, saying,
6The LORD our God spoke unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount: 7Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the
mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places near thereunto, in
the Arabah {plain}, in the hills, and in the Shephelah {vale},
and in the Negev {south}, and by the seaside, to the land of the
Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates. 8Behold, I have set
the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD swore unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give
unto them and to their seed after them.
9And I (Moses) spoke unto
you at that time, saying, I am not
able to bear you myself alone: 10The LORD your God hath
multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for
multitude. 11(The LORD God of your
fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you,
as He hath promised you!) 12How can I myself alone bear your weight, and your burden, and
your strife? 13Take you
wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you. 14And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us
to do. 15So I took the chief of your tribes, wise
men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and
captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and
officers among your tribes. 16And I charged your judges at that time,
saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously
between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with
him. 17Ye shall not
respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the
great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man, for the judgment is God's; and the
cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear
it. 18And I commanded you at that time all the
things which ye should do.
19And when we departed
from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye
saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded
us; and we came to Kadesh-barnea. 20And I said unto you, Ye
are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give
unto us. 21Behold, the LORD thy God hath set
the land before thee. Go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy
fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged. 22And ye came near unto me
every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search
us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into
what cities we shall come. 23And the saying pleased
me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe: 24And they turned and went
up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out. 25And they took of the fruit
of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us
word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give
us.
26Notwithstanding ye would
not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God: 27And ye murmured in your
tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, He hath
brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the
Amorites, to destroy us. 28Where shall
we go up? Our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people are
greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to
heaven; and, moreover, we have seen the sons of the Anakim there. 29Then I said unto you,
Dread not, neither be afraid of them. 30The LORD your God, Who goeth
before you, He shall fight for you,
according to all that He did for you in Egypt
before your eyes; 31And in the
wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bore thee,
as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into
this place. 32Yet in this
thing ye did not believe the LORD your God, 33Who went in the
way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night,
to show you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day.
34And the LORD heard the
voice of your words, and was angry, and swore, saying, 35Surely there shall not one of these men of this
evil generation see that good land, which I swore to
give unto your fathers, 36Except {Save} Caleb, the son of Jephunneh; he shall see
it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to
his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD. 37Also the LORD was angry
with me for your
sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go
in there. 38But Joshua, the son of Nun, who standeth before thee, he shall go
in thither: encourage him; for he shall cause Israel to inherit it. 39Moreover your little ones, who ye said should be a
prey, and your children, who in that day had no knowledge between good and
evil, they shall go in there, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it. 40But as for you, turn you, and take your
journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red Sea.
41Then ye answered and
said unto me, We have sinned against
the LORD, we will go up and
fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded
us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go
up into the hill. 42And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them, Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your
enemies. 43So I spoke unto
you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went
presumptuously up into the hill. 44And the Amorites, who
dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and
destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah. 45And ye returned and wept
before the LORD; but the LORD would not
hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you. 46So ye abode in Kadesh
many days, according unto the days that ye abode there.
1Then we turned, and took our journey into
the wilderness by the way of the Red Sea, as the LORD spoke unto me: and we compassed
Mount Seir many days. 2And the LORD spoke unto me, saying, 3Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn
you northward. 4And command
thou the people,
saying, Ye are to pass through the border of your brethren, the
children of Esau, who dwell in Seir, and they shall be afraid of you; take ye
good heed unto yourselves therefore: 5Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth;
because I have given Mount Seir unto Esau for a
possession. 6Ye shall
buy food of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water
of them for money, that ye may drink. 7For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand; He knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness. These forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked
nothing. 8And when we passed by
from our brethren, the children of Esau, who dwelt in Seir, through the way of
the Arabah {plain} from Elath, and from Ezion-geber, we turned and passed by the way of the
wilderness of Moab.
9And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a
possession. 10The Emim dwelt therein
in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakim, 11Who also were accounted
giants, as the Anakim; but the Moabites call them Emim. 12The Horites also dwelt
in Seir formerly, but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had
destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead, as Israel did unto
the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto
them. 13Now rise up,
said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered. 14And the period {space}
in which we came from
Kadesh-barnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years, until
all the generation of the men of war were perished from among the host,
as the LORD swore unto them. 15For indeed the hand of
the LORD was against them, to
destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed.
16So it came to pass, when
all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people, 17That the LORD spoke unto me, saying, 18Thou art to pass over through Ar, the border of Moab, this
day: 19And when
thou comest near
over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them;
for I will not give thee of the land of the children of
Ammon any possession, because I have given
it unto the children of Lot for a possession. 20(That also was accounted a land of giants: giants
dwelt therein formerly; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummim, 21A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakim;
but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded
them, and dwelt in their stead: 22As He did to the
children of Esau, who dwelt in Seir, when He destroyed
the Horites from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead
even unto this day: 23And the
Avvim, who dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Gaza, the Caphtorim, who came
forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.) 24Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the
river Arnon; behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon, the Amorite,
king of Heshbon, and his land. Begin to possess it, and contend with him
in battle. 25This day
will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of
thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear
report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.
26And I sent messengers
out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon, king of Heshbon, with words of
peace, saying, 27Let me pass
through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the
right hand nor to the left. 28Thou shalt sell me food
for money, that I may eat; and give me water for
money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet; 29(As the children of Esau
who dwell in Seir, and the Moabites who dwell in Ar, did unto me) until I
shall pass over the Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us. 30But Sihon, king of
Heshbon, would not let us pass by him; for the LORD thy God hardened
his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that He might
deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day. 31And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to
give Sihon and his land before thee; begin to
possess it, that thou mayest inherit his land. 32Then Sihon came out
against us, he and all his people,
to fight at Jahaz. 33And the LORD our God delivered
him before us; and we smote him,
and his sons, and all his people. 34And we took all
his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the
little ones, of every city; we left none to remain: 35Only the cattle we took for a
prey unto ourselves, and the
spoil of the cities which we took. 36From Aroer, which is
by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by
the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us; the LORD our God delivered
all unto us: 37Only unto the land of
the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river
Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbade us.
1Then we turned, and
went up the way to Bashan: and Og, the king of Bashan, came out against us, he and all
his people, to battle at Edrei. 2And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy
hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon, king of the
Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon. 3So the LORD our God delivered
into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his
people: and we smote him until none
was left to him remaining. 4And we took all
his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not
from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in
Bashan. 5All these
cities were fortified with high walls, gates, and bars; beside
unwalled towns, a great many. 6And we utterly
destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon, king of
Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city. 7But all the cattle, and
the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves. 8And we took at
that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was
on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon; 9(Which Hermon the
Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Senir;) 10All the cities of the
plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salecah and Edrei, cities of the
kingdom of Og in Bashan. 11For only Og,
king of Bashan, remained of the remnant of giants; behold, his bedstead was
a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? Nine
cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after
the cubit of a man.
12And this land, which
we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by
the river Arnon, and half of Mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the
Reubenites and to the Gadites. 13And the rest of Gilead,
and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the
half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was
called the land of giants. 14Jair, the son of
Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the borders of Geshurites
and Maachathites; and called them after his own name, Havvoth-jair, unto this
day. 15And I gave Gilead
unto Machir. 16And unto the
Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from
Gilead even unto the river Arnon, half the valley, and the border even unto the
river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; 17The Arabah {plain}
also, and Jordan, and the boundary thereof, from Chinnereth even
unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under the slopes of
Pisgah {even the salt sea, under Ashdoth-pisgah eastward}.
18And I commanded
you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given
you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the
children of Israel, all that are fit for the war. 19But your wives, and your
little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that
ye have much cattle) shall abide in your cities which I have given
you; 20Until the LORD have given
rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also
possess the land which the LORD your God hath given
them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his
possession, which I have given you.
21And I commanded
Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done
unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all
the kingdoms whither thou passest. 22Ye shall not fear them:
for the LORD your God shall fight
for you.
23And I besought
the LORD at that time, saying, 24O LORD God, Thou hast begun
to show Thy servant Thy greatness,
and Thy mighty hand: for what God is there
in heaven or in earth, that can do according to Thy works, and
according to Thy might? 25I pray Thee, let me go over,
and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and
Lebanon. 26But the LORD was
angry with me for your sakes, and
would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto Me of this matter. 27Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up
thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it
with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan. 28But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and
strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause
them to inherit the land which thou shalt see. 29So we abode in
the valley over against Beth-peor.
1Now therefore hearken, O
Israel, unto the statutes and unto the ordinance, which I teach you,
to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your
fathers giveth you. 2Ye shall not
add unto the word which I command you, neither
shall ye diminish anything from it, that ye may keep the commandments of
the LORD your God which I command
you. 3Your eyes
have seen what the LORD did because of
Baal-peor: for all the men that followed Baal-peor, the LORD thy God hath
destroyed them from among you. 4But ye that did
cleave unto the LORD your God are alive,
every one of you this day. 5Behold, I have taught
you statutes and ordinances {judgments}, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye
should do so in the land to which ye go to possess it. 6Keep, therefore, and do them;
for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the
nations, who shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is
a wise and understanding people. 7For what nation is
there so great, who hath God so nigh
unto them, as the LORD our God is in
all things that we call upon Him for?
8And what
nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous
as all this law, which I set before you this
day?
9Only take heed to
thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine
eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life:
but teach them to thy sons, and thy sons' sons; 10Specially the day
that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb,
when the LORD said unto me, Gather Me the people
together, and I will make them hear My words, that they may learn to fear Me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that
they may teach their children. 11And ye came near and
stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the
midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick
darkness. 12And the LORD spoke unto
you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the
words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice. 13And He declared
unto you His covenant, which He commanded
you to perform, even ten commandments; and He wrote them
upon two tables of stone. 14And the LORD commanded me at that
time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land
whither ye go over to possess it.
15Take ye, therefore, good
heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that
the LORD spoke unto you in Horeb
out of the midst of the fire: 16Lest ye corrupt yourselves,
and make you a carved image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness
of male or female, 17The likeness
of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that
flieth in the air, 18The likeness
of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is
in the waters beneath the earth: 19And lest thou lift up
thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the
stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them,
and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath
divided unto all nations under the whole heaven. 20But the LORD hath taken
you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt,
to be unto Him a people of
inheritance, as ye are this day. 21Furthermore, the LORD was angry
with me for your sakes, and swore that I should not
go over the Jordan, and that I should not
go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee
for an inheritance: 22But I must die in
this land, I must not go over the Jordan: but ye shall go
over, and possess that good land. 23Take heed unto
yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which He made with
you, and make you a carved image, or the likeness of any thing,
which the LORD thy God hath
forbidden thee. 24For the LORD thy God is a
consuming fire, even a jealous God.
25When thou shalt beget
children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land,
and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a carved image, or the
likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke
Him to anger: 26I call heaven
and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish
from off the land whereunto ye go over the Jordan to possess it; ye
shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed. 27And the LORD shall
scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the nations
{heathen}, where the LORD shall lead
you. 28And there ye
shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see,
nor hear, nor eat, nor smell. 29But if from thence thou
shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt
find Him, if thou seek Him with all
thy heart and with all thy soul. 30When thou art in
tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter
days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt
be obedient unto His voice; 31(For the LORD thy God is a
merciful God), He will not
forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers
which He swore unto them.
32For ask now of the days
that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man
upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other,
whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or
hath been heard like it? 33Did ever
people hear the voice of God speaking out of the
midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live? 34Or hath God ventured
to go and take Him a nation from the midst
of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war,
and by a mighty hand, and by an outstretched arm, and by great terrors,
according to all that the LORD your God did for you
in Egypt before your eyes? 35Unto thee it was showed,
that thou mightest know that the LORD, He is God; there
is none else beside Him. 36Out of heaven He made thee
to hear His voice, that He might
instruct thee: and upon earth He showed thee
His great fire; and thou heardest His words out
of the midst of the fire. 37And because He loved thy
fathers, therefore He chose their seed after
them, and brought thee out in His sight with His mighty
power out of Egypt; 38To drive out
nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring
thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this
day. 39Know
therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD, He is God in heaven
above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. 40Thou shalt keep
therefore His statutes, and His commandments,
which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee,
and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days
upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth
thee, forever.
41Then Moses set apart three
cities on this side of the Jordan toward the sunrising; 42That the slayer might
flee there, who should kill his neighbor unintentionally, and hated him
not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities, he might live: 43Namely, Bezer in
the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead,
of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.
44And this is the
law which Moses set before the children
of Israel: 45These are
the testimonies, and the statutes, and the ordinances, which Moses spoke unto
the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt, 46On this side of the
Jordan, in the valley over against Beth-peor, in the land of Sihon, king of the
Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon, whom Moses and the
children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt: 47And they possessed his
land, and the land of Og, king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, who were
on this side of the Jordan toward the sunrising; 48From Aroer, which is
by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon, 49And all the Arabah
{plain} on this side of the Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the Arabah,
under the springs of Pisgah.
1And Moses called all
Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and ordinances which
I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them,
and keep, and do them. 2The LORD our God made a
covenant with us in Horeb. 3The LORD made not
this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even
us, who are all of us here alive
this day. 4The LORD talked with
you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire, 5(I stood
between the LORD and you at that time,
to show you the word of the LORD: for ye
were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount), saying,
6I am the LORD thy God, Who brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the
house of bondage. 7Thou shalt
have no other gods before Me. 8Thou shalt not make thee any carved image,
or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or
that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath
the earth: 9Thou shalt
not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I, the LORD thy God, am a
jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the
children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate Me, 10And showing
mercy unto thousands of them that love Me and keep My commandments. 11Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain:
for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh His name in vain. 12Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee. 13Six days thou shalt labor, and do all thy work: 14But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou,
nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor
thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is
within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as
thou. 15And
remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and
by an outstretched arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day. 16Honor thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be
prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. 17Thou shalt not kill. 18Neither shalt thou commit adultery. 19Neither shalt thou steal. 20Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy
neighbor. 21Neither
shalt thou desire thy neighbor's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbor's
house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or
any thing that is thy neighbor's.
22These words the LORD spoke unto all
your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the
thick darkness, with a great voice: and He added no
more. And He wrote them in two
tables of stone, and delivered them unto me. 23And it came to pass,
when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the
darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire), that ye
came near unto me, even all the
heads of your tribes, and your elders; 24And ye said, Behold, the
LORD our God hath showed
us His glory and His greatness,
and we have heard His voice out of the
midst of the fire: we have seen this day that
God doth talk with man, and he liveth. 25Now, therefore, why
should we die? For this great fire will consume us: if we
hear the voice of the LORD our God any more,
then we shall die. 26For who is
there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the
living God speaking out of the
midst of the fire, as we have, and
lived? 27Go thou
near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say:
and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak
unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it. 28And the LORD heard the
voice of your words, when ye spoke unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they
have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken. 29O that there were such an heart in them, that they
would fear Me, and keep all My commandments
always, that it might be well with them, and with their children forever! 30Go say to them, Get you into your tents again. 31But as for thee, stand thou here by Me, and I will speak
unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the
judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in
the land which I give them to possess it. 32Ye shall observe to do
therefore as the LORD your God hath
commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left. 33Ye shall walk in all the
ways which the LORD your God hath
commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that
ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess.
1When the LORD thy God shall bring
thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many
nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and
the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven
nations greater and mightier than thou; 2And when the LORD thy God shall
deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy
them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them: 3Neither shalt thou make
marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his
daughter shalt thou take unto thy son. 4For they
will turn away thy son from following Me, that they
may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly. 5But thus shall ye deal
with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and
cut down their idols {groves}, and burn their graven images with fire. 6For thou art an
holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen
thee to be a special people unto Himself, above all
people that are upon the face of the earth. 7The LORD did not set
His love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more
in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people: 8But because the LORD loved you,
and because He would keep the oath
which He had sworn unto your
fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a
mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of
Pharaoh, king of Egypt. 9Know,
therefore, that the LORD thy God, He is God, the
faithful God, who keepeth covenant
and mercy with them who love Him and keep His commandments
to a thousand generations; 10And repayeth them that
hate Him to their face, to
destroy them: He will not be slack to
him that hateth Him, He will repay
him to his face. 11Thou shalt
therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the ordinances,
which I command thee this day, to do them.
12Wherefore it shall come
to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep
unto thee the covenant and the mercy which He swore unto
thy fathers: 13And He will love
thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: He will also
bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy grain, and
thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy cattle, and the flocks of
thy sheep, in the land which He swore unto
thy fathers to give thee. 14Thou shalt
be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among
you, or among your cattle. 15And the LORD will take
away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt,
which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate
thee.
16And thou shalt consume
all the people whom the LORD thy God shall
deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve
their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee. 17If thou shalt say in
thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them? 18Thou shalt not be afraid
of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto
Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt; 19The great temptations
which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and
the outstretched arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought
thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all
the people of whom thou art afraid. 20Moreover, the LORD thy God will send
the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee,
be destroyed. 21Thou shalt
not be frightened by them: for the LORD thy God is among
you, a mighty God and awesome. 22And the LORD thy God will put
out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume
them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee. 23But the LORD thy God shall
deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until
they be destroyed. 24And He shall
deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from
under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have
destroyed them. 25The graven
images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver
or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be
snared therein: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God. 26Neither shalt thou bring
an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but
thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is
a cursed thing.
1Hear, O Israel: Thou art
to pass over the Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and
mightier than thyself, cities great and fortified up to heaven, 2A people great and tall,
the children of the Anakim, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast
heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak! 3Understand therefore
this day, that the LORD thy God is He Who goeth over
before thee; as a consuming fire He shall
destroy them, and He shall bring them down
before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the
LORD hath said unto thee. 4Speak not thou in thine
heart, after the LORD thy God hath cast
them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath
brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the
LORD doth drive them out from before thee. 5Not for thy
righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess
their land; but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive
them out from before thee, and that He may perform
the word which the LORD swore unto thy fathers,
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 6Understand,
therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee
not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a
stiff-necked people.
7Remember, and forget
not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in
the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt,
until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD. 8Also in Horeb ye
provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry
with you to have destroyed you. 9When I was gone up
into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the
covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in
the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did
eat bread nor drink water: 10And the LORD delivered
unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on
them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spoke with
you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly. 11And it came to pass at
the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two
tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant. 12And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people whom thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves;
they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image. 13Furthermore, the LORD spoke unto
me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a
stiff-necked people: 14Let Me alone, that I may
destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation
mightier and greater than they. 15So I turned and
came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of
the covenant were in my two hands. 16And I looked,
and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and
had made you a melted calf; ye had turned aside quickly out of the way
which the LORD had commanded you. 17And I took the
two tables, and cast them out of my two hands,
and broke them before your eyes. 18And I fell down
before the LORD, as at the first, forty
days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread,
nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in
the sight of the LORD, to provoke Him to anger. 19For I was afraid
of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was
angry with you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened
unto me at that time also. 20And the LORD was very
angry with Aaron to have destroyed him; and I prayed for
Aaron also at the same time. 21And I took your
sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and
ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the
dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount.
22And at Taberah, and at
Massah, and at Kibroth-hattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath. 23Likewise, when the LORD sent you
from Kadesh-barnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled
against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye
believed Him not, nor hearkened to His voice. 24Ye have been rebellious
against the LORD from the day that I knew you.
25Thus I fell down
before the LORD forty days and forty
nights, as I fell down at the
first; because the LORD had said He would
destroy you. 26I prayed,
therefore, unto the LORD, and said, O LORD God, destroy
not Thy people and Thine inheritance,
whom Thou hast redeemed through Thy greatness,
whom Thou hast brought forth out
of Egypt with a mighty hand. 27Remember Thy servants,
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor
to their wickedness, nor to their sin: 28Lest the land whence Thou broughtest
us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring
them into the land which He promised them, and
because He hated them, He hath
brought them out to slay them in the wilderness. 29Yet they are Thy people and Thine inheritance,
whom Thou broughtest out by Thy mighty
power and by Thine outstretched arm.
1At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto
the first, and come up unto Me into the
mount, and make thee an ark of wood. 2And I will write
on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou didst break, and thou shalt put them in the ark. 3And I made an ark
of acacia wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and
went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand. 4And He wrote on
the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spoke unto
you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and
the LORD gave them unto me. 5And I turned
myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made;
and there they be, as the LORD commanded me.
6And the children of
Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Moserah;
there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar, his son, ministered in
the priest's office in his stead. 7From thence they
journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbathah, a land of rivers of
waters.
8At that time the LORD set
apart the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand
before the LORD, to minister unto Him, and to
bless in His name, unto this
day. 9Wherefore
Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his
inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised
him.
10And I stayed in
the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened
unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not
destroy thee. 11And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey
before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I swore unto their fathers to give unto them.
12And now, Israel, what
doth the LORD thy God require of
thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in
all His ways, and to love Him, and to
serve the LORD thy God with all
thy heart and with all thy soul, 13To keep the commandments
of the LORD, and His statutes,
which I command thee this day for thy good? 14Behold, the heaven and
the heaven of heavens belong to the LORD, thy God, the earth also,
with all that therein is. 15Only the LORD had a
delight in thy fathers to love them, and He chose their
seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day. 16Circumcise, therefore,
the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiff-necked. 17For the LORD your God is God of gods,
and LORD of lords, a great God, a mighty,
and an awesome, Who regardeth not persons,
nor taketh reward: 18He doth
execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in
giving him food and raiment. 19Love ye, therefore, the sojourner
{stranger}; for ye were sojourners in the land of Egypt. 20Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; Him shalt thou
serve, and to Him shalt thou cleave, and
swear by His name. 21He is thy
praise, and He is thy God, that hath
done for thee these great and awe-inspiring things, which thine eyes
have seen. 22Thy fathers
went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made
thee as the stars of heaven for multitude.
1Therefore, thou shalt
love the LORD thy God, and keep His charge, and
His statutes, and His ordinances,
and His commandments, always. 2And know ye this day
(for I speak not with
your children who have not known, and who have not seen the chastisement of the
LORD your God), His greatness, His mighty
hand, and His outstretched arm,
3And His miracles,
and His acts, which He did in the
midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, and unto all his land; 4And what He did unto
the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how He made the
water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how
the LORD hath destroyed them
unto this day; 5And what He did unto
you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place; 6And what He did unto
Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened
her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and
all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all
Israel: 7But your
eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which He did.
8Therefore shall ye keep
all the commandments which I command you this day,
that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess
it; 9And that ye
may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD swore unto
your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk
and honey. 10For the
land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt,
from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with
thy foot, as a garden of herbs: 11But the land, whither ye
go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh
water of the rain of heaven: 12A land which the LORD thy God careth for.
The eyes of the LORD thy God are always
upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.
13And it shall come to
pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto My commandments
which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to
serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul, 14That I will give you
the rain of your land in its due season, the first rain and the latter rain,
that thou mayest gather in thy grain, and thy wine, and thine oil. 15And I will send
grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full. 16Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not
deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; 17And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and He shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land
yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land
which the LORD giveth you.
18Therefore shall ye lay up these My words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a
sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. 19And ye shall teach them to your children,
speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the
way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. 20And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of
thine house, and upon thy gates: 21That your days may be multiplied, and the days of
your children, in the land which the LORD swore unto
your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth. 22For if ye shall diligently keep all these
commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all His ways, and
to cleave unto Him; 23Then will the LORD drive out
all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and
mightier than yourselves. 24Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall
tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the
river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your border be. 25There shall no man be able to stand before you: for
the LORD your God shall lay
the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread
upon, as He hath said unto you.
26Behold, I set before you
this day a blessing and a curse; 27A blessing, if ye obey
the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you
this day: 28And a curse,
if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn
aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods,
which ye have not known. 29And it shall
come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath
brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt
put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal. 30Are they not on
the other side of the Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in
the land of the Canaanites, who dwell in the Arabah {champaign} over
against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh? 31For ye shall pass over the
Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you,
and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein. 32And ye shall observe to
do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day.
1Thou shalt
not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock,
or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any defect: for that is an abomination
unto the LORD thy God.
2If there be found among
you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth
thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in
transgressing His covenant, 3And hath gone and served
other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of
heaven, which I have not commanded; 4And it be told thee, and
thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be
true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in
Israel: 5Then shalt
thou bring forth that man or that woman, who have committed that wicked thing,
unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with
stones, till they die. 6At the mouth
of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put
to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death. 7The hands of the
witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands
of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.
8If there arise a matter
too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea,
and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy
gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall
choose; 9And thou
shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in
those days, and enquire; and they shall show thee the sentence of judgment: 10And thou shalt do
according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall
choose shall show thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they
inform thee: 11According to
the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the
judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from
the sentence which they shall show thee, to the right hand, nor to
the left. 12And the man
that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth
to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto
the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from
Israel. 13And all the
people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.
14When thou art come unto
the land which the LORD thy God giveth
thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set
a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me; 15Thou shalt surely
{in any wise} set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall
choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee; thou
mayest not set a stranger over thee, who is not thy brother. 16But he shall not
multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end
that he should multiply horses; forasmuch as the LORD hath said
unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way. 17Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that
his heart turn not away; neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver
and gold. 18And it
shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write
him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests
the Levites; 19And it
shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life, that he
may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep
all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them, 20That his heart be not lifted up above his
brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right
hand, or to the left; to the end that he may prolong his days in
his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.
1The priests the Levites,
that is and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor
inheritance with Israel; they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by
fire, and his inheritance. 2Therefore shall they
have no inheritance among their brethren; the LORD is their
inheritance, as He hath said unto them. 3And this shall be the
priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it
be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the
two cheeks, and the stomach. 4The first fruit also
of thy grain, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece
of thy sheep, shalt thou give him. 5For the LORD thy God hath chosen
him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and
his sons for ever.
6And if a Levite come
from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all
the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall
choose; 7Then he
shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his
brethren the Levites do, who stand there before the LORD. 8They shall have like
portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony.
9When thou art come into
the land which the LORD thy God giveth
thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations. 10There shall not be found
among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through
the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or
an enchanter, or a witch, 11Or a charmer, or a
consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer. 12For all that do these
things are an abomination unto the LORD; and
because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive
them out from before thee. 13Thou shalt be perfect
with the LORD thy God. 14For these nations, whom
thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but
as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not
suffered thee so to do. 15The LORD thy God will raise
up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him
ye shall hearken, 16According to
all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in
the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither
let me see this great fire any more, that I die not. 17And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken. 18I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like
unto thee, and will put My words in
his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him. 19And it shall come to pass, that whosoever
will not hearken unto My words which he shall speak in My name, I will
require it of him. 20But the prophet, who shall presume to speak a word
in My name, which I have not
commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even
that prophet shall die. 21And if thou
say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken? 22When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is
the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath
spoken it presumptuously; thou shalt not be afraid of him.
<< Deuteronomy 19 >> (omitted)
1And it shall come to
pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe
and to do all His commandments which I command
thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set
thee on high above all nations of the earth: 2And all these blessings
shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of
the LORD thy God. 3Blessed shalt thou
be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field. 4Blessed shall be the
fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle,
the increase of thy cows, and the flocks of thy sheep. 5Blessed shall be thy
basket and thy kneading trough. 6Blessed shalt thou
be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when
thou goest out. 7The LORD shall cause
thine enemies who rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they
shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways. 8The LORD shall
command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest
thine hand unto; and He shall bless thee in the
land which the LORD thy God giveth
thee. 9The LORD shall
establish thee an holy people unto Himself, as He hath sworn
unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk
in His ways. 10And all people of the
earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they
shall be afraid of thee. 11And the LORD shall make
thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy
cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD swore unto
thy fathers to give thee. 12The LORD shall open
unto thee His good treasure, the
heaven to give the rain unto thy land in its season, and to bless all the work
of thine hand; and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not
borrow. 13And the LORD shall make
thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt
not be beneath; if thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command
thee this day, to observe and to do them. 14And thou shalt not go
aside from any of the words which I command
thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after
other gods to serve them.
15But it shall come to
pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe
to do all His commandments and His statutes
which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall
come upon thee, and overtake thee:
16Cursed shalt thou
be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field. 17Cursed shall be thy
basket and thy kneading trough. 18Cursed shall be the
fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy cows,
and the flocks of thy sheep. 19Cursed shalt thou
be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou
goest out. 20The LORD shall
send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine
hand to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly, because of
the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken Me. 21The LORD shall make
the pestilence cling unto thee, until He have consumed
thee from off the land, to which thou goest to possess it. 22The LORD shall smite
thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with
an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blight {blasting}, and
with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish. 23And thy heaven that is
over thy head shall be bronze {brass}, and the earth that is under thee shall
be iron. 24The LORD shall make
the rain of thy land powder and dust; from heaven shall it come down upon thee,
until thou be destroyed. 25The LORD shall cause
thee to be smitten before thine enemies; thou shalt go out one way against
them, and flee seven ways before them, and shalt be removed into all the
kingdoms of the earth. 26And thy
carcass shall be food unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of
the earth, and no man shall drive them away. 27The LORD will smite
thee with the boil of Egypt, and with the tumors, and with the
scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed. 28The LORD shall smite
thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart; 29And thou shalt grope at
noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy
ways; and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall
save thee. 30Thou shalt
betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her; thou shalt build an house,
and thou shalt not dwell therein; thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not
gather the grapes thereof. 31Thine ox shall be
slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof; thine ass shall be
violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee;
thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to
rescue them. 32Thy sons and
thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall
look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there
shall be no might in thine hand. 33The fruit of thy land,
and all thy labors, shall a nation whom thou knowest not eat up, and thou shalt
be only oppressed and crushed always; 34So that thou shalt be
mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. 35The LORD shall smite
thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore boil that cannot be
healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head. 36The LORD shall bring
thee, and thy king whom thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation whom neither
thou nor thy fathers have known, and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood
and stone. 37And thou
shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations to
which the LORD shall lead thee. 38Thou shalt carry much
seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust
shall consume it. 39Thou shalt
plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the
wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them. 40Thou shalt have olive
trees throughout all thy borders, but thou shalt not anoint thyself
with the oil; for thine olive shall cast its fruit. 41Thou shalt beget sons
and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity.
42All thy
trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume. 43The sojourner that
is within thee shall get up above thee very high, and thou shalt come
down very low. 44He shall
lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him; he shall be the head, and thou
shalt be the tail.
45Moreover, all these
curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till
thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep His commandments
and His statutes which He commanded
thee: 46And they
shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever. 47Because thou servedst
not the LORD thy God with
joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things;
48Therefore
shalt thou serve thine enemies whom the LORD shall send
against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in lack of
all things: and He shall put a yoke of
iron upon thy neck, until He have destroyed thee. 49The LORD shall bring
a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as
the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand; 50A nation of fierce
countenance, who shall not regard the person of the old, nor show favor to the
young: 51And he shall
eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be
destroyed; who also shall not leave thee either grain, wine, or
oil, or the increase of thy cows, or flocks of thy sheep, until
he have destroyed thee. 52And he shall
besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fortified walls come
down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land; and he shall besiege
thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given
thee. 53And thou
shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy
daughters, whom the LORD thy God hath given
thee, in the siege, and in the distress, wherewith thine enemies shall
distress thee; 54So that the man who
is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his
brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his
children whom he shall leave: 55So that he will not give
to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat, because he hath
nothing left him in the siege, and in the distress, wherewith thine
enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates. 56The tender and delicate
woman among you, who would not venture to set the sole of her foot upon
the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the
husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter, 57And toward her young one
who cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children whom she shall
bear; for she shall eat them for lack of all things secretly in
the siege and distress, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy
gates.
58If thou wilt not observe
to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest
fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY God; 59Then the LORD will make
thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues,
and of long continuance, and severe sicknesses, and of long continuance.
60Moreover, He will bring
upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cling
unto thee. 61Also every
sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this
law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until
thou be destroyed. 62And ye shall
be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude;
because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God. 63And it shall come to
pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do
you good, and to multiply you, so the LORD will
rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nothing; and ye
shall be plucked from off the land to which thou goest to possess it. 64And the LORD shall
scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the
other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy
fathers have known, even wood and stone. 65And among these nations
shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest; but the LORD shall give
thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind. 66And thy life shall hang
in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none
assurance of thy life: 67In the
morning thou shalt say, Would God it were
evening! And at evening thou shalt say, Would God it were
morning! For the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the
sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. 68And the LORD shall bring
thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spoke unto thee, Thou
shalt see it no more again; and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for male
and female slaves, and no man shall buy you.
1These are the
words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded
Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside
the covenant which He made with them in
Horeb.
2And Moses called unto
all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before
your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and
unto all his land, 3The great trials
which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles; 4Yet the LORD hath not
given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this
day. 5And I have led
you forty years in the wilderness; your clothes have not become old upon
you, and thy shoe has not become old upon thy foot. 6Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk
wine or strong drink; that ye might know that I am the LORD your God. 7And when ye came unto
this place, Sihon, the king of Heshbon, and Og, the king of Bashan, came out
against us unto battle, and we smote them.
8And we took their
land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites,
and to the half tribe of Manasseh.
9Keep therefore the words
of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do. 10Ye stand this day, all
of you, before the LORD your God; your
captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the
men of Israel, 11Your little
ones, your wives, and thy sojourner who is in thy camp, from the
hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water; 12That thou shouldest
enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into His oath, which
the LORD thy God maketh with
thee this day: 13That He may
establish thee today for a people unto Himself, and that
He may be unto thee a God, as He hath said
unto thee, and as He hath sworn unto thy
fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. 14Neither with you only do
I make this covenant and this oath; 15But with him that
standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also
with him that is not here with us this day:
16(For ye know how we have dwelt
in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the
nations which ye passed by; 17And ye have seen their
abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were
among them); 18Lest there
should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth
away this day from the LORD our God, to go and
serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that
beareth gall and wormwood; 19And it come to pass,
when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart,
saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to
add drunkenness to thirst. 20The LORD will not
spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and His jealousy
shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book
shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot
out his name from under heaven. 21And the LORD shall set
him apart unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the
curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law; 22So that the generation
to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the foreigner
who shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that
land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid
upon it, 23And that the whole
land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it
is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of
Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew
in His anger, and in His wrath: 24Even all nations shall
say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this
land? What meaneth the heat of this great anger? 25Then men shall say,
Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their
fathers, which He made with them when He brought
them forth out of the land of Egypt: 26For they went and served
other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom He had not
given unto them: 27And the
anger of the LORD was kindled against
this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book: 28And the LORD rooted them
out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast
them into another land, as it is this day.
29The secret things
belong unto the LORD our God; but those things
which are revealed belong unto us and to our children
forever, that we may do all the words of
this law.
1And Moses went and
spoke these words unto all Israel. 2And he said unto
them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more
go out and come in. Also the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan. 3The LORD thy God, He will go
over before thee, and He will
destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them; and
Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said. 4And the LORD shall do
unto them as He did to Sihon and to Og,
kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom He destroyed. 5And the LORD shall give
them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the
commandments which I have commanded you. 6Be strong and of a good
courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them; for the LORD thy God, He It is Who doth go
with thee; He will not fail thee, nor
forsake thee.
7And Moses called unto
Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good
courage; for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn
unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it. 8And the LORD, He It is Who doth go
before thee; He will be with thee, He will not
fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed.
9And Moses wrote this
law, and delivered it unto the priests, the sons of Levi, who bore the ark of
the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the
elders of Israel. 10And Moses commanded
them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the
year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, 11When all Israel is come
to appear before the LORD thy God in the
place which He shall choose, thou
shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing. 12Gather the people
together, men, and women, and children, and thy sojourner that is
within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and
observe to do all the words of this law; 13And that their
children, who have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as
ye live in the land to which ye go over the Jordan to possess it.
14And the LORD said unto
Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die. Call
Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua
went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation. 15And the LORD appeared in
the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud; and the pillar of the cloud stood over
the door of the tabernacle.
16And the LORD said unto
Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and
this people will rise up, and play the harlot with the strange gods
of the land, to which they go to be among them, and will forsake Me, and break My covenant
which I have made with them. 17Then My anger
shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide
my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles
shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come
upon us, because our God is not among us? 18And I will
surely hide My face in that day for all the evils which they
shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods. 19Now, therefore, write ye this song for you, and
teach it the children of Israel; put it in their mouths, that this song may be
a witness for Me against the children of Israel. 20For when I shall have
brought them into the land which I swore unto
their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and
filled themselves, and grown fat, then will they turn unto other gods,
and serve them, and provoke Me, and break
My covenant. 21And it shall come to pass, when many evils and
troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a
witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed. For I know their imagination which they frame {go about},
even now, before I have brought them into the land which I swore. 22Moses, therefore,
wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel.
23And He gave
Joshua, the son of Nun, a charge, and said, Be strong
and of a good courage; for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the
land which I swore unto them: and I will be with thee.
24And it came to pass,
when Moses had finished writing the words of this law in
a book, until they were finished, 25That Moses commanded
the Levites, who bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying, 26Take this book of the
law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it
may be there for a witness against thee. 27For I know thy
rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet
alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how
much more after my death! 28Gather unto me all the
elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak
these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them. 29For I know that
after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and
turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and
evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight
of the LORD, to provoke Him to anger
through the work of your hands.
30And Moses spoke in
the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they
were ended:
1Give ear, O
ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.
2My doctrine shall drop
as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the
tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass, 3Because I will proclaim
the name of the LORD; ascribe ye
greatness unto our God.
4He is the Rock, His work is
perfect; for all His ways are justice;
a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is
He. 5They have corrupted
themselves, their spot is not the spot of His children; they
are a perverse and crooked generation. 6Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish
people and unwise? Is not He thy father Who hath bought
thee? Hath He not made thee, and
established thee?
7Remember the days of
old, consider the years of many generations. Ask thy father, and he will show
thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee. 8When the Most High divided to
the nations their inheritance, when He separated
the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of
the children of Israel. 9For the LORD's portion is
His people; Jacob is the lot of His inheritance.
10He found him
in a desert land, and in the waste, howling wilderness; He led him
about, He instructed him, He kept him as
the apple of His eye. 11As an eagle stirreth up
her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them,
beareth them on her wings: 12So the LORD alone did
lead him, and there was no strange god with him. 13He made him
ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the
fields; and He made him to suck honey
out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock; 14Butter of cows,
and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and
goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of
the grape.
15But Jeshurun grew
fat, and kicked. Thou art become fat, thou art grown thick, thou art
covered with fatness; then he forsook God Who made him,
and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation. 16They provoked Him to jealousy
with strange gods, with abominations provoked they Him to anger. 17They sacrificed unto demons,
not to God; to gods whom they knew
not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not. 18Of the Rock Who begat thee
thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God Who formed
thee.
19And when the LORD saw it,
He abhorred them, because of the provocation
of His sons, and of His daughters. 20And He said, I will hide My face from them, I will see
what their end shall be: for they are a very perverse generation,
children in whom is no faith. 21They have moved Me to
jealousy with that which is not God; they have
provoked Me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those who are not a
people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.
22For a fire
is kindled in Mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest sheol,
and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations
of the mountains. 23I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend Mine arrows
upon them. 24They shall
be burnt with hunger, and devoured
with burning heat, and with bitter destruction; I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison
of serpents of the dust. 25The sword
outside, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the
virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs.
26I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men; 27Were it not that I feared the
wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and
lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this. 28For they are a nation void of counsel,
neither is there any understanding in them. 29Oh, that they were wise, that they
understood this, that they would consider their latter end! 30How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten
thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold
them, and the LORD had shut them up? 31For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges. 32For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and
of the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of gall, their
clusters are bitter. 33Their wine is the poison of serpents
{dragons}, and the cruel venom of asps. 34Is not this laid up in store with Me, and sealed up among My treasures?
35To Me belongeth vengeance, and recompence; their foot shall
slide in due time. For the day of their calamity is at hand, and
the things that shall come upon them make haste. 36For the LORD shall judge
His people, and repent Himself for His servants,
when He seeth that their
power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left. 37And He shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they
trusted, 38Which did
eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink
offerings? Let them rise up and help you, and be your protection. 39See now that I, even
I, am He, and there
is no God with Me: I kill, and I make
alive; I wound, and I heal:
neither is there any that can deliver out of My hand. 40For I lift up My hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever. 41If I whet my
glittering sword, and Mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to Mine enemies,
and will reward them who hate Me. 42I will make Mine arrows
drunk with blood, and My sword shall devour flesh; and that with
the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the long-haired heads of
{beginning of revenges upon} the enemy.
43Rejoice, O
ye nations, with His people: for He will avenge
the blood of His servants, and will
render vengeance to His adversaries, and will
be merciful unto His land, and to His people.
44And Moses came and
spoke all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea, the son of
Nun. 45And Moses finished
speaking all these words to all Israel: 46And he said unto
them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify
among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all
the words of this law. 47For it is
not a vain thing for you; because it is your life; and through this
thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, to which ye go over the
Jordan to possess it.
48And the LORD spoke unto
Moses that very same day, saying, 49Get thee up
into this mountain of Abarim, unto Mount Nebo, which is in
the land of Moab that is over against Jericho, and behold the land of
Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a
possession; 50And die in
the mount where thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as
Aaron, thy brother, died in Mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people: 51Because ye trespassed against Me among the children of Israel at the waters of Meribah of
Kadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified Me not in the midst of the children of Israel. 52Yet thou shalt see the land before thee;
but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.
1And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of
Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD showed him all the land of
Gilead, unto Dan, 2And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all
the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea, 3And the Negev {south}, and the plain of the valley of
Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar. 4And the LORD said unto him, This is the land
which I swore unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob,
saying, I will give it unto thy seed. I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou
shalt not go over there.
5So Moses, the servant of the LORD, died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD. 6And He buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against
Beth-peor; but no man knoweth of his sepulcher unto this day. 7And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died;
his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. 8And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab
thirty days. So the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended. 9And Joshua, the son of Nun, was full of the Spirit of wisdom; for Moses had
laid his hands upon him. And the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did
as the LORD commanded Moses.
10And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses,
whom the LORD knew face to face, 11In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land
of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land, 12And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which
Moses showed in the sight of all Israel.
(End of highlighted
Deuteronomy text)
Deuteronomy 3:24b - The word “God” after the colon in v.24 is a special case where the
word is a reference to God when the question posed is properly
answered.
3:24 O LORD God, Thou hast begun to show Thy servant Thy greatness, and Thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven
or in earth, that can do according to Thy works, and according to Thy might?
N/C: The word “God” after the colon in v.24 is a special case where the word is a
reference to God when properly answered. Given that the question in this case is
posed to God, there is no question that it would be answered correctly. Still,
the “deep purple” font is
applied here. A similar situation is found at the beginning of Isaiah 41:2 and
41:4 regarding the pronoun “Who”, where both refer to God, if the correct answer is supplied to the question posed.
Resolution: This noun “God” will receive the “deep purple” font to indicate the
reader must supply the correct answer for it to be a reference to God.
Deuteronomy 11:14 & 15 - The use of “I” in 11:14 & 15 suggests these are the words
of God.
13And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto My commandments which I command you this day, to
love the LORD your God, and to serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul, 14That I will give you the rain of your land in its due season, the
first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy grain,
and thy wine, and thine oil. 15And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest
eat and be full. 16Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye
turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; 17And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and He shut up the heaven, that
there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye
perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you.
N/C: While the
‘speaker’ of the preceding discourse (vv 1-13) in this passage appears to be
Moses, the use of two occurrences of the pronoun “I” in 11:14 & 15 suggests
a ‘speaker switch’ occurs between verses 13 and 14 from Moses to God, and that vv 14 & 15 are the words of God. It is not certain who the ‘speaker’ is in the verses that follow
(vv 16-23).
Resolution: The two pronouns “I” here will receive the “royal purple” font to indicate that they refer to God as the speaker.
Deuteronomy 11:18 - The use
of “My” in
11:18 suggests these are the words of God, though the identity of the ‘speaker’ in the balance of the
passage (vv16-17, and vv19-23) is not readily ascertainable.
18Therefore shall ye lay up these My words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign
upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. 19And ye shall teach them to your children, speaking of them
when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou
liest down, and when thou risest up.
N/C: While the
‘speaker’ of the balance of discourse in this passage may be Moses, the use of
“My” in
11:18 suggests the words of verse 18 are the words of God.
Resolution: This possessive pronoun “My” will
receive the “deep
purple” font to indicate that it
likely refers to God.
Deuteronomy 17:3 - While the
1st 15 verses of chapter 17 appear to be the words of Moses, the
phrase “which I have not commanded” in verse
3 is the same phrase that appears in 18:20, where God appears
to be speaking (“But the prophet, who
shall presume to speak a word in My name, which I have not
commanded him to speak, or that
shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.”), and
these may also be the words of God.
1Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or
sheep, wherein is blemish, or any defect: for that is an
abomination unto the LORD thy God. 2If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman,
that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing His covenant, 3And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either
the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;
Resolution: This pronoun “I” will receive the “deep purple” font to indicate the likelihood that it refers to God as the speaker.
Deuteronomy 18:18-19 - Are the words “Prophet”, “his”, “he” and “him” in verse
18, and “he” in verse 19 (underlined below) references to Christ? ?
18I will raise them up a Prophet from among their
brethren, like unto thee, and will put My words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto
them all that I shall command him.
19And it shall come to pass, that
whosoever will not hearken unto My words which he shall speak in My name, I will require it of him.
N/C: Eight
Bible translations that tend to capitalize pronouns
referencing Deity were consulted, and two of the eight threated the nouns and
pronouns in question as references to Deity, presumably Christ. The other six
do not.
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to
indicate the possibility that they refer to Christ.
Deuteronomy 29:6 – Here, again, while much of
the 1st 8 verses of chapter 29 appear to be the words of Moses, in
v6 God is the ‘speaker’, before
reverting back to the words of Moses in vv7-8.
1These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the
covenant which He made with them in Horeb. 2And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen
all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto
all his servants, and unto all his land, 3The great trials which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and
those great miracles; 4Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and
ears to hear, unto this day. 5And I have led you forty years in the wilderness; your clothes have
not become old upon you, and thy shoe has not become old upon thy
foot. 6Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong
drink; that ye might know that I am the LORD your God. 7And when ye came unto this place, Sihon, the king of Heshbon, and
Og, the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them. 8And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the
Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.
Resolution: The pronoun “I” will receive the “royal purple” font to indicate that the speaker in this verse is God.
Deuteronomy 29:15 – Who is referred to by the
two occurrences of “him” in v15? It apparently refers to those present (1st
occurrence) – and their posterity (2nd occurrence). It might better
be rendered “But with those standing here today . . . and those not here
today”.
9Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye
may prosper in all that ye do. 10Ye stand this day, all of you, before the LORD your God; your captains of your
tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel, 11Your little ones, your wives, and thy sojourner who is
in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water; 12That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into His oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day:
13That He may establish thee today for a people unto Himself, and that He may be unto thee a God, as He hath said unto thee, and
as He hath
sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. 14Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath; 15But with him that standeth here with us this day before the
LORD our God, and also with him that
is not here with us this day:
N/C: It
apparently refers to those present (1st occurrence) – and their
posterity (2nd occurrence). It might better be rendered “But with
those standing here today . . . and those not here today”.
Resolution: These two pronouns “him” will receive the normal black font as
they appear to refer to mortals: those standing here today . . . and those not
here today”.
Deuteronomy 32:27 – Who is referred to by the
pronoun “I” in verse 27?
26I said, I would scatter them into
corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men; 27Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should
behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is
high, and the LORD hath not done all this. 28For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there
any understanding in them
N/C: While God is not often portrayed in scripture as “fearing”, in this
instance, it does seem to say that God feared that Israel’s adversaries would claim credit for Israel’s
defeat. It looks like this “I” should properly be “royal purple” bold.
Resolution: This pronoun “I” will receive the “royal purple” font to identify it as a true reference to God.
Deuteronomy 33:5 – Does the “he” in “he was king” in 33:5 refer to God or Moses?
N/C: There
are differing opinions among Bible expositors as to whether the “he” in “he was
king” refers to God
or Moses, each offering their reasons; and some offering arguments for it being
a reference to either God or Moses.
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to indicate the possibility that it refers to God.
Deuteronomy 33:8-9 – Which 2nd person pronouns
refer to God, and which refer to Levi or others?
8And of Levi he said, Let Thy Thummim and Thy Urim be with Thy holy one, whom Thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom Thou didst strive at the waters
of Meribah; 9Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him;
neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children; for they
have observed Thy word, and kept Thy covenant.
N/C: The following pertinent references to this question were found -
NAS: Of Levi he said, "Let Your Thummim and Your
Urim belong to Your godly man, Whom You proved at Massah, With whom You
contended at the waters of Meribah; 9 - Who said of his father and his
mother, 'I did not consider them'; And he did not acknowledge his brothers, Nor
did he regard his own sons, For they observed Your word, And kept Your
covenant.
NLT: Moses said this about the tribe of Levi: "O
LORD, you have given your Thummim and Urim--the sacred lots--to your faithful
servants the Levites. You put them to the test at Massah and struggled with
them at the waters of Meribah. 9 - The Levites obeyed your word and guarded
your covenant. They were more loyal to you than to their own parents. They
ignored their relatives and did not acknowledge their own children.
Wesley’s Notes: 33:8 Let thy Urim - The Thummim and the Urim,
which are thine, O Lord by special institution and consecration, (by which he
understands the ephod in which they were put, and the high priesthood, to which
they were appropriated, and withal the gifts and graces signified by the Urim
and Thummim, and necessary for the discharge of that high - office) shall be
with thy holy one, that is, with that priest, whom thou hast consecrated to
thyself, and who is holy in a more peculiar manner than all the people were;
that is, the priesthood shall be confined to and continued in Aaron's family.
Whom thou didst prove - Altho' thou didst try him, and rebuke him, yet thou
didst not take away the priesthood from him. At Massah - Not at that Massah
mentioned Exo 17:7, which is also called Meribah, but at that other Meribah,
Num 20:13. Thou didst strive - Whom thou didst reprove and chastise. 33:9 I
have not seen him - That is, I have no respect unto them. The sense is, who
followed God and his command fully, and executed the judgment enjoined by God
without any respect of persons, Exo 32:26,27. They kept thy covenant - When the
rest broke their covenant with God by that foul sin of idolatry with the calf,
that tribe kept themselves pure from that infection, and adhered to God and his
worship.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
Commentary: 8-10. Of Levi he said-The
burden of this blessing is the appointment of the Levites to the dignified and
sacred office of the priesthood (Le 10:11; De 22:8; 17:8-11), a reward for
their zeal in supporting the cause of God, and their unsparing severity in
chastising even their nearest and dearest relatives who had participated in the
idolatry of the molten calf (Ex 32:25-28; compare Mal 2:4-6).
Resolution: After
reexamining these verses, and consulting the interpretations of them by others,
I have concluded that the font treatments, as applied, are correct. No change
is warranted. (7/17/10 jam)
Deuteronomy 33:12 – To whom does the pronoun “him” refer
to? - God, or to Benjamin?
12And of Benjamin he said, The
beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by Him; and the LORD shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between His shoulders.
Resolution: After
revisiting this verse, and consulting others’ interpretations of it, I have
concluded that the font treatment, as applied, is correct. No change is
warranted. (7/17/10 jam)
Deuteronomy 33:12 – To whom do the pronouns “he” and “his”
refer? - God, or to Benjamin?
12And of Benjamin he said, The
beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by Him; and the LORD shall cover him all the day long, and He shall dwell between His shoulders.
N/C: There are two views as to who is referred to by the pronouns “he” and “His” in verse 12: The NAS
and GSB agree that it says Benjamin dwells between God’s shoulders; however, the ESV, Wesley’s Notes, and
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary interpret it as “He” (God – and His temple)
lay within the confines of Benjamin - or dwells between Benjamin’s shoulders
(or borders). See below. Will
apply deep purple font to both pronouns and add an entry in the “Deep Purple Registry”.
One view: NAS: Of Benjamin he said, "May the beloved
of the LORD dwell in security by Him, Who shields him all the day, And he
dwells between His shoulders."
Geneva Study Bible - And
of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall {k} dwell in safety by him; and
the LORD shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his
shoulders.
The other
view: ESV - Of Benjamin he said, “The beloved of the
LORD dwells in safety. The High God surrounds him all day long, and dwells
between his shoulders.”
Wesley’s Notes: 33:12 Of
Benjamin - Benjamin is put next to Levi, because the temple, where the work of
the Levites lay, was upon the edge of the lot of this tribe. And 'tis put
before Joseph, because of the dignity of Jerusalem, (part of which was in this
lot) above Samaria, which was in the tribe of Ephraim: likewise because
Benjamin adhered to the house of David and to the temple of God, when the rest
of the tribes deserted both. The beloved of the Lord - So called in allusion to
their father Benjamin who was the beloved of his father Jacob; and because of
the kindness of God to this tribe which appeared both in this, that they dwelt
in the best part of the land, as Josephus affirms, and in the following
privilege. Shall dwell in safety by him - Shall have his lot nigh to God's
temple, which was both a singular comfort and safeguard to him. Shall cover -
Shall protect that tribe continually while they cleave to him. He - The Lord
shall dwell, that is, his temple shall be placed, between his shoulders, that
is, in his portion, or between his border's as the word shoulder is often used.
And this was truly the situation of the temple, on both sides whereof was
Benjamin's portion. And though mount Sion was in the tribe of Judah, yet mount
Moriah, on which the temple was built, was in the tribe of Benjamin.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
Commentary - 12. Of Benjamin he said-A distinguishing favor was conferred on
this tribe in having its portion assigned near the temple of God.
between his shoulders-that
is, on his sides or borders. Mount Zion, on which stood the city of Jerusalem,
belonged to Judah; but Mount Moriah, the site of the sacred edifice, lay in the
confines of Benjamin.
Resolution: The “deep
purple” font is applied to the
two pronouns “he” and “His”, to
alert the reader to the differing resolutions. (7/17/10 jam)
Joshua 5:13-14 - Joshua’s encounter with
the “Captain of the
host of the LORD”. Who is He?
5:13 And
it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and
looked, and, behold, there stood a Man over against him with His sword drawn in His hand: and Joshua went unto Him, and said unto Him, Art Thou for us, or for our adversaries? 5:14 And He said, Nay; but as Captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell
on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto Him, What saith my Lord unto His servant? 5:15 And the Captain of the LORD's host said unto Joshua,
Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is
holy. And Joshua did so.
Resolution:
This is a true Theophany – a pre-incarnate
manifestation of Christ, the Son of God. Applied the “Royal purple” font as appropriate for Deity.
Joshua 10:30 & 32 - Whom do the pronouns “he” (4 occurrences) and “who”
(Joshua 10, vv. 30 & 32 in yellow highlight here) refer to?
Joshua 10:30 And the LORD delivered it also, and the
king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he
smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein;
he let none remain in it; but did unto
the king thereof as he did unto
the king of Jericho. 10:32 And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, who took it on the second day, and smote it
with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein,
according to all that he had done to
Libnah.
Resolution: Use regular black font for the pronouns “he” in verse 30 &
32, as well as the “who” in verse 32, as all refer to Joshua. (Most useful
reference for this was LMG.)
Joshua 13:14 - Who is referred to by
the two pronouns “he” in verse 14?
13:14 Only
unto the tribe of Levi he (Moses) gave no {none}
inheritance; the sacrifices of the LORD God of Israel made by fire are their inheritance, as He said unto them.
Resolution: The first “he” refers to Moses; the second “He” refers to God (used “royal purple”).
Joshua 13:33 - Who is referred to by
the pronoun “he” in verse 33?
13:33 But
unto the tribe of Levi, Moses gave not any inheritance; the LORD God of Israel was their
inheritance, as He said unto them.
Resolution: Used “royal purple” font for the pronoun “He” in Joshua 13:33, as it refers to God.
Judges 1:19 - Who is referred to by
the ambiguous pronoun “he” in verse 19?
Judges
1:19 And the LORD was with Judah; and he (Judah) drove
out the inhabitants of the mountain; but could not drive out the
inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron.
N/C: From the
grammatical context, one might infer that it refers to the LORD; but from the theological
context, it must refer to Judah (or collectively Judah and Simeon), since the
following phrase implies (his) inability to drive out the inhabitants – clearly
not an attribute of God.
Resolution: Used regular black font for the pronoun “he” in Judges 1:19 as it
refers to Judah.
Judges 2:1 - Who is the “Angel of the LORD” spoken of in verse 1?
2:1 And
an Angel of the LORD came up from Gilgal to
Bochim, and said, I made you to go up out of Egypt, and have brought you unto the
land which I swore unto your fathers; and I said, I will never break My covenant with you. 2:2 And ye shall make no league with the
inhabitants of this land; ye shall throw down their altars. But ye have not
obeyed My voice. Why have ye done this? 2:3 Wherefore I also said, I will not drive them out
from before you; but they shall be as thorns in your sides, and their
gods shall be a snare unto you. 2:4 And it came to pass, when the Angel of the LORD spoke these words unto all
the children of Israel, that the people lifted up their voice, and wept. 2:5 And
they called the name of that place Bochim: and they sacrificed there unto the LORD. 2:6 And when Joshua had
let the people go, the children of Israel went every man unto his inheritance
to possess the land. 2:7 And the people served the LORD all the days of Joshua,
and all the days of the elders that outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great
works of the LORD, that He did for Israel. 2:8 And Joshua, the son of Nun, the servant of
the LORD, died, being an hundred and ten years old.
N/C: This
appears to be a true Theophany. From the context (vv.1-3), where He speaks as God, it is clear that this is
not a mere angel, but a member of the Godhead. Many Bible scholars say this is the Angel of the Covenant – a pre-incarnate
manifestation of Christ, the Son of God. (See entry under Gen, 16:7 for fuller explanation.)
Resolution: Applied the “deep purple” font to refer the reader here for this explanation.
Judges 5:23 - In this Song of Deborah (after Jael gave Sisera, captain of
King Jabin’s Canaanite army, a fatal ‘splitting headache’), we find this
reference to “the Angel of the LORD”, that needs some explanation.
5:23 Curse
ye Meroz, said the Angel of the LORD, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; because they came not
to the help of the LORD, to the help of the LORD against the mighty. 5:24 Blessed above women shall Jael, the wife
of Heber, the Kenite be; blessed shall she be above women in the tent. 5:25 He
asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish. 5:26 She put
her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer; and with the
hammer she smote Sisera, she smote off his head, when she had pierced and
stricken through his temples.
N/C: Background
information - Chapter 5 (vv. 2 – 31)
contains Deborah’s song of victory after the Lord delivered the Israelites from their Canaanite oppressors. Meroz
(v.23) was a village SW of the Sea of Galilee near Mount Tabor on the border
between Issachar and Naphtali, from which Barak, at the urging of Deborah, led
the successful attack by Israel against Sisera, captain of the Canaanites who
had oppressed them. In this song, the Angel of the LORD appears to curse bitterly the inhabitants of Meroz, because they
did not help their brethren in the fight. (See entry under Gen, 16:7 for fuller
explanation.)
Resolution:
This may be another Theophany. Generally, the
term “the Angel of the Lord” is equated with “the Angel of the Covenant”, and refers to the Lord, and not a mere angel from God. There is not much context
contained within this song to offer insight as to the identity of this entity. Applied
the “deep purple” font to
refer the reader here for this meager explanation.
Judges 6:11-22 - In this account of Gideon’s encounter with “the Angel of the Lord” and “the LORD”, the two terms seem to be
used interchangeably as though they are the same entity.
6:6 And
Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites; and the children of
Israel cried unto the LORD. 6:7 And it came to pass, when the children of Israel cried unto
the LORD because of the Midianites, 6:8 That the LORD sent a prophet unto the
children of Israel, who said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt,
and brought you forth out of the house of bondage; 6:9 And I delivered you out of the
hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all who oppressed you, and drove
them out from before you, and gave you their land; 6:10 And I said unto you, I am the LORD your God; fear not the gods of the
Amorites, in whose land ye dwell; but ye have not obeyed My voice. 6:11 And there came
an Angel of the LORD, and sat under an oak
which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash, the Abi-ezrite:
and his son, Gideon, threshed wheat by the winepress, to hide it from
the Midianites. 6:12 And the Angel of the LORD appeared unto him, and said unto him, The LORD is with thee, thou
mighty man of valor. 6:13 And Gideon said unto Him, Oh my Lord, if the LORD be with us, why then is all this befallen us? And where be
all His miracles which our fathers told us of, saying, Did not the LORD bring us up from Egypt? But
now the LORD hath forsaken us, and delivered us into the hands of the
Midianites. 6:14 And the LORD looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy might, and thou shalt
save Israel from the hand of the Midianites: Have not I sent thee? 6:15 And he
said unto Him, Oh my Lord, How can {wherewith shall} I save Israel? Behold, my
family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's
house. 6:16 And the LORD said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou shalt smite the Midianites as one
man. 6:17 And he said unto Him, If now I have found grace in Thy sight, then show me a sign
that Thou talkest with me. 6:18 Depart not hence, I pray Thee, until I come unto Thee, and bring forth my
present, and set it before Thee. And He said, I will tarry until thou come again. 6:19 And Gideon went in, and
made ready a kid, and unleavened cakes of an ephah of flour. The flesh he put
in a basket, and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto Him under the oak, and
presented it. 6:20 And the Angel of God said unto him, Take the flesh and the unleavened cakes, and lay them
upon this rock, and pour out the broth. And he did so. 6:21 Then the Angel of the LORD put forth the end of the
staff that was in His hand, and touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and there
rose up fire out of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the unleavened cakes. Then
the Angel of the LORD departed out of his sight.
6:22 And when Gideon perceived that He was an Angel of the LORD, Gideon said, Alas, O LORD God! For because I have seen an Angel of the LORD face to face. 6:23 And the LORD said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt
not die. 6:24 Then Gideon built an altar there unto the LORD, and called it
Jehovah-shalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abi-ezrites. 6:25
And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Take thy father's young bullock, even the second
bullock of seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father
hath, and cut down the grove that is by it; 6:26 And build an altar unto
the LORD thy God upon the top of this rock, in the ordered place, and take the
second bullock, and offer a burnt sacrifice with the wood of the grove which
thou shalt cut down. 6:27 Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as
the LORD had said unto him: and so it was, because he feared his
father's household, and the men of the city, that he could not do it by
day, that he did it by night.
N/C: Notice here that “the Angel of the Lord” and “the LORD” are used interchangeably in this encounter with Gideon. This
appears to be a true Theophany. From the context of this passage, where He speaks as God, it is clear that this is
not a mere angel, but a member of the Godhead. Many Bible scholars say this is the “Angel of the Covenant” – a
pre-incarnate manifestation of Christ, the Son of God. See entry under Gen, 16:7 for fuller explanation.
Resolution:
Applied the “deep
purple” font to the word ‘Angel’ in the occurrences of
“the Angel of the Lord”, and associated pronouns
in this passage to refer the reader here for this explanation. The many other
clear references to the “Lord” have the “Royal purple” font.
Judges 13:3 - Here we have the prediction of Samson’s birth to Manoah and his
wife by the visits of the “Angel of the LORD” (13 occurrences plus many pronouns in vv.3, 7, 9, 13, 15-21).
13:1 And
the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD delivered them into the
hand of the Philistines forty years. 13:2 And there was a certain man of Zorah,
of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah; and his wife was
barren, and bore not. 13:3 And the Angel of the LORD appeared unto the woman, and said unto her, Behold now, thou art
barren, and bearest not; but thou shalt conceive, and bear a son. 13:4 Now,
therefore, beware, I pray thee, and drink not wine nor strong drink, and eat not any
unclean thing: 13:5 For, lo, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and no
razor shall come on his head; for the child shall be a Nazirite unto God from the womb. And he
shall begin to deliver Israel out of the hand of the Philistines. 13:6 Then the
woman came and told her husband, saying, A Man of God came unto me, and His countenance was like the countenance of an Angel of God, very awesome {terrible};
but I asked Him not where {whence} He was, neither told He me His name. 13:7 But He said unto me, Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and
now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing; for the
child shall be a Nazirite to God from the womb to the day of his death. 13:8 Then Manoah entreated
the LORD, and said, O my LORD, let the Man of God Whom Thou didst send come again unto us, and teach us what we shall do unto
the child that shall be born. 13:9 And God hearkened to the voice of Manoah; and the Angel of God came again unto the woman
as she sat in the field. But Manoah, her husband, was not with her. 13:10
And the woman made haste, and ran, and told {showed} her husband, and
said unto him, Behold, the Man hath appeared unto me, Who came unto me the other day. 13:11 And Manoah arose, and
went after his wife, and came to the Man, and said unto Him, Art Thou the Man Who spoke unto the woman? And He said, I am. 13:12 And Manoah said, Now let Thy words come to pass. How
shall we order the child, and how shall we do unto him? 13:13 And the Angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Of all
that I said unto the woman, let her beware. 13:14 She may not eat of
anything that cometh of the vine, neither let her drink wine or strong drink,
nor eat any unclean thing; all that I commanded her let her observe. 13:15 And Manoah said unto the Angel of the LORD, I pray Thee, let us detain Thee, until we shall have made
ready a kid for Thee. 13:16 And the Angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Though thou detain Me, I will not eat of thy food
{bread}; and if thou wilt offer a burnt offering, thou must offer it unto the LORD. For Manoah knew not that
he was an Angel of the LORD. 13:17 And Manoah said unto the Angel of the LORD, What is Thy name, that when Thy sayings come to pass we may do Thee honor? 13:18 And the Angel of the LORD said unto him, Why askest thou thus after My name, seeing it is Wonderful
{secret}? 13:19 So Manoah took a kid with a meal offering, and offered it
upon a rock unto the LORD; and the Angel did wondrously, and Manoah and his wife looked on. 13:20 For it
came to pass, when the flame went up toward heaven from off the altar, that the
Angel of the LORD ascended in the flame of
the altar. And Manoah and his wife looked on it, and fell on their faces
to the ground. 13:21 But the Angel of the LORD did no more appear to Manoah and to his wife. Then Manoah knew
that he was
an Angel of the LORD. 13:22 And Manoah said
unto his wife, We shall surely die, because we have seen God. 13:23 But his wife said
unto him, If the LORD were pleased to kill us, He would not have received a burnt offering and a meal offering at
our hands, neither would He have shown {showed} us all these things, nor, as at
this time, have told us such things as these. 13:24 And the woman bore a
son, and called his name Samson; and the child grew, and the LORD blessed him. 13:25 And the
Spirit of the LORD began to move him at times
in the camp of Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol.
N/C: Notice that in this encounter, there seems to be more of a
separation or distinction in roles between “the Angel of the Lord” and “the LORD” that is referred to in this passage. Note that in verse 16, when
offered food, the Angel of the Lord tells Manoah that “thou must offer it unto the LORD”. Also note that “the LORD” here is always referred
to in the 3rd person, and not used interchangeably as in other
encounters, such as with Gideon. This may be a Theophany; but from the context
of this passage, it is not as apparent as in other passages. (See Gen. 16:7
entry for more information on this subject.)
Resolution:
Applied
the “deep purple” font to
the word ‘Angel’ in the occurrences of “the Angel of the Lord”, and associated pronouns in this passage to refer the reader
here for this meager explanation. The clear references to the “Lord” have the “Royal purple” font.
Judges 13:25, 14:6,
14:19, 15:14 – Who is “the Spirit of the LORD” that came upon Sampson and
empowered him to perform mighty and super-human acts here in these verses?
13:24 And
the woman bore a son, and called his name Samson; and the child grew, and the LORD blessed him. 13:25 And the
Spirit of the LORD began to move him at times
in the camp of Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol. 14:6 And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him,
and he tore {rent} him as he would have torn {rent} a kid, and he
had nothing in his hand, but he told not his father or his mother what he
had done. 14:19 And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he went down to Ashkelon, and slew thirty men
of them, and took their spoil, and gave changes of raiment unto them who
expounded the riddle. And his anger was kindled, and he went up to his father's
house. 15:14 And when he came unto Lehi, the Philistines shouted against
him; and the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and the cords that were upon his
arms became as flax that was burnt with fire, and his bands loosed from off his
hands.
Resolution: These four are instances
(Judges 13:25, 14:6, 14:19, 15:14) where “the Spirit of the LORD” came upon Sampson and empowered him to perform these mighty acts
with super-human strength. The “agent” that empowered him is the second
person of the Holy Trinity – the Holy Spirit. Applied the “Royal purple” bold font as appropriate for Deity.
I Samuel 2:27 - Who is the “man of God” who came to admonish Eli in verse 27?
2:27 And
there came a man of God unto Eli, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Did I plainly appear unto the
house of thy father, when they were in Egypt in Pharaoh's house? 2:28 And did I choose him out of all the
tribes of Israel to be my priest, to offer upon Mine altar, to burn incense, to
wear an ephod before Me? And did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire
of the children of Israel? 2:29 Why trample ye upon My sacrifice and at Mine offering, which I have commanded in My habitation; and honorest
thy sons above Me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of
Israel, My people? 2:30 Wherefore the LORD
God of Israel saith, I said indeed that thy
house, and the house of thy father, should walk before Me for ever; but now the LORD saith, Be it far from Me; for them who honor Me I will honor, and they who
despise Me shall be lightly esteemed.
Resolution:
There is no evidence that this “man of God” is anything more than a
human prophet that God sends to reprove and warn Eli. Therefore, plain black font is
applied.
I Samuel 12:5 – The first “he” in verse 5 refers to
Samuel. Who does the second “He’ refer to?
12:5 And
he said unto them, The LORD is witness against you, and His anointed is witness
this day, that ye have not found anything in my hand. And they answered,
He is witness.
Resolution: Used “Royal purple” bold font for 2nd pronoun “He” in 12:5 as it refers to God as witness against Israel.
II Samuel 24:16-17 – Who is the Angel that God sends to punish David and his people?
24:15 So
the LORD sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time
appointed; and there died of the people, from Dan even to Beersheba, seventy
thousand men. 24:16 And when the Angel stretched out His hand upon Jerusalem to destroy it, the LORD repented of the evil, and
said to the Angel that destroyed the people, It is enough; stay now thine hand. And
the Angel of the LORD was by the threshing floor
of Araunah, the Jebusite. 24:17 And David spoke unto the LORD when he
saw the Angel Who smote the people, and said, Lo, I have sinned, and I have done
wickedly; but these sheep, what have they done? Let Thine hand, I pray Thee, be against me, and
against my father's house.
N/C: The
Bible does not exactly identify the “angel
of the Lord”.
But it does give us some insight. You will find references to “angels of the Lord”,
“an angel of the Lord”, and “the angel of the Lord.”
in both the Old and New Testament. The first two of the above forms of
references likely refer to one or more angels
(based upon the preface of the indefinite article “an”
and the use of the plural “angels”).
But when singular, and prefaced by the definite article “the”, it seems to
imply an entity unique from other angels
referenced. In these unique cases, it seems safe to infer
that it refers to the LORD.
Lord The angel of the Lord”
identifies Himself
with God,
and speaks and does things with the authority of God. And in many cases, mortals who see “the angel of the Lord”
are in fear of death because they have “seen the Lord.” And so it seems reasonable to assume that in
at least these instances, the occurrence of “The angel
of the Lord”
is a theophany - a physical manifestation of God.
Also See 1Chron. 21:15-20 for a passage parallel
to this one.
Resolution:
While this may appear to be a simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel under the direction of God, most scholars take this
to be yet another appearance of the Angel of the LORD. Applied the “deep purple” font to the word ‘Angel’ to refer the reader to the Registry for this explanation. (See
Gen.16:7 Registry entry for more information.)
I Kings 8:10-12 - Here
is a visible manifestation of God’s presence and glory in the Temple.
8:9 There
was nothing in the ark except {save} the two tables of stone, which
Moses put there at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the children of Israel, when they
came out of the land of Egypt. 8:10 And it came to pass, when the priests were
come out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the LORD, 8:11 So that the priests could not stand to minister because of
the cloud; for the
glory of the LORD had filled the house of the
LORD. 8:12 Then
spoke Solomon, The LORD said that He would dwell in the thick
darkness. 8:13 I have surely built Thee an house to dwell in, a
settled place for Thee to abide in forever.
Resolution:
The nouns that represent visible manifestations
of God’s
presence and glory, “cloud” (2), “glory” (2) and “thick darkness” (1) in vv.11-12 receive special treatment - using “Deep purple” font to alert the reader
to this unusual evidence of God’s presence and glory.
I Kings 15:28 – As phrased, it is not very
clear that Baasha killed Nadab, and not Asa.
15:28 Even
in the third year of Asa, king of Judah, did Baasha slay him (Nadab –
not Asa), and reigned in his stead.
N/C: Applying the pronoun antecedent rule, one could misread verse 28 and infer that Baasha killed Asa; but it
was Nadab he killed.
Resolution: Inserted “(Nadab – not Asa)” after the pronoun “him”
in I Kings 15:28 to clarify whom it refers to.
I Kings 16:7 - The pronoun “him” at the
end of verse 16:7 violates the pronoun antecedent rule.
I Kings
16:7 And also by the hand of the prophet Jehu, the son of Hanani, came the word
of the LORD against Baasha, and against his house, even for all the evil that
he did in the sight of the LORD, in provoking Him to anger with the work of his hands, in being like the house of
Jeroboam; and because he killed him (Nadab).
Resolution: Inserted “(Nadab)” after the pronoun “him” in 16:28 to clarify who Baasha killed.
I Kings 19:5,7,9,11-13 - In these verses, who is the Angel that comes and ministers to Elijah?
19:1 And
Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and how he had slain all the
prophets with the sword. 19:2 Then Jezebel sent a messenger unto Elijah,
saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life
as the life of one of them by tomorrow about this time. 19:3 And when he saw that,
he arose, and went for his life, and came to Beer-sheba, which belongeth
to Judah, and left his servant there. 19:4 But he himself went a day's journey
into the wilderness, and came and sat down under a juniper tree. And he
requested for himself that he might die; and said, It is enough! Now, O LORD, take away my life; for I am
not better than my fathers. 19:5 And as he lay and slept under a juniper tree,
behold, an Angel touched him, and said unto him, Arise and eat. 19:6 And he
looked, and, behold, there was a cake baked on the coals, and a cruse of
water at his head. And he did eat and drink, and laid him down again. 19:7 And
the Angel of the LORD came again the second
time, and touched him, and said, Arise and eat; because the journey is
too great for thee. 19:8 And he arose, and did eat and drink, and went in the
strength of that food forty days and forty nights unto Horeb, the mount of God. 19:9 And he came there
unto a cave, and lodged there; and, behold, the Word of the LORD came to him, and He said unto him, What doest
thou here, Elijah? 19:10 And he said, I have been very jealous for the LORD God of hosts. For the children
of Israel have forsaken Thy covenant, thrown down Thine altars, and slain Thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I only, am left, and
they seek my life, to take it away. 19:11 And He said, Go forth, and stand upon the mount before the LORD. And, behold, the LORD passed by, and a great and
strong wind rent the mountains, and broke in pieces the rocks before the LORD; but the LORD was not in the
wind. And after the wind an earthquake; but the LORD was not in the
earthquake. 19:12 And after the earthquake a fire; but the LORD was not in the
fire. And after the fire a still small voice. 19:13 And it was so, when Elijah heard it, that he wrapped his face in his mantle, and went out, and stood
in the entrance of the cave. And, behold, there came a voice unto him, and said, What doest thou here, Elijah? 19:14 And he
said, I have been very jealous for the LORD God of hosts; because the children of Israel have forsaken Thy covenant, thrown down Thine altars, and slain Thy prophets with the sword;
and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it away. 19:15
And the LORD said unto him, Go, return on thy way to the wilderness of
Damascus; and when thou comest, anoint Hazael to be king over Syria.
N/C: While it may
appear to be a simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel under the direction of God, most scholars take this
to be yet another appearance of the Angel of the LORD. (See Gen.16:7 Registry entry for more information.)
Resolution:
Applied the “deep
purple” font to the word “Angel” to refer the reader to the
Registry for this explanation
1:1
Then Moab rebelled against Israel after the death of Ahab. 1:2 And Ahaziah fell
down through a lattice in his upper chamber that was in Samaria, and was
sick. And he sent messengers, and said unto them, Go, enquire of Baal-zebub,
the God
of Ekron, whether I shall recover of this disease. 1:3 But the Angel of the LORD said to Elijah,
the Tishbite, Arise, go up to meet the messengers of the king of Samaria, and
say unto them, Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that
ye go to enquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron? 1:4 Now, therefore, thus
saith the LORD, Thou shalt not come down from that bed on which thou art
gone up, but shalt surely die. And Elijah departed.
N/C: While this
may appear to be a simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel under the direction
of God,
most scholars take this appearance of the Angel of the LORD to be yet another OT Christophany. (See Gen.16:7 Registry
entry for more information.)
Resolution: Applied the “deep purple” font to the word “Angel” to refer the reader to the Registry for this explanation.
II Kings 1:10, 12 &14 - In verses 10, 12 and 14, we
see a manifestation of God’s power and judgment in the form of fire from heaven.
1:9
Then the king sent unto him a captain of fifty with his fifty. And he went up
to him, and, behold, he sat on the top of an hill. And he spoke unto him, Thou
man of God, the king hath said, Come down. 1:10 And Elijah answered
and said to the captain of fifty, If I be a man of God, then let fire
come down from heaven, and consume thee and thy fifty. And there came down fire from heaven, and
consumed him and his fifty. 1:11 Again also he sent unto him another captain of
fifty with his fifty. And he answered and said unto him, O man of God, thus hath the
king said, Come down quickly. 1:12 And Elijah answered and said unto them, If I
be a man of God, let fire come down from heaven, and consume thee and thy
fifty. And the fire of God came down from heaven, and consumed him and his fifty. 1:13
And he sent again a captain of the third fifty with his fifty. And the third
captain of fifty went up, and came and fell on his knees before Elijah, and besought
him, and said unto him, O man of God, I pray thee, let my life, and the life of these fifty,
thy servants, be precious in thy sight. 1:14 Behold, there came fire down from heaven,
and burnt up the two captains of the former fifties with their fifties;
therefore, let my life now be precious in thy sight. 1:15 And the Angel of the LORD said unto
Elijah, Go down with him; be not afraid of him. And he arose, and went down
with him unto the king.
Resolution: The noun “fire” that represents a manifestation
of God’s
power and judgment in the form of fire from heaven, (1 vv.10. 12 & 14) merits special
treatment - using “Deep purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s power and
judgment.
1:15
And the Angel
of the LORD said unto Elijah, Go down with him; be not afraid of him. And
he arose, and went down with him unto the king. 1:16 And he said unto him, Thus
saith the LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast sent messengers to enquire of
Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, is it not because there is no God in Israel to
enquire of His word? Therefore thou shalt not come down off that bed on
which thou art gone up, but shalt surely die. 1:17 So he died according to the
word of the LORD which Elijah had spoken. And Jehoram reigned in his stead,
in the second year of Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah; because
he had no son. 1:18 Now the rest of the acts of Ahaziah which he did, are
they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?
N/C: This is another manifestation of the Angel of the LORD, here sent to
the prophet Elijah with instructions. (See Gen.16:7 Registry entry for more
information.)
Resolution: Applied the “deep purple” font.
II Kings 18:22 – Does the phrase “he, whose” in this
verse a refer to God?
18:22
But if ye say unto me, We trust in the LORD our God, is not that He, Whose high places and Whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and hath said to Judah
and Jerusalem, Ye shall worship before this altar in Jerusalem?
Resolution: These two pronouns do refer to God. Apply the “Royal purple” bold font and capitalize these two pronouns, as
references to God.
II
Kings 19:15 And Hezekiah prayed before the LORD, and said, O LORD God of Israel, Who dwellest between the cherubim, Thou art the God, even Thou alone, of all
the kingdoms of the earth; Thou hast made heaven and earth. 19:16 LORD, bow down Thine ear, and hear;
open, LORD, Thine eyes, and see, and hear the words of Sennacherib, who hath
sent him to reproach the living God. 19:17 Of a truth, LORD, the kings of Assyria have destroyed the nations and their
lands, 19:18 And have cast their gods into the fire; for they were no
gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone. Therefore, they have
destroyed them. 19:19 Now, therefore, O LORD our God, I beseech Thee, save Thou us out of his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may
know that Thou art the LORD God, even Thou only. 19:20 Then Isaiah, the son of Amoz, sent to
Hezekiah, saying, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, That which thou hast prayed to Me against
Sennacherib, king of Assyria, I have heard. 19:21 This is the word that the LORD hath spoken
concerning him: The virgin, the daughter of Zion, hath despised thee, and
laughed thee to scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem hath shaken her head at thee. 19:22
Whom hast
thou reproached and blasphemed? And against Whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine
eyes on high? Even against the Holy One of Israel. 19:23 By thy messengers thou hast reproached
the LORD, and hast said, “With the multitude of my (Sennacherib’s) chariots I am come up to the height of the mountains, to
the sides of Lebanon, and will cut down its tall cedar trees {thereof}, and
its choice fir trees {th color:purple'>Me. 19:28 Because thy rage against Me and thy tumult is
come up into Mine ears, therefore I will put My hook in thy nose, and My bridle in thy lips, and I will turn thee back by the way by which thou camest. 19:29
And this shall be a sign unto thee, Ye shall eat this year such things
as grow of themselves, and in the second year that which springeth of the same;
and in the third year sow ye, and reap, and plant vineyards, and eat their
fruits {thereof}. 19:30 And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah
shall yet again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.
N/C: The key
to resolving pronouns in the latter portion of 2Kings 19 is making proper
distinctions between unquoted and quoted words in this passage. We have God’s quote of the
Assyrian king’s blasphemous boasting beginning in v.23 followed by God’s response which
appears to begin in verse 25, ending in verse 34. Verse 27 is unmistakably part
of God’s
response. The transition from Sennacherib’s irreverent quote to God’s reply is subtle
– but that transition the quote and God’s response lies between verses 24 and 25.
Resolution: No
Action Required. A careful reading of
this passage makes evident the conclusion that God’s
words begin in verse 21b and end with verse 31, including God’s quote of Sennacherib’s blasphemous words
(vv. 23b – 24, enclosed above in quotes for clarity). Immediately following
these words from God is a further
statement from God introduced in verse
32 and continuing through verse 34 regarding the king of Assyria
(Sennacherib).]
19:34
For I
will defend this city, to save it, for Mine Own sake, and for My servant David's sake. 19:35 And it came to pass that
night, that the Angel of the LORD went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an
hundred fourscore and five thousand; and when they arose early in the morning,
behold, they were all dead corpses.
N/C: While this
may appear to be a simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel intervening under the
direction of God to destroy 185,000 in the Assyrian camp, most scholars
take this to be yet another appearance of the Angel of the LORD. (See Gen.16:7 Registry entry for more information.)
Resolution: Applied the “deep purple” font to the word “Angel” to refer the reader to the Registry for this explanation.
II Kings 23:29 – As verse 29 is phrased, it is hard to tell who slew whom at
Megiddo.
23:29
In his days Pharaoh-neco, king of Egypt, went up against the king of Assyria to
the river Euphrates, and King Josiah went against him; and he (Pharaoh-neco) slew him (Josiah) at Megiddo, when he (Pharaoh-neco) had seen him (Josiah).
N/C: From the
immediate context, due to violations of the pronoun antecedent rule, is hard to
tell who slew whom at Megiddo (v.29). Pharaoh-neco killed Josiah.
Resolution: Inserted parenthetical clarifications, as
shown above.
21:1
And Satan stood up against Israel, and enticed {provoked} David to
number Israel. 21:2 And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go,
number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them to me,
that I may know it.
And
God was
displeased with this thing; therefore, He smote Israel. 21:8 And David said unto God, I have sinned
greatly, because I have done this thing; but now, I beseech Thee, do away the
iniquity of Thy servant; for I have done very foolishly. 21:9 And the LORD spoke unto Gad,
David's seer, saying, 21:10 Go and tell David, saying, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things;
choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee. 21:11 So Gad came to David,
and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Choose for thyself: 21:12 Either three years' famine; or
three months to be destroyed before thy foes, while that the sword of thine
enemies overtaketh thee; or else three days the sword of the LORD, even the
pestilence, in the land, and the Angel of the LORD destroying throughout all the borders of Israel. Now,
therefore, consider {advise thyself} what word I shall bring again to Him Who sent me. 21:13 And
David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait. Let me fall now into the hand of
the LORD; for very great are His mercies. But let me not fall into the hand of man. 21:14 So
the LORD sent pestilence upon Israel; and there fell of Israel seventy thousand
men. 21:15 And God sent an Angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it: and as He was destroying, the LORD beheld, and He repented {Him} of the evil, and
said to the Angel Who destroyed, It is enough, stay now thine hand. And the Angel of the LORD stood by the
threshing floor of Ornan, the Jebusite. 21:16 And David lifted up his eyes, and
saw the Angel
of the LORD stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn
sword in His
hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders of Israel, who
were clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces. 21:17 And David said unto
God, Is
it not I who commanded the people to be numbered? Even I it is who have
sinned and done evil indeed; but as for these sheep, what have they
done? Let Thine hand, I pray Thee, O LORD my God, be on me, and on my father's house; but not on Thy people, that they
should be plagued. 21:18 Then the Angel of the LORD commanded Gad to say to David, that David should go up,
and set up an altar unto the LORD in the threshing floor of Ornan, the Jebusite. 21:19 And
David went up at the saying of Gad, which he spoke in the name of the LORD. 21:20 And Ornan
turned back, and saw the Angel; and his four sons with him hid themselves. Now Ornan was
threshing wheat. 21:21 And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David,
and went out of the threshing floor, and bowed himself to David with his
face to the ground. 21:22 Then David said to Ornan, Grant me the place of this
threshing floor, that I may build an altar therein unto the LORD; thou shalt
grant it me for the full price; that the plague may be averted {stayed}
from the people. 21:23 And Ornan said unto David, Take it to thee, and
let my lord, the king, do that which is good in his eyes; lo, I give thee
the oxen also for burnt offerings, and the threshing instruments for
wood, and the wheat for the meal offering; I give it all. 21:24 And King David
said to Ornan, Nay; but I will verily buy it for the full price; for I will not
take that which is thine for the LORD, nor offer burnt
offerings without cost. 21:25 So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred
shekels of gold by weight. 21:26 And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered
burnt offerings and peace offerings, and called upon the LORD; and He answered him from
heaven by fire upon the altar of burnt offering. 21:27 And the LORD commanded the Angel; and He put up His sword again into its
sheath. 21:28 At that time when David saw that the LORD had answered him
in the threshing floor of Ornan, the Jebusite, then he sacrificed there. 21:29 For
the tabernacle of the LORD, which Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of the
burnt offering, were at that season in the high place at Gibeon. 21:30 But
David could not go before it to enquire of God; for he was afraid because of the sword of the Angel of the LORD.
N/C: See II Samuel 24:10-25 for a parallel passage. While this
may appear to be a simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel under the direction
of God
to punish David for numbering the Israelites, most scholars take this to be yet
another appearance of the Angel of the LORD. (See Gen.16:7 entry in the Registry for more information).
Resolution: Applied the “deep purple” font to the word “Angel” to refer the reader to the Registry for this explanation
II Chronicles 5:13-14 - Here is another manifestation
of God’s
visible presence and glory in the Temple.
5:13
It came even to pass, as the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make
one sound to be heard in praising and thanking the LORD; and when they
lifted up their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of
music, and praised the LORD, saying, For He is good; for His mercy endureth
for ever - that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the
house of the LORD. 5:14 So that the priests could not stand to minister by
reason of the cloud; for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of God.
Resolution: The nouns that represent visible manifestations of God’s presence and
glory, “cloud”
(2) and “glory” (1) in vv.13-14 receive special treatment - using “Deep purple” font to
alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
32:19
And they spoke against the God of Jerusalem, as against the gods of the people of the
earth, which were the work of the hands of man. 32:20 And for this cause
Hezekiah, the king, and the prophet Isaiah, the son of Amoz, prayed and cried
to heaven. 32:21 And the LORD sent an angel, who cut off all the mighty men of valor, and the leaders and
captains in the camp of the king of Assyria. So he (Sennacherib) returned with
shame of face to his own land. And when he was come into the house of his god,
they who came forth of his own loins {bowels} slew him there with the
sword. 32:22 Thus the LORD saved Hezekiah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem from the
hand of Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, and from the hand of all others,
and guided them on every side.
Resolution: This is an example of a ‘regular’ angel sent by God to thwart the
oppression of the king of Assyria. No real need for an explanation in the
Registry – apply blue font to “angel”.
Nehemiah 9:12, 19 - Here we
find two more examples of visible evidence of God’s presence and glory.
9:11
And Thou didst divide the sea before them, so that they went through the midst
of the sea on the dry land; and their persecutors Thou threwest into
the deeps, as a stone into the mighty waters. 9:12 Moreover, Thou leddest them in
the day by a cloudy pillar; and in the night by a pillar
of fire, to give them light in the way in which {wherein}
they should go. 9:13 Thou camest down also upon Mount Sinai, and didst speak with
them from heaven, and gavest them right ordinances {judgments}, and true laws,
good statutes and commandments; 9:14 And madest known unto them Thy holy sabbath, and
commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses, Thy servant; 9:15 And
gavest them bread from heaven for their hunger, and broughtest forth water for
them out of the rock for their thirst, and promisedst them that they should go
in to possess the land which Thou hadst sworn to give them. 9:16 But they and our fathers
dealt proudly, and hardened their necks, and hearkened not to Thy commandments, 9:17
And refused to obey, neither were mindful of Thy wonders that Thou didst among them; but hardened their necks, and in their
rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage. But Thou art a God ready to pardon,
gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and forsookest
them not. 9:18 Yea, when they had made them a melted {molten} calf, and
said, This is thy god that brought thee up out of Egypt, and had wrought
great provocations, 9:19 Yet Thou in Thy manifold mercies forsookest them not in the wilderness:
the pillar of
the cloud departed
not from them by day, to lead them in the way; neither the pillar of fire by night, to show
them light, and the way in which {wherein} they should go. 9:20 Thou gavest also Thy good Spirit to instruct
them, and withheldest not Thy manna from their mouth, and gavest them water for their
thirst.
Resolution: The nouns that represent visible manifestations of God’s presence and
glory, “pillar” “cloud” and “fire” in verses 12 and 19 receive the “Deep purple” font
treatment to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Job
4:18 - Eliphaz appears to make a reference
here to God’s angels.
4:17
Shall mortal man be more just than God? Shall a man be more pure than his Maker? 4:18 Behold, He put no trust in His servants; and His angels He charged with
folly: 4:19 How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose
foundation is in the dust, who are crushed before the moth? 4:20 They
are destroyed from morning to evening; they perish forever without any
regarding it.
Resolution: This is an example of a reference to God’s angels. No real need for an
explanation in the Registry – applied blue font.
Job 9:19 – The possessive pronoun “his” in verse 19 may refer to God
19Behold, this is the joy of his
way, and out of the earth shall others grow.
N/C: Some translations capitalize
the “his” in “his way” in verse 19, signifying a reference to God,
while others do not.
Those
that do capitalize “his” in v19 are: AMP, ISR, ISV, NAS, NKJ.
In this passage, Bildad seems to be saying that a man with godless roots that are wrapped around a pile of rocks
will eventually be snatched from his place, then his place will forget him, and
out of the dust others will spring up and grow to take his place; and
that this is the joy of His (God’s) way. A bit abstract, but plausible.
Resolution: Since there is no
consensus among the translators, the deep
purple font is applied to the
“his” in verse 19 to alert readers to the possibility that it may refer to God.
12:12
With the ancient is wisdom; and in length of days understanding.
N/C: Most (if
not all) extant translations regard this as a reference to aged men, and not
the “Ancient of Days” or Deity. No real support was found for it as a personification –
or Deity.
Resolution: Treat “ancient” as a normal attribute – with normal black
font
Job
16:1 Then Job answered and said, 16:2 I have heard many such things; miserable
comforters are ye all. 16:3 Shall vain words have an end? Or what
emboldeneth thee that thou answerest? 16:4 I also could speak as ye do. If
your soul were in my soul's stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake
mine head at you. 16:5 But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the
moving of my lips should assuage your grief. 16:6 Though I speak, my
grief is not assuaged; and though I forbear, in what way am
I eased? 16:7 But now He hath made me weary; Thou hast made desolate all my company. 16:8 And Thou hast filled me with
wrinkles, which is a witness against me; and my leanness rising
up in me beareth witness to my face. 16:9 He teareth me in his wrath, Who hateth me; He gnasheth upon me with His teeth; mine Enemy sharpeneth His eyes upon me. 16:10 They have gaped upon me with
their mouth; they have smitten me upon the cheek reproachfully; they
have gathered themselves together against me. 16:11 God hath delivered me
to the ungodly, and turned me over into the hands of the wicked. 16:12 I was at
ease, but He hath broken me asunder; He hath also taken me by my neck, and shaken me to
pieces, and set me up for His mark. 16:13 His archers compass me round about, He cleaveth my kidneys
{reins} asunder, and doth not spare; He poureth out my gall upon the ground. 16:14 He breaketh me with
breach upon breach; He runneth upon me like a giant. 16:15 I have sewed sackcloth
upon my skin, and defiled my horn in the dust. 16:16 My face is foul with
weeping, and on my eyelids is the shadow of death; 16:17 Not for any
violence {injustice} in mine hands; also my prayer is pure.
N/C: The
“enemy” who “hateth” of 16:9 is really Satan (see vv.1:12 & 2:6-7 below),
who truly hates Job and is the agent actively
assaulting him, rather than God; and
the “they” of 16:10 more aptly fits Satan’s demons, or perhaps Job’s “miserable
comforters) than God. However, chapter
16 seems to be the apex of Job’s exasperation and frustration with his
“miserable comforters” and he may well be referring to God in these verses.
As MH points out in his commentary on this verse, “God hates none of His creatures; but Job's melancholy did
thus represent to him the terrors of the Almighty.”
If Job is referring to God, it is not
in our province to alter the Word, but merely to point out the incongruity of
Job’s assertions in the light of other scripture.
Job 1:12 And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy
power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the
presence of the LORD. Job 2:6 And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but
save his life. 2:7 So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot
unto his crown.
Resolution: Capitalize but use deep
purple font for the six personal pronouns and
the noun “Enemy” in verse 9, as well as the eight pronouns in verses 12 - 14 to
‘flag’ them as being at odds with all that Scripture tells us of God’s attributes.
28:9
He putteth
forth his hand
upon the rock; he overturneth the mountains by the roots. 28:10 He cutteth out rivers
among the rocks; and his eye seeth every precious thing. 28:11 He bindeth the floods
from overflowing; and the thing that is hid bringeth he forth to light.
N/C: While the
6 pronouns in verses 9 through 11 (“he” – 5; “his” 2), could conceivably refer
to God,
they more likely refer to man in his never ending quest for things of value –
in this case for metal and gems in the earth. Most translations treat these pronouns
in vv9-11 as referring to mortal man in his quest for valuable minerals (gold,
silver, gems). (Job’s comments in the ensuing verses, (12-21) seem to pursue this
line of thought regarding man’s quest for things of value, where he contrasts
earthly treasure with godly wisdom. Clearly the “He” in the latter verses (23 through 28) refers to God.
Resolution: While 3 Parallel
Translations and the GSB and WN commentaries say
it’s the works or power of God, there is very
strong evidence that it refers to man in quest for earthly treasures as stated
above in the N/C section.
Applied “deep purple” font to all 7 pronouns as possible references to God.
30:19
He hath
cast me into the mire, and I am become like dust and ashes.
Resolution: The “He” refers to God.
Applied the “royal purple” font.
Job 30:24 - Do the pronouns “He” and “His” in verse 24 refer to God?
30:24
Howbeit, he
will not stretch out his hand to the grave, though they cry in his destruction.
N/C: Here again there is a lack of consensus
as to the referenced entity, it ranges from “God”
(NKJ) to an unidentified hypothetical 3rd party (“one”), to Job
(“my”).
Resolution: Given that some (but not all) translations treat these
pronouns as references to God, the “deep purple” font treatment is applied to them.
23If there be a messenger with him, an interpreter, one among a
thousand, to show unto man His uprightness,
N/C: Here again there is a lack of consensus
as to the referenced entity, it ranges from “God”
(NKJ) to an unidentified hypothetical 3rd party (“man”), favored by
rendering of most translation, in many of which the “pronoun “his” does not even
appear.
Resolution: Given that one (the NKJ) translation treats this
pronoun as a reference to God, the “deep purple” font treatment should be applied to it.
35:15
But now, because it is not so, He hath visited in His anger; yet He knoweth it not in great extremity:
Resolution: Here we have consensus: it is
God. Applied capitalized “royal
purple” font.
Job
36:1 Elihu also proceeded, and said, 36:2 Bear with {Suffer} me a
little, and I will show thee that I have yet to speak on God's behalf. 36:3 I
will fetch my knowledge from afar, and will ascribe righteousness to my Maker. 36:4 For truly
my words shall not be false; he that is perfect in knowledge is with thee. 36:5 Behold, God is mighty,
and despiseth not any; He is mighty in strength
and wisdom. 36:6 He preserveth not the life of the wicked; but giveth right to
the poor. 36:7 He withdraweth not His eyes from the righteous; but with kings are they on
the throne; yea, He doth establish them forever, and they are exalted. 36:8 And
if they be bound in fetters, and be held {holden} in cords
of affliction, 36:9 Then He showeth them their work, and their transgressions that
they have exceeded. 36:10 He openeth also their ear to discipline, and commandeth that
they return from iniquity. 36:11 If they obey and serve Him, they shall
spend their days in prosperity, and their years in pleasures.
Resolution: Here again there is a lack of consensus among Bible
scholars as to whom Elihu is referring by “he” v.4. If he is referring to
himself, then Elihu might be thought a brash fool; but that is not borne out in
what he says in these latter chapters (32 – 37) of Job.
He exercised amazing restraint and patience in the first 31 chapters;
hardly an indicator of brashness. Some say Elihu is referring to God’s Holy Spirit; or God’s wisdom. Applied the “deep purple” font treatment to flag it as a not
totally resolved reference.
8:4
What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou visitest him? 8:5
For Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honor. 8:6 Thou madest him to
have dominion over the works of Thy hands; Thou hast put all things under his feet:
N/C – Just as an aside, a surprising number (15) of translations render 8:5 as “a little lower than God” , including NLT, NAS, NASB95,
NASB77, AMP, CSB, HCS, ASV, CEV(than Yourself), GNT(than to Yourself), LSV (the gods [or God]), NAB(than a god), NRSV, WEB,
YLT(lack a little of Godhead). The (9) that render it “a little lower than the angels” are: NIV, BSB, KJV, NKJ,
ABinPE, BST, DRB, JPS, NHE.
Resolution: The two pronouns “him” is a simple reference to our (mortal man’s) station relative to God and His angels. Apply normal black font to them;, royal purple and blue font as appropriate to other entities referred to vv. 8:4-6.
34:3
O magnify the LORD with me, and let us exalt His name together. 34:4 I
sought the LORD, and He heard me, and delivered me from all my fears. 34:5 They
looked unto Him, and were radiant {lightened}, and their faces were
not ashamed. 34:6 This poor man cried, and the LORD heard him,
and saved him out of all his troubles. 34:7 The Angel of the LORD encampeth round about them who fear Him, and delivereth
them. 34:8 Oh, taste and see that the LORD is good; blessed is the man who trusteth in Him. 34:9 Oh, fear
the LORD, ye His saints; for there is no lack {want} to them
that fear Him.
N/C: While this
may appear to be a simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel under the direction
of God,
most scholars take this to be yet another appearance of the Angel of the LORD. (See Gen.16:7
entry in the Registry for more information).
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to the word “Angel” to refer the reader to the Registry for this explanation.
35:1
Plead my cause, O LORD, with them who strive with me; fight against them who
fight against me. 35:2 Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand up for mine
help. 35:3 Draw out also the spear, and stop the way against them who
persecute me. Say unto my soul, I am Thy salvation. 35:4 Let them be confounded and put to shame
who seek after my soul; let them be turned back and brought to confusion who
devise my hurt. 35:5 Let them be as chaff before the wind; and let the Angel of the LORD chase them.
35:6 Let their way be dark and slippery; and let the Angel of the LORD persecute them. 35:7
For without cause have they hidden for me their net in a pit, which
without cause they have digged for my soul.
N/C: Here again, most scholars take this to be another appearance of the Angel of the LORD, rather than a
simple manifestation of a ‘regular’ angel under the direction of God. (See Gen.16:7 entry in the Registry for more information).
Resolution: Applied the “deep purple” font to the word ‘Angel’ to refer the reader here.
Psalm 37:23 – Either the pronoun “he” or “his” after the semi-colon
refers to God, the other refers to man. Thus, verse 23 could be rendered
in either of the following two ways:
Psalm
37:23 The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD; and He delighteth in his
way.
Psalm
37:23 The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD; and he delighteth
in His
way.
N/C: Clearly
one of the two pronouns (he or his) that follow the semi-colon refers to God, and the other
one refers to man. No evidence favors one over the other; but the second
rendering seems preferable to the first, but cannot be proven to be the correct
one.
Resolution: Use the 2nd
rendering, where a good man delights in His (God’s) way, and apply the “deep
purple” font to both pronouns to flag as an
exception this questionable rendering, as below:
Psalm
37:23 The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD; and he delighteth in His way.
Psalm
45:1 My heart is overflowing with a good matter; I speak of the things
which I have made touching the King. My tongue is the pen of a ready writer. 45:2 Thou art fairer than the children
of men; grace is poured into Thy lips; therefore God hath blessed Thee forever. 45:3 Gird Thy sword upon Thy thigh, O most Mighty, with Thy glory and Thy majesty. 45:4 And in Thy majesty ride prosperously because of truth and meekness and
righteousness; and Thy right hand shall teach Thee awe-inspiring {awesome} things. 45:5 Thine arrows are sharp
in the heart of the king's enemies; whereby the people fall under Thee. 45:6 Thy throne, O God, is forever
and ever; the scepter of Thy kingdom is a right scepter. 45:7 Thou lovest
righteousness, and hatest wickedness; therefore God, Thy God, hath anointed Thee with the oil of
gladness above Thy fellows. 45:8 All Thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia,
out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made Thee glad. 45:9 Kings' daughters were
among Thy honorable
women; upon Thy right hand did stand the queen in gold of Ophir. 45:10 Hearken, O
daughter, and consider, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own people,
and thy father's house; 45:11 So shall the King greatly desire thy beauty; for He is thy LORD; and worship thou Him. 45:12 And the
daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the rich among
the people shall entreat thy favor. 45:13 The king's daughter is all
glorious within; her clothing is of wrought gold. 45:14 She shall be
brought unto the King in raiment of needlework; the virgins, her companions who
follow her, shall be brought unto Thee. 45:15 With gladness and rejoicing shall they be brought;
they shall enter into the King's palace. 45:16 Instead of thy fathers shall be Thy children, whom Thou mayest make princes
in all the earth. 45:17 I will make Thy name to be remembered in all generations; therefore shall the
people praise Thee forever and ever.
N/C: The imagery in Psalm 45 seems to be that of the Messiah returning for His bride. Even if that
assumption proves correct, there are some nouns and pronouns within Psalm 45
that it is not intuitively clear whom they refer to. Some examples are “King’s”
in verse 9; the “Thy” in verse 12 would appear to refer to Christ’s bride, the
church, whose favor the nations will seek. It is not clear who is the king or
the king’s daughter in verse 13 – possibly the daughter of the King of Tyre? The
“she” in verse 14 is also problematic. Who the two possessive pronouns “thy”,
in verse 16,
refer to is also enigmatic. God, the Father appears to be referenced by “God” in verse 2; as
well as the two occurrences in verse 7. The rest of the pronoun references to Deity in Psalm 45 appear
to refer to Christ, the Son (the Messiah), and as such are not rendered in bold.
Resolution: Applied the
following described renderings: The four 1st person singular
pronouns (2 “I” & 2 “thy”) in v.1 refer to the psalmist; the “thine” and
“thy” in vv. 10 & 11 refer to the bride (the NT church); the daughter of
Tyre (v.12) refers to the nations – peoples outside the NT church which will
seek the NT church’s favor; the “thy fathers” of verse 16 refers to the OT
order & traditions. All of these use normal
black font. The “I” in verse 17 refers
to God,
the Father, with “royal purple” bold font. All the non-bold but
capitalized purple font pronouns throughout
this psalm refer to Christ, the Bridegroom.
54:1
Save me, O God, by Thy name, and judge me by Thy strength. 54:2 Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the
words of my mouth. 54:3 For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors
seek after my soul; they have not set God before them. Selah. 54:4 Behold, God is mine
helper; the LORD is with them that uphold my soul. 54:5 He shall reward evil
unto mine enemies. Cut them off in Thy truth. 54:6 I will freely sacrifice unto Thee; I will praise Thy name, O LORD; for it is
good. 54:7 For He hath delivered me out of all trouble; and mine eye hath
seen his desire upon mine enemies.
N/C: Psalm 54 is an example of the perplexing phenomenon some
refer to as “pronoun swap”: vv. 1 & 2 refer to God in the 2nd
person. In vv. 3 to 5a, references to God are in the 3rd person; while in verses 5b &
6, the reference reverts back to 2nd person; and then in v. 7 the
reference to God is again in the 3rd person. Each of these
personal pronouns refer to God.
Resolution: Most – but not all - of the personal pronouns in Psalm 54
refer to God; and have the appropriate “royal
purple” bold font applied to each pronoun
referring to God, regardless of grammatical switches to and from 2nd
and 3rd person within the psalm.
Psalm 54:7b -
The entity referenced by “his” in verse 7b is not clear.
54:7
For He
hath delivered me out of all trouble; and mine eye hath seen his desire upon
mine enemies.
N/C: Many translations render this as “its” rather than “his”. Most
occurrences of the personal possessive pronoun, which are prolific throughout
the 1611 Authorized Version, are rendered “its” in most of the contemporary
translations, including the KJV. The rendering “and mine eye hath seen its
desire upon mine enemies.” makes more sense than the personal pronoun
“his”. CS ToD, Vol. I, page 444, says the words “his
desire” (v.7b) are not in the original text; and were supplied by translators. MH
also renders it “and mine eye hath seen its desire upon mine
enemies.” Also note a similar sentiment expressed in Psalm 112:8 - His heart is
established, he shall not be afraid, until he see his desire upon his
enemies. In 54:7, it’s his (the Psalmist’s) eye’s desire; in 112:8, it’s his
heart’s desire. The KJV tends to use personal masculine pronouns where neuter
pronouns are more apt.
Resolution: The “his”
of 54:7 should be rendered “its” (the psalmist’s eye’s) in black font.
Psalm 72 – Several pronouns in Psalm 72 are “dual-reference” pronouns
(referring to two different entities – in this case Solomon (short-term) and Christ, the Messiah (longer-range). There
is an ill-defined transition from a focus on the reign of Solomon (v.1) to that
of Christ. The
difficulty lies in ascertaining when, exactly, the focus shifts to God, and hence the
proper pronoun reference resolutions.
A Psalm for Solomon.
72:1
Give the king Thy judgments {ordinances}, O God, and Thy righteousness
unto the king's son. 72:2 He shall judge Thy people with righteousness, and Thy poor with justice
{judgment}. 72:3 The mountains shall bring peace to the people, and the little
hills, by righteousness. 72:4 He shall judge the poor of the people, he shall
save the children of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor. 72:5 They
shall fear Thee as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all
generations. 72:6 He shall come down like rain upon the mown grass; as showers that
water the earth. 72:7 In His days shall the righteous flourish; and abundance of peace
so long as the moon endureth. 72:8 He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the
river unto the ends of the earth. 72:9 They who dwell in the wilderness shall
bow before him; and his enemies shall lick the dust. 72:10 The kings of
Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents; the kings of Sheba and Seba
shall offer gifts. 72:11 Yea, all kings shall fall down before Him; all nations shall
serve Him. 72:12
For he shall deliver the needy when he crieth; the poor also, and him that
hath no helper. 72:13 He shall spare the poor and needy, and shall save the
souls of the needy. 72:14 He shall redeem their soul from deceit and violence;
and precious shall their blood be in his sight. 72:15 And he shall live, and to
him shall be given of the gold of Sheba; prayer also shall be made for him
continually; and daily shall he be praised. 72:16 There shall be an
handful of grain in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit
thereof shall shake like Lebanon; and they of the city shall flourish
like grass of the earth. 72:17 His name shall endure forever; his name shall be
continued as long as the sun; and men shall be blessed in him; all
nations shall call him blessed. 72:18 Blessed be the LORD God, the God of Israel, Who only doeth
wondrous things. 72:19 And blessed be His glorious name forever; and let the whole earth be filled with His glory. Amen, and
Amen. 72:20 The prayers of David, the son of Jesse, are ended.
N/C: Here in this “Psalm for Solomon”, some of the early verses
are a prayer for God’s blessing upon
himself (David), and particularly blessings upon his son, Solomon, as his
successor as king. There is then an ill-defined
transition where God’s glory becomes
the primary focus. Some pronouns through this transition are likely dual-references, which are designated using the ‘deep purple’ font, followed by the parenthetic
insertion “(Solomon and Christ)”. Following
is the rendering of Psalm 72 with added clarifications.
A Psalm for Solomon
72:1
Give the king (David) Thy judgments {ordinances},
O God,
and Thy
righteousness unto the king's son (Solomon). 72:2 He
(Solomon) shall
judge Thy people with righteousness, and Thy poor with justice
{judgment}. 72:3 The mountains shall bring peace to the people, and the little
hills, by righteousness. 72:4 He (Solomon) shall
judge the poor of the people, He (Solomon and Christ) shall
save the children of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor. 72:5 They
shall fear Thee as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all
generations. 72:6 He shall come down like rain upon the mown grass; as showers that
water the earth. 72:7 In His days shall the righteous flourish; and abundance of peace
so long as the moon endureth. 72:8 He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the
river unto the ends of the earth. 72:9 They who dwell in the wilderness shall
bow before Him (Solomon and Christ); and His enemies shall lick the dust. 72:10 The kings of Tarshish
and of the isles shall bring presents; the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer
gifts. 72:11 Yea, all kings shall fall down before Him; all nations shall
serve Him. 72:12
For He shall
deliver the needy when he crieth; the poor also, and him that hath no
helper. 72:13 He shall spare the poor and needy, and shall save the souls
of the needy. 72:14 He shall redeem their soul from deceit and violence; and
precious shall their blood be in His sight. 72:15 And he (Solomon) shall live, and to him (Solomon) shall be
given of the gold of Sheba; prayer also shall be made for Him (Solomon and Christ) continually; and daily
shall He be
praised. 72:16 There shall be an handful of grain in the earth upon the
top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon; and they
of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth. 72:17 His name shall endure
forever; His
name shall be continued as long as the sun; and men shall be blessed in Him; all nations shall
call Him blessed.
72:18 Blessed be the LORD God, the God of Israel, Who only doeth wondrous things. 72:19 And blessed be His glorious name forever; and let the
whole earth be filled with His glory. Amen, and Amen. 72:20 The prayers of David, the son
of Jesse, are ended.
Resolution: Renderings of
the text as shown above, with clarifying parenthetical inserts, where font
treatment alone will not suffice for clarity.
10Therefore his people return here, and
waters of a full cup are wrung out to them.
Resolution: Apply the capitalized “Deep Purple” bold font
“His” to alert the reader to the possibility that it may refer to God, and insert this entry here in the “Deep Purple Registry” as an
explanation of this enigma.
78:12
Marvelous things did He in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in
the field of Zoan. 78:13 He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through; and He made the waters to
stand as an heap. 78:14 In the daytime also He led them with a cloud, and all the night with a light of fire. 78:15 He split {clave}
the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out of the
great depths. 78:16 He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to
run down like rivers. 78:17 And they sinned yet more against Him by provoking the Most High in the
wilderness. 78:18 And they tested {tempted} God in their heart by
asking food according to {for} their lust. 78:19 Yea, they spoke against
God;
they said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness?
Resolution: In recounting God’s watch-care over His people, David mentions the visible signs of God’s presence and
glory, “cloud”
and “fire”
in verse 14. These nouns receive special treatment - the “Deep purple” font to
alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Psalm 78:25 -
David refers to the manna God provided His people as angel’s food.
78:20
Behold, He smote the rock, that the waters gushed out, and the
streams overflowed. Can He give bread also? Can He provide flesh for His people? 78:21 Therefore, the LORD heard this,
and was angry; so a fire was kindled against Jacob, and anger also came
up against Israel, 78:22 Because they believed not in God, and trusted not
in His
salvation, 78:23 Though He had commanded the clouds from above, and opened the doors
of heaven, 78:24 And had rained down manna upon them to eat, and had given them
of the grain of heaven. 78:25 Man did eat angels' food; He sent them food to
the full. 78:26 He caused an east wind to blow in the heaven; and by His power He brought in the
south {Negev} wind. 78:27 He rained flesh also upon them as dust, and feathered fowls
like as the sand of the sea; 78:28 And He let it fall in the midst of their camp, round about
their habitations. 78:29 So they did eat, and were well filled; for He gave them their
own desire.
Resolution: This is an example of a reference to God’s angels, which is treated
with blue font.
Psalm 78:49 -
David mentions God sending His angel to punish the ungrateful Israelites.
78:40
How often did they provoke Him in the wilderness, and grieve Him in the desert! 78:41
Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy
One of Israel. 78:42 They remembered not His hand, nor the
day when He delivered them from the enemy; 78:43 How He had wrought His signs in Egypt,
and His
wonders in the field of Zoan, 78:44 And had turned their rivers into blood; and
their streams {floods}, that they could not drink. 78:45 He sent various
{divers} sorts of flies among them, which devoured them; and frogs, which
destroyed them. 78:46 He gave also their increase unto the caterpillar, and their
labor unto the locust. 78:47 He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycamore trees
with frost. 78:48 He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their flocks to
hot thunderbolts. 78:49 He cast upon them the fierceness of His anger, wrath, and
indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them. 78:50 He made a way to His anger; He spared not their
soul from death, but gave their life over to the pestilence; 78:51 And smote
all the first-born in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the
tabernacles of Ham; 78:52 But made His Own people to go forth like sheep, and guided them in the
wilderness like a flock.
Resolution: An account of God’s angels (blue font) sent to punish ungrateful
Israelites.
Psalm 81 – The pronouns “he” and “I” in verses 5,6,7, &16 are
unclear as to their referents.
To the chief Musician upon Gittith, A Psalm of
Asaph.
Psalm
81:1 Sing aloud unto God, our strength; make a joyful noise unto the God of Jacob. 81:2 Take
a psalm, and bring hither the timbrel, the pleasant harp with the psaltery. 81:3
Blow up the trumpet in the new moon, in the time appointed, on our solemn feast
day. 81:4 For this was a statute for Israel, and a law of the God of Jacob. 81:5 This
He ordained
in Joseph for a testimony, when He went out through the land of Egypt; where I heard a
language that I understood not. 81:6 I removed his shoulder from the burden; his hands were
delivered from the basket {pots}. 81:7 Thou calledst in trouble, and I delivered thee; I answered thee in
the secret place of thunder; I tested {proved} thee at the waters of Meribah. Selah.
81:8 Hear, O My people, and I will testify unto thee; O Israel, if thou wilt hearken
unto Me,
81:9 There shall no strange God be in thee; neither shalt thou worship any foreign {strange}
God. 81:10
I am the LORD thy God, Who brought thee out
of the land of Egypt; open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it. 81:11
But My
people would not hearken to My voice; and Israel would have none of Me. 81:12 So I gave them up unto
their own hearts' desire {lust}; and they walked in their own
counsels. 81:13 Oh, that My people had hearkened unto Me, and Israel
had walked in My ways! 81:14 I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned My hand against their
adversaries. 81:15 The haters of the LORD should have submitted themselves unto Him; but their time
should have endured forever. 81:16 He should have fed them also with the finest of the wheat;
and with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee.
N/C: In verse
5, the first He likely refers to God; the second “he” is not as easily ascribed, and the 2
pronouns “I” toward the end of verse 5 are also ill-defined (possibly Joseph,
or Asaph, – or some other non-deity). It is also unclear whom the “I” in verse
6 refers to. Its seems reasonable to assume that the 3 occurrences of “I” in
verse 7 are
references to God. Clearly, by verse 8, the 3 1st person singular
pronouns refer to God. The 2 pronouns in verse 16 probably refer to God; but if they both
do, then here, again, we see a ‘pronoun swap’. Also note that in this Psalm by
Asaph, the latter half presumes to utter the words of God, mostly in the 1st
person singular, without any “thus saith the Lord” preface. Following is a rendering with clarifying
inserts:
Psalm 81:1 Sing aloud unto God, our strength;
make a joyful noise unto the God of Jacob. 81:2 Take a psalm, and bring hither the timbrel,
the pleasant harp with the psaltery. 81:3 Blow up the trumpet in the new moon,
in the time appointed, on our solemn feast day. 81:4 For this was a
statute for Israel, and a law of the God of Jacob. 81:5 This He ordained in Joseph for a testimony, when he (Joseph) went out through the land of Egypt; where {I (Asaph speaking for Israel)} heard a language (God’s voice) that {I (Asaph speaking for Israel)} understood not. 81:6 I removed his (Israel’s) shoulder from the
burden; his (Israel’s) hands were delivered from the basket {pots}. 81:7 Thou
(Israel) calledst in trouble, and I delivered thee; I answered thee in
the secret place of thunder; I tested {proved} thee at the waters of Meribah. Selah.
81:8 Hear, O My people, and I will testify unto thee; O Israel, if thou wilt hearken
unto Me,
81:9 There shall no strange God be in thee; neither shalt thou worship any foreign {strange}
God. 81:10
I am the LORD thy God, Who brought thee out
of the land of Egypt; open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it. 81:11
But My
people would not hearken to My voice; and Israel would have none of Me. 81:12 So I gave them up unto
their own hearts' desire {lust}; and they walked in their own
counsels. 81:13 Oh, that My people had hearkened unto Me, and Israel
had walked in My ways! 81:14 I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned My hand against their
adversaries. 81:15 The haters of the LORD should have submitted themselves unto Him; but their time
should have endured forever. 81:16 He should have fed them (Joseph (Israel)) also
with the finest of the wheat; and with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee
(Joseph (Israel)).
Resolution: In the
above rendering, the text that follows verse 5 are the words of God (uttered in the voice that they (the writer, Asaph,
speaking for Israel) did not know). This rendering clarifies the ambiguities, capturing
and preserving the meaning of Psalm 81, and there appears to be good support
for it. Renderings as shown above, with needed clarifying parenthetical
inserts.
Psalm 82:6 - The “I” in verse 6 is
difficult to resolve.
A Psalm of Asaph.
82:1
God standeth
in the congregation of the mighty; He judgeth among the gods. 82:2 How long will ye judge
unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? Selah. 82:3 Defend the poor and
fatherless; do justice to the afflicted and needy. 82:4 Deliver the poor and needy;
rid them out of the hand of the wicked. 82:5 They know not, neither will
they understand; they walk on in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are
out of course. 82:6 I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children
of the Most High.
82:7
But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes. 82:8 Arise, O God, judge the earth;
for Thou shalt inherit all nations.
N/C: MH, page
667, column 2, says that in verse 6 “God says “You are gods.” He called them gods because they had a commission from God, and were
delegated and appointed by Him to be the conservators of the public peace”. MH is
confident that the “I” in verse 6 refers to God – and there is no reason, from the context, to refute
that.
Resolution: Made the “I” in verse 6 “royal purple”, as it is a
reference to God.
Psalm 87 - The possessive
pronoun “His” in verse 1 is difficult to resolve, as well as the phrase “this
man” that appears in vv. 4 & 6, the possessive pronoun “my” and the pronoun
”thee” in v. 7.
A Psalm or Song for the sons of Korah.
Psalm
87:1 His foundation
is in the holy mountains. 87:2 The LORD loveth the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings of
Jacob. 87:3 Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God. Selah. 87:4 I will make mention of
Rahab and Babylon to them that know Me; behold Philistia, and Tyre, with Ethiopia: this man was born
there. 87:5 And of Zion it shall be said, This and that man was born in her;
and the Highest Himself shall establish her. 87:6 The LORD shall count,
when He
writeth up the people, that this man was born there. Selah. 87:7 {As well} The singers as
well as the players on instruments shall be there; all my springs are in thee.
N/C: More than one commentary speaks of the “abrupt beginning”
of this Psalm. The opening possessive pronoun appears to refer to God ; JFBC renders it
“His—that is, God's foundation—or, what He has founded, that is, Zion (Isa
14:32). is in the holy mountains—the location of Zion . . ”.
The “this man” of verses 4 & 6 and “this and that man” of verse 5 are
references to gentiles born in these gentile nations, who will be considered by
God to
be natives of Zion, God’s chosen land. Evidently the end of the last verse, “all
my springs are in Thee”, is part of a song that the singers will sing to God, so the “my”
refers to the singers (worshippers), while the “Thee” is a reference
to God. Thus the rendering should be as follows:
Psalm 87:1 His foundation is
in the holy mountains. 87:2 The LORD loveth the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings of
Jacob. 87:3 Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God. Selah. 87:4 I will make mention
of Rahab and Babylon to them that know Me; behold Philistia, and Tyre, with Ethiopia: this man
was born there. 87:5 And of Zion it shall be said, This and that man was born
in her; and the Highest Himself shall establish her. 87:6 The LORD shall count,
when He
writeth up the people, that this man was born there. Selah. 87:7 {As
well} The singers as well as the players on instruments shall be
there; all my springs are in Thee.
Resolution: Passage rendered as shown above. Verse 1: Made the “His” in verse 1 “royal purple” as a
reference to God. The “I” of verse 4 is a reference to God, as is the “Me” at the end of v.4. The “this man” of verses 4 & 6 and
“this and that man” of verse 5 are references to gentiles born in these gentile
nations, who will be considered by God to be natives of Zion, God’s chosen land. The “Thee” at the end of verse 7 is a reference to God.
Psalm 89:18-19 – Is there a distinction
between “the Holy One” of verse 18 and the “Thy holy one” of verse 19; and should they be treated
differently?
Psalm
89:18 For the LORD is our defense; and the Holy One of Israel is our king. 89:19 Then Thou didst speak in
vision to Thy holy one, and saidst, I have laid help upon one who is mighty; I have exalted one
chosen out of the people. 89:20 I have found David, My servant; with My holy oil have I anointed him.
N/C: The Holy One” of verse 18 is clearly a reference to God. The “one” in “Thy holy one” of
verse 19, unlike the similar phrase in verse 18, is a reference to David – not Christ – as a type
of Christ -
hence the use of the word “holy”, but it is not a direct reference to Christ. – thus no
capitalization of “holy one”.
Resolution: Removed “Royal purple” font and capitalization from “one” in “Thy holy one”
occurring in verse 19.
91:10
There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come near {nigh}
thy dwelling. 91:11 For He shall give His angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways. 91:12 They
shall bear thee up in their hands, lest thou dash thy foot against a
stone.
Resolution: This is an example of a reference to the protection
afforded by God’s angels. No further need for an explanation in the Registry – the blue font
is applied for God’s angels.
99:5
Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at His footstool; for He is holy. 99:6 Moses and Aaron among His priests, and
Samuel among those who call upon His name; they called upon the LORD, and He answered them. 99:7 He spoke unto them in the cloudy pillar; they kept His testimonies, and the ordinance that He gave them. 99:8 Thou answeredst them,
O LORD
our God;
Thou wast
a God
Who forgavest
them, though Thou tookest vengeance of their misdeeds {inventions}. 99:9
Exalt the LORD our God, and worship at His holy hill; for the LORD our God is holy.
Resolution: In reciting of God’s watch-care over His people, the psalmist
mentions the visible evidence
of His presence as He spoke to His people in the “cloudy pillar” in verse 7. These nouns receive special treatment - using “Deep purple” font to
alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
103:19
The LORD hath prepared His throne in the heavens; and His kingdom ruleth
over all. 103:20 Bless the LORD, ye His angels, that excel in strength, that do His commandments, hearkening unto the voice of His word. 103:21 Bless
ye the LORD, all ye His hosts, ye ministers of His, that do His pleasure. 103:22 Bless
the LORD, all His works in all places of His dominion; bless the LORD, O my soul.
Resolution: This is an example of a reference to God’s angels, to which blue font is applied.
104:1
Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, Thou art very great; Thou art clothed with honor and majesty. 104:2 Who coverest Thyself with
light as with a garment; who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: 104:3
Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters; Who maketh the clouds
His chariot;
Who walketh
upon the wings of the wind; 104:4 Who maketh His angels spirits, His ministers a flaming fire; 104:5 Who laid the
foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed forever. 104:6 Thou coveredst it
with the deep as with a garment; the waters stood above the mountains. 104:7
At Thy
rebuke they fled; at the voice of Thy thunder they hasted away.
Resolution: This is an example of a reference to God’s angels, to which blue font is applied.
105:36
He smote
also all the first-born in their land, the chief of all their strength. 105:37 He brought them forth
also with silver and gold; and there was not one feeble person among
their tribes. 105:38 Egypt was glad when they departed; for the fear of them
fell upon them. 105:39 He spread a cloud for a covering; and fire to give light in the night. 105:40 The people asked,
and He
brought quails, and satisfied them with the bread of heaven. 105:41 He opened the rock,
and the waters gushed out; they ran in the dry places like a river. 105:42
For He
remembered His holy promise, and Abraham, His servant.
Resolution: In recounting of God’s watch-care over
His people,
the psalmist mentions the visible evidence of His presence and protection as He led His people using a “cloud” and “fire” in verse 39. These
nouns receive special treatment - using “Deep
purple” font to alert the reader to this
unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Psalm 110:4 – Who is Melchizedek and what, if
any, type of Theophany does he represent?
4The
LORD hath sworn, and will not repent, Thou art
a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek..
N/C: God is a God of detail; and often what appears to be trivia in God’s Word only
appears so to us due to our puny understanding and appreciation for it. This
is no doubt such an instance. In this Messianic psalm, David refers to Christ as “a priest
forever after the order of Melchizedek. See also Gen. 14:18-20; Heb. 5:6; 6:20; 7:2-3; 10; 7:17, 21
for other references to Melchizedek.
Resolution: There is agreement among most Bible scholars that at a
minimum Melchizedek is a “type of Christ the King-Priest” and therefore references to Melchizedek will be
treated with the “deep purple” font as means of alerting the reader that there is more
here than meets the eye of the casual reader. Note the spelling variation in
Hebrews (NT): “Melchizedec”.
Psalm 127:3 - The “his” at
the end of verse 3 is not readily resolved.
Psalm
127:1 Except the LORD build the house, they labor in vain that build it; except
the LORD keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain. 127:2 It is
vain for you to rise up early, to sit up late, to eat the bread of sorrows; for
so He
giveth His beloved sleep. 127:3 Lo, children are an heritage
of the LORD; and the fruit of the womb is His reward. 127:4
As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of one’s
{the} youth. 127:5 Happy is the man who hath his quiver full of them;
they shall not be ashamed, but they shall speak with the enemies in the gate.
Resolution: Treat
the “His” of
verse 3 as a reference to God, the Great Rewarder, as below:
127:3
Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD; and the fruit of the womb is His reward.
148:1
Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the LORD from the heavens; praise Him in the heights. 148:2 Praise
ye Him,
all His
angels; praise
ye Him,
all His
hosts. 148:3 Praise ye Him, sun and moon; praise Him, all ye stars of light. 148:4 Praise Him, ye heavens of
heavens, and ye waters that be above the heavens.
Resolution: This
is an example of a reference to God’s angels. No further explanation need - apply blue font.
1:1
The proverbs of Solomon, the son of David, king of Israel: 1:2 To know wisdom
and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding; 1:3 To receive the
instruction of wisdom, righteousness {justice}, and justice {judgment},
and equity; 1:4 To give prudence {subtlety} to the simple, to the young
man knowledge and discretion. 1:5 A wise man will hear, and will
increase learning; and a man of understanding shall attain unto wise counsels, 1:6
To understand a proverb and the interpretation, the words of the wise, and
their dark sayings. 1:7 The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, but fools
despise wisdom and instruction. 1:8 My son, hear the instruction of thy father,
and forsake not the law of thy mother; 1:9 For they shall be an ornament
of grace unto thy head, and chains about thy neck. 1:10 My son, if sinners
entice thee, consent thou not. 1:11 If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait
for blood, let us lurk secretly for the innocent without cause, 1:12 Let
us swallow them up alive as sheol {the grave}, and whole, as those that
go down into the pit; 1:13 We shall find all precious substance, we shall fill
our houses with spoil; 1:14 Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one
purse: 1:15 My son, walk not thou in the way with them; refrain thy foot from
their path; 1:16 For their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed blood. 1:17
Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird. 1:18 And they lay
wait for their own blood; they lurk secretly for their own
lives. 1:19 So are the ways of every one who is greedy of gain, who
taketh away the life of the owners thereof. 1:20 Wisdom crieth outside;
she uttereth her voice in the streets; 1:21 She crieth in the chief place of
concourse, in the openings of the gates; in the city she uttereth her words, saying,
1:22 How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? And the scorners
delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge? 1:23 Turn you at My reproof; behold, I will pour out My spirit unto you, I will make known My words unto you. 1:24
Because I have called, and ye refused; I have stretched out
My hand,
and no man regarded; 1:25 But ye have set at nought all My counsel, and
would have none of My reproof, 1:26 I also will laugh at your calamity; I will mock when
your fear cometh; 1:27 When your fear cometh as desolation, and your
destruction cometh as a whirlwind; when distress and anguish cometh upon you. 1:28
Then shall they call upon Me, but I will not answer; they shall seek Me early, but they
shall not find Me; 1:29 Because {For} they hated knowledge, and did
not choose the fear of the LORD: 1:30 They would none of My counsel; they despised all My reproof. 1:31 Therefore
shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be filled with their own
devices. 1:32 For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the
prosperity of fools shall destroy them. 1:33 But whoso hearkeneth unto Me shall dwell
safely, and shall be quiet from fear of evil.
N/C:
The book of Proverbs has as its theme
“Wisdom”, and it is often personified in passages of this book. This opening
chapter begins with the words of Solomon (vv 1-22). Verse 23 represents a
shift, where the words of the personified Wisdom are presented (vv 23 – 33). One
could argue that the 1st person singular pronouns in the last 11
verses of Chapter 1 (in “deep purple” font
above) refer to God, the Creator and Repository
of all wisdom. In this sense, this passage would be an example of a “duality”
of pronoun resolutions.
Resolution: Applied bold “Deep
purple” font and capitalization to pronouns that refer to “personified
wisdom” (God) in these last 11 verses
of Proverbs chapter 1, as shown above.
Ecclesiastes 5:6 - Who is referred to by the term
“angel” in
verse 6?
5:4
When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it; for He hath no pleasure in fools; pay that which thou hast vowed. 5:5 Better
is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest vow and not
pay. 5:6 Suffer not thy mouth to cause thy flesh to sin; neither say thou
before the angel, that it was an error. Why {Wherefore}
should God be angry at thy voice, and destroy the work of thine
hands? 5:7 For in the multitude of dreams and many words there are also many
{divers} vanities; but fear thou God.
Resolution: Most scholars agree that the term “angel” in verse 6 is a
reference to the priest as the messenger of God – and not necessarily to an actual angel. There are a few who
render this a reference to God, so in any event, it does not appear to refer directly to Deity. There is a good
argument for using the black font, the blue font, and the “deep
purple” font. Applied the “deep purple” font to
alert the reader to the fact that there is some dispute here and can consult
this entry in the “Registry”.
Ecclesiastes
5:8 If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent perverting of justice
{judgment} and righteousness {justice} in a province, marvel not at the
matter; for He that is higher than the
highest regardeth; and there be higher than they.
Resolution: Left the “they” at the end of verse in regular black
font as a reference to those mortals that oppress the poor and pervert justice.
Isaiah 4:5 – What is the
significance of “cloud and smoke by day,” and “flaming fire by night”?
4:4
When the LORD shall have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion,
and shall have purged the blood of Jerusalem from its midst {thereof} by the
spirit of justice {judgment}, and by the spirit of burning. 4:5 And the LORD will create upon
every dwelling place of Mount Zion, and upon her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day, and the
shining of a flaming fire by night; for upon all the glory shall be a
defense. 4:6 And there shall be a tabernacle for a shadow in the daytime from
the heat, and for a place of refuge, and for a covert from storm and from rain.
N/C - In this vision of the
coming kingdom, “In that day”, a prediction of glory and protection of God is manifested in
“a cloud and
smoke by
day, and the shining of a flaming fire by night”.
Resolution: In Isaiah’s prophecy, he speaks of visible evidence of God’s presence and protection as a “cloud”, smoke and “fire” in verse
4. These nouns receive special treatment -
using “Deep purple” font to alert the reader to this unusual evidence of God’s presence.
Isaiah 6:8 – Who is referred
to by the 1st person plural pronoun “Us” in verse 8?
6:8
Also I heard the voice of the LORD, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for Us? Then said I, Here
am I; send me.
N/C – Here God uses the 1st
person plural pronoun “Us” in referring to Himself.
Resolution: Apply the capitalized “Royal Purple” bold font consistent
with the intent of this work, but insert an entry here in the “Deep Purple Registry” for
further explanation.
Isaiah 7:13 – Who is speaking
in verse 7:13? Is it Ahaz (the
antecedent from verse 12), or Isaiah?
7:7
Thus saith the LORD God, It shall not stand, neither shall it come to pass. 7:8 For
the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin;
and within threescore and five years shall Ephraim be broken, that it be not a
people. 7:9 And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is
Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established. 7:10
Moreover, the LORD spoke again unto Ahaz, saying, 7:11 Ask a sign of the LORD, thy God; ask it either in
the depth, or in the height above. 7:12 But Ahaz said, I will not ask, neither
will I test the LORD. 7:13 And he said,
Hear ye now, O house of David; Is it a small thing for you to weary men,
but will ye weary my God also?
N/C:
In no case is there any suggestion
that this “he” of v13 refers to other than mortal man; and its resolution is
outside the scope of the “Deep Purple Registry”. However,
there is value in resolving the identity of the person here referred to by the
pronoun “he”; so we proffer our best opinion and rationale as to the speaker’s
identity. The antecedent from verse 12 is Ahaz, which the reader initially
assumes to be the referent of “And he said” at the beginning of verse 13. But
despite the antecedent rule, the context makes it seem incongruous that Ahaz is
the speaker; and Isaiah seems a more reasonable choice. The NIV and GWT
explicitly render the verse with “Isaiah said”. The ESV commentary also has a
note: “7:13 That
is, Isaiah”. The 11 other parallel
translations simply render it “he said”, as if there is no question who the
speaker here is.
7:13 And he (Isaiah) said,
Hear ye now, O house of David; Is it a small thing for you to weary men,
but will ye weary my God also?
Resolution: Apply normal black font to the pronoun “he”, with “(Isaiah)” inserted
after it for clarity (as shown above).
Isaiah 7:14-16 – Who is
referred to by the words “son”, “his” and “Immanuel” in 7:14; and “child” in
7:16? How do these references tie in with 8:8 and chapter 9?
7:14 Therefore the LORD Himself shall give you a sign; Behold, the virgin shall
conceive, and bear a Son, and shall call His name Immanuel. 7:15 Butter
and honey shall He eat, that He may
know to refuse the evil, and choose the good. 7:16 For before the Child shall know to refuse the evil, and choose the good, the land that
thou abhorrest shall be forsaken of both her kings.
8:8 And he shall pass through Judah; he shall overflow and
go over, he shall reach even to the neck; and the stretching out of his
wings shall fill the breadth of Thy land, O Immanuel.
Isaiah
9:1 Nevertheless, the dimness
shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the
first He lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and
the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the
way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations. 9:2 The people that
walked in darkness have seen a great light; they who
dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined. 9:3 Thou hast multiplied the nation, and increased
the joy; they rejoice before Thee according
to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice when they divide the
spoil. 9:4 For Thou hast broken the yoke of his burden, and
the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, as in the day of Midian. 9:5
For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments
rolled in blood, but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire.
9:6 For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; and the government shall be upon His shoulder; and His name shall be
called Wonderful, Counselor, The Mighty God, The Everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. 9:7 Of the increase of His government and peace there shall be no end, upon
the throne of David, and upon His kingdom, to order it, and to establish it
with justice and with righteousness from henceforth even forever.
The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. 9:8 The LORD sent a word into Jacob, and it hath lighted upon Israel. 9:9
And all the people shall know, even Ephraim and the inhabitant of
Samaria, that say in the pride and stoutness of heart, 9:10 The bricks are
fallen down, but we will build with hewn stones; the sycamores are cut down,
but we will change them into cedars. 9:11 Therefore the LORD shall set up the adversaries of Rezin against him, and
join his enemies together; 9:12 The Syrians before, and the Philistines behind;
and they shall devour Israel with open mouth. For all this His anger is not turned away, but His hand is stretched out still. 9:13 For the people
turneth not unto Him Who smiteth
them, neither do they seek the LORD of hosts.
9:14 Therefore the LORD will cut off from Israel head and tail,
branch and rush, in one day. 9:15 The ancient and honorable, he is the
head; and the prophet who teacheth lies, he is the tail. 9:16 For the
leaders of this people cause them to err; and they who are led of
them are destroyed. 9:17 Therefore the LORD
shall have no joy in their young men, neither shall He have mercy on their fatherless and widows; for every one is
an hypocrite and an evildoer, and every mouth speaketh folly. For all this His anger is not turned away, but His hand is stretched out still. 9:18 For wickedness
burneth as the fire; it shall devour the briers and thorns, and shall kindle in
the thickets of the forest, and they shall mount up like the lifting up
of smoke. 9:19 Through the wrath of the LORD of
hosts is the land darkened, and the people shall be as the fuel of the fire; no
man shall spare his brother. 9:20 And he shall snatch on the right hand, and be
hungry; and he shall eat on the left hand, and they shall not be satisfied. They
shall eat every man the flesh of his own arm: 9:21 Manasseh, Ephraim; and
Ephraim, Manasseh; and they together shall be against Judah. For
all this His anger is not turned away, but His hand is stretched out still.
N/C:
The nouns and pronouns in question in
Chapter 7 may have dual resolution: both by an infant in the days of Ahaz; and
also that of the Messiah that is expounded
upon in Chapter 9. To simply offer the resolution of these nouns and pronouns,
as is the mission of this undertaking, apart from the in-depth treatment due
this complex passage, would be a great disservice to all concerned. Therefore,
the reader is hereby referred to the following two expositions on the passage: a
treatise by Dr. Harold R. Holmyard, ThD, titled “The
Linkage Between Isaiah 7:14 and 9:6”; and the in-depth Commentary on the entire
book of Isaiah by Dr. Joseph Addison Alexander, which in addition to addressing
the questions at hand here, is an excellent resource for most questions, including
resolution of pronouns and their antecedents within the entire book of Isaiah.
Resolution: Apply Deep Purple font to alert the reader to this special case and refer
them to the two above mentioned excellent commentary resources.
Q1: Whom do the “I” and “me” in verse 2 refer to? Q2: Whom
does the “I” in verse 3 refer to?
Isaiah
8:1 Moreover, the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll, and write in it with
a man's pen concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz. 8:2 And I took unto me faithful
witnesses to record, Uriah the priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah. 8:3
And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bore a son. Then said
the LORD to me, Call his name Maher-shalal-hash-baz. 8:4 For before the child
shall have knowledge to cry, My father, and my mother, the riches of Damascus
and the spoil of Samaria shall be taken away before the king of Assyria.
N/C: Consulted 2 commentaries: MH and
J. F Walvoord & R. B. Zuck OT (W&Z-OT). W&Z-OT, page 1050 says the “I” and “me”
in verse 2 refer to God, while the “I” in verse 3 refers to Isaiah. MH says all
three pronouns refer to Isaiah, which seems the more credible position.
Resolution:
Left the 3 pronouns (“I” & “me”
in verse 2 and “I” in verse 3) in regular black font and inserted “(Isaiah)” in
both verses to clarify these pronouns as a references to Isaiah.
Isaiah 8:16 – Who is referred
to by the 1st person singular pronoun “my” in verse 16?
16Bind up this testimony of
warning; and seal the law among my disciples. 17And I will wait upon the LORD, Who hides His face from the house of
Jacob, and I will look for Him. 18Behold, I and the children whom the LORD has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD Almighty, Who dwells in Mount Zion.
N/C: There
are differing opinions as to whom the “my” in “my disciples” at the end of
verse 16 refers. While some say it refers to Isaiah, others believe it refers
to God, or to
the Messiah, Jesus Christ. Dr. Joseph Addison Alexander says, “These are not the
words of the Prophet (Isaiah) speaking in his own person, but a command
addressed to him by God, or as some
suppose, by the Messiah. If so, the first-person singular pronouns “I” and “me” in
verses 17-18 would also refer to Christ as the speaker. Dr. Alexander’s “The Prophesies of Isaiah” is
an excellent resource for insight into the book of Isaiah.
Resolution: Apply
the deep purple font
to those 1st person singular pronouns in
verses 16, 17 &18, to alert the reader of this question of whom they refer
to.
Q1: Whom does the “My” in verse 5 refer to? Q2: Whom
does the “I” in verse 9 refer to?
Judgment Upon Moab
Isaiah
15:1 The burden of Moab. Because in the night Ar of Moab is laid waste, and
brought to silence; because in the night Kir of Moab is laid waste, and brought
to silence; 15:2 He is gone up to Bayith {Bajith}, and to Dibon, the
high places, to weep; Moab shall wail {howl} over Nebo, and over Medeba;
on all their heads shall be baldness, and every beard cut off. 15:3
In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth; on the tops of
their houses, and in their streets, every one shall wail {howl}, weeping
abundantly. 15:4 And Heshbon shall cry out, and Elealeh; their voice
shall be heard even unto Jahaz; therefore, the armed soldiers of Moab
shall cry out; his life shall be grievous unto him. 15:5 My (Isaiah’s) heart shall cry out for Moab; his fugitives shall flee
unto Zoar, to Eglath-shelishiyah; {an heifer of three years old;} for by
the ascent {mounting up} of Luhith with weeping shall they go {it} up;
for in the way of Horonaim they shall raise up a cry of destruction. 15:6 For
the waters of Nimrim shall be desolate; for the hay is withered away, the grass
faileth, there is no green thing. 15:7 Therefore, the abundance they have
gotten, and that which they have laid up, shall they carry away to the brook of
the willows. 15:8 For the cry is gone round about the borders of Moab; the wailing
{howling} of it {thereof} unto Eglaim, and its {the} howling
{thereof} unto Beer-elim. 15:9 For the waters of Dimon shall be full of blood;
for I
will bring more upon Dimon, lions upon him that escapeth of Moab, and upon the
remnant of the land.
N/C: A1: MH, page 850, column 2 says “MY” refers to the prophet
himself (Isaiah), which seems evident. A2: MH, page 850, column 2 says
that the “I” in verse 9 refers to God. W&Z-OT, page 1063 implies that the “I” in verse 9
refers (indirectly) to God.
Resolution: The “My” at the
beginning of verse 5 refers to the prophet Isaiah (use black font); the “I” in
verse 9 refers to God, apply “royal purple” font.
16:9
Therefore I (Isaiah) will bewail with the weeping of Jazer the vine of Sibmah; I (Isaiah) will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon, and Elealeh; for the shouting for thy
summer fruits and for thy harvest is fallen. 16:10 And gladness is taken away,
and joy out of the plentiful field; and in the vineyards there shall be no
singing, neither shall there be shouting; the treaders shall tread out no wine
in their presses; I have made their vintage shouting to cease. 16:11 Wherefore
my (Isaiah’s) heart {bowels} shall sound like an harp for Moab,
and mine (Isaiah’s) inward parts for Kir-heres. 16:12 And it shall come to
pass, when it is seen that Moab is weary on the high place, that he (the nation Moab) shall come to his sanctuary to pray; but he (Moab) shall not prevail. 16:13 This is
the word that the LORD hath spoken concerning Moab since that time. 16:14 But now
the LORD hath spoken, saying, Within three years, as the years of an hireling,
and the glory of Moab shall be despised {contemned}, with all that great
multitude; and the remnant shall be very small and feeble.
Resolution: The 1st person pronouns of vv. 9, 11 refer to
Isaiah; the 3rd person pronouns of v. 12 refer to Moab, as a nation.
Used regular black font and added parenthetical inserts for clarity.
Isaiah 18:3 & 5 - Three pronouns “he” (2 in v. 3; 1 in v.
5) are ill-defined and need resolution.
18:3
All ye inhabitants of the world, and dwellers on the earth, see {ye}, when He lifteth up an banner
on the mountains; and when He bloweth a trumpet, hear {ye}. 18:4 For so the LORD said unto me, I will take My rest, and I will consider in My dwelling place
like a clear heat upon herbs, and like a cloud of dew in the heat of
harvest. 18:5 For before {afore} the harvest, when the bud is perfect,
and the sour grape is ripening in the flower, He shall both cut off the sprigs
with pruning hooks, and take away and cut down the branches.
N/C: Verse 3 – Some treat the ensign / banner in verse 3 in the
passive, as being raised without mention of the agent; others suggest it is God Who raises the ensign
/ banner and sounds the trumpet. MH, page 853, says “He lifts up an ensign
upon the mountains, and blows a trumpet, by which He proclaims war
against the enemies of His church, and calls in all her friends. He is about to do
some great work, as Lord of hosts.” Verse 5 - Here, again, the consensus (NASB,
Wesley, etc.) is that the “he” in 18:5 is none other than God.]
Resolution: Used “royal purple” font in all 3 instances of “he” in question; they refer
to God.
Isaiah
21:1 The burden of the desert of the sea. As whirlwinds in the Negev pass
through; so it cometh from the desert, from a terrible land. 21:2 A
grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous dealer dealeth
treacherously, and the spoiler spoileth. Go up, O Elam; besiege, O Media; all its
{the} sighing {thereof} have I made to cease. 21:3 Therefore are my (Isaiah’s) loins filled with pain; pangs have taken hold upon me, as
the pangs of a woman who travaileth. I (Isaiah) was
bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dismayed at the seeing of it.
21:4 My heart panted, fearfulness appalled {affrighted} me; the night of
my pleasure hath He turned into fear unto me. 21:5 Prepare the table, watch in
the watchtower, eat, drink; arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield. 21:6
For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him declare what he
seeth. 21:7 And he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen, a chariot of
asses, and a chariot of camels; and he hearkened diligently with much
heed: 21:8 And he cried, as a lion: My lord, I stand continually upon
the watchtower in the daytime, and I am set in my post {prison} whole
nights; 21:9 And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of
horsemen. And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the carved
{graven} images of her gods He hath broken unto the ground. 21:10 O my threshing, and the
grain of my floor; that which I have heard of the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, have I
declared unto you. 21:11 The burden of Dumah. He (“one out of Seir”) calleth
to me out of Seir, Watchman, what of the night? Watchman, what of the night?
Resolution: The “I” in verse 2 refers to God, Who will stop the
oppression that caused the sighing (Royal
purple font). The “He” in v. 11 refers to “one
out of Seir” who calls to Isaiah. Use black font with clarifying parenthetic
insert, as shown above.
22:18
He will
surely violently turn and toss thee like a ball into a large country;
there shalt thou die, and there the chariots of thy glory shall be the
shame of thy lord's house. 22:19 And I will drive thee from thy station, and from thy state shall
he pull thee down. 22:20 And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will call My servant Eliakim,
the son of Hilkiah; 22:21 And I will clothe him with thy robe, and strengthen him with thy
girdle, and I will commit thy government into his hand; and he shall be
a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to the house of Judah. 22:22 And
the key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder; so he shall open, and none shall
shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. 22:23 And I will fasten him like
{as} a nail in a sure place; and he shall be for a glorious throne to his
father's house.
Resolution: The “He”, “I”, and “My” pronouns that occur in verses
22:18-23 refer to God, (in royal purple), Who will perform all
this as “Thus saith the Lord” (v15). The phenomenon of “pronoun swap” is fairly prevalent in
Isaiah, and is certainly in evidence in this passage.
N/C: The two pronouns “he” in verse 9 appear to refer to the
same entity; and the same entity is likely referred to by the pronoun “he” in
verse 11. There is no complete agreement as to whether it refers to Isaiah or God. JAA capitalizes
all three occurrences where he quotes them in his exhaustive commentary on
Isaiah; and treats them as a reference to God. The NAS and YLT also capitalize all three occurrences, as
does the JFB Commentary; and Wesley’s Notes specifically says it is God. Other
translations and commentaries are not as definite in their treatment of these
three occurrences of the pronoun “he”.
Resolution: It is likely that all of these 3rd person
singular pronouns refer to God, Who will speak to and undertake to teach this people. Due to
the lack of consensus, and to err on the conservative side, the “Deep purple” bold
font is applied to all of these occurrences of the pronoun “He”, to alert the
reader of this likelihood.
30:7
For the Egyptians shall help in vain, and to no purpose; therefore have I cried concerning
this, Their strength is to sit still.
Resolution: The “I” in v. 7 could be Isaiah, or God (“saith the LORD”, v. 1). While
it could be either, as this passage is studied, it seems to be God Who is speaking
before (vv.1 & 2) and after this verse (v.8, where God instructs Isaiah
to record God’s prediction of the results of Israel’s reliance on
Egypt), and there is little evidence that the ‘speaker shifts here to the
prophet Isaiah. To accommodate the outside chance this pronoun does not refer
to God,
but to Isaiah, and to err on the side of caution, the “Deep purple” bold
font is applied to this pronoun, “I”.
Isaiah 30:33 - Who is
referred to by “he” in 30:33?
30:33
For Topheth (also known as the valley of Hinnom, or Gehenna as “the place of
burning, where the Canaanites, and then later, the Israelites,
including Ahaz, sacrificed their children) is ordained of old; yea, for the king (of Assyria) it
is prepared; he hath made it deep and large; the pile of
it {thereof} is fire and much wood; the breath of the LORD, like a stream
of brimstone, doth kindle it.
Resolution: The “he” in verse 33 may refer to its antecedent, the king
of Assyria, or more likely men who have made the burning pyre deep and wide. On
the other hand, it could also be a reference to God, Who’s breath will kindle it. Therefore, it has the “Deep purple” bold
font applied.
Here in Isaiah Ch 32, v.1, the
word “king” seems to allude to Christ, but it is not clear.
Isaiah
32:1 Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in justice
{judgment}.
N/C: The word “king” in verse 1 appears to be a “duality of
reference” pronoun. There is no complete agreement as to whether it refers to
Hezekiah, or Christ, the Messiah or both. JAA acknowledges both views. The greater
consensus is that it refers to both, one near-term; and the other longer-range.
Resolution: Applied “deep purple” font and
capitalized “King”.
Isaiah 32:13 & 18 - In vv. 13 and 18 the phrase “my
people” appears. The “my” usually refers to God; and if not a reference to Him, then to whom do
these two possessive pronouns refer?
32:13
Upon the land of My people shall come up thorns and briers; yea, upon
all the houses of joy in the joyous city, 32:14 Because the palaces
shall be forsaken, the multitude of the city shall be left, the forts and
towers shall be for dens forever, a joy of wild asses, a pasture of flocks, 32:15
Until the Spirit be poured upon us from on high, and the wilderness be a
fruitful field, and the fruitful field be counted as {for} a forest. 32:16
Then justice {judgment} shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness
remain in the fruitful field. 32:17 And the work of righteousness shall be peace;
and the effect of righteousness, quietness and assurance forever. 32:18 And My people shall dwell in
a peaceable habitation, and in sure dwellings, and in quiet resting places,
N/C: While the two occurrences of “my” (in “my people”) of verses 13 &
18 could be just a reference to the prophet Isaiah, based upon Isaiah (rather
than God) seeming to be the ‘speaker’
prophesying in chapter 32, there is no compelling evidence that the 2
possessive pronouns do not refer – at least indirectly - to God. Dr. J.A. Alexander, in his “The prophesies
of Isaiah”, suggests that the reference in v18 is a reference to God, and the other, in V13 may well be, as
well.
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font & capitalization to these
two pronouns – to at least alert the reader to the possibility that the entity
referenced may be God.
33:8
The highways lie waste, the wayfaring man ceaseth; he (Sennacherib) hath broken the covenant, he (Sennacherib) hath despised the cities, he (Sennacherib) regardeth no man.
N/C: The pronoun “he” occurs 3 times in verse 8. They appear to
be a reference to Sennacherib.
Resolution: Inserted “(Sennacherib)” after each occurrence for clarity.
Isaiah 37:36 Here is a
reference to “the Angel of the LORD” sent by God to destroy 185,000 Assyrians.
37:33
Therefore, thus saith the LORD concerning the king of Assyria, He shall not come into
this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shields, nor cast
a bank against it. 37:34 By the way that he came, by the same shall he return,
and shall not come into this city, saith the LORD. 37:35 For I will defend this city to save it for Mine Own sake, and for My servant David's
sake. 37:36 Then the Angel of the LORD went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a
hundred and fourscore and five thousand; and when men {they} arose early
in the morning, behold, these {they} were {all} dead {corpses}. 37:37
So Sennacherib, king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at
Nineveh. 37:38 And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of
Nisroch, his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer, his sons, smote him with the
sword; and they escaped into the land of Ararat {Armenia}; and
Esar-haddon, his son, reigned in his stead.
N/C: While this may appear to be a simple manifestation of a
‘regular’ angel
intervening under the direction of God to destroy 185,000 in the Assyrian camp, most scholars
believe it to be yet another appearance of “the Angel of the LORD”. (See Gen.16:7 Registry entry for elaboration.)
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to the word ‘Angel’ to refer the reader to this entry.
Isaiah
41:1 Keep silence before Me, O coastlands {islands}, and let the people renew their
strength; let them come near, then let them speak; let us come near together to
judgment. 41:2 Who raised up the righteous man from the east, called
him to His foot, gave the nations before him, and made him rule
over kings? He gave them like {as} the dust to his sword, and like
{as} driven stubble to his bow. 41:3 He pursued them, and passed safely; even
by the way that he had not gone with his feet. 41:4 Who hath wrought and
done it, calling the generations from the beginning? I, the LORD, the first, and
with the last; I am He.
N/C: The pronoun “Who” at the beginning of both verses 2 and 4 both
refer to God, if the correct answer
(no one, except Jehovah God) is supplied to the question posed.
Resolution: These
2 pronouns “Who” will receive the “deep purple” font to indicate the reader must
supply the correct answer for it to be a reference to God. The “His”
in “His foot” of v.2 refers to God, and gets the “Royal
purple” font. The “man from the east” and the 3 pronouns “him” in v. 2
probably refer to Cyrus, or perhaps Abraham (non-deity, in either case). The 2
pronouns “his” in v. 2 (his sword & his bow) also refer to Cyrus / Abraham.
The pronouns “he” (2) and “his” (1) in v. 3 refer to the same (non-deity)
person. All these latter pronouns receive the regular black font, with clarifying
parenthetical inserts where needed.
Isaiah 41:25, 27-28
- Several pronouns in Isaiah Ch 41
lack clear definition: three occurrences of “he” in verse 25; the “He” in verse
26; and three occurrences of “I” in vv. 27 & 28?
41:25
I have
raised up one from the north, and he shall come; from the rising of the sun shall he call upon My name; and he shall come upon princes
as upon mortar, and as the potter treadeth clay. 41:26 Who hath declared
from the beginning, that we may know? And beforetime, that we may say, He is righteous? Yea, there is none that showeth, yea, there
is none that declareth, yea, there is none that heareth your words. 41:27
The first shall say to Zion, Behold, behold them; and I will give to
Jerusalem one that bringeth good tidings. 41:28 For I beheld, and there
was no man; even among them, and there was no counselor, that, when I asked of them,
could answer a word. 41:29 Behold, they are all vanity; their works are
nothing; their melted and cast {molten} images are wind and
confusion.
Resolution: The
“he” occurring 3 times in verse 25 and once in verse 26 refer to a mortal man,
possibly Cyrus or a generic conqueror, as is the “one” in v.25. As to the 3
occurrences of “I” in vv.27 & 28, they, as well
as the “Me” in v.1 refer to God, and
are treated as are all references to God,
with “royal purple” bold”, along with other
references to God in Isaiah 41.
Isaiah 42:18-21 -
Several references in Isaiah Ch. 42
need resolution. These include “ye blind” in
verse 18; “My
servant”, and “My messenger” in verse 19. The question “Who is blind
as he that is perfect, and blind” in 19b is also puzzling.
42:18 Hear, ye deaf; and look, ye blind (heathen idol worshippers v.17), that ye
may see. 42:19 Who is blind, but My servant (Israel)? Or deaf, as My messenger (Israel, God’s messenger to the heathen nations) that I sent? Who is blind as he that
is perfect, and blind as the LORD's
servant? 42:20 Seeing many things, but thou observest not; opening the ears,
but he heareth not. 42:21 The LORD is
well pleased for His righteousness' sake; He will magnify the law, and make it honorable.
N/C: Some scholars take “My servant” and “My messenger” to ultimately refer to Christ – a dual
reference. As for the object of the puzzling question “Who is blind as he
that is perfect, and blind as the LORD's servant?” in v.19b, some suggest that this also refers
to Christ,
as though He
in His bearing
our sin and looking beyond the cross neither “saw nor heard” the suffering and
reproach that He endured.
Resolution: The
parenthetic insertions in above annotated text should shed some light upon and
clarify these references. No font or other changes were made to the affected
Bible text – just an entry here for inquiring minds.
45:21
Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together. Who hath declared
this from ancient time? Who hath told it from that time? Have not I, the LORD? And there is
no God
else beside Me, a just God and a Savior; there is none beside Me.
Resolution: The
2 pronouns “Who” in verse 21 both refer to God,
when the correct answer is supplied. Applied the “deep purple” font
to these two pronouns to signify that they represent God, when the questions are answered correctly.
Isaiah
48:14 All ye, assemble yourselves, and hear. Who among them hath declared these
things? The LORD hath loved him; He will do His pleasure on Babylon, and His arm shall be on the
Chaldeans. 48:15 I, even I, have spoken; yea, I have called him; I have brought him, and he shall make his way prosperous. 48:16
Come ye near unto Me, hear ye this: I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the
time that it was, there am I; and now the LORD God, and His Spirit, hath sent Me.
N/C: There is dispute as to who the 3rd person
singular pronouns in v.14 refer to: JAA takes it to read “God loves him (Israel),
and to show His love, “He (God) will do His (God’s) pleasure (execute
His purpose)
in Babylon, and His (God’s) arm shall be upon (against)
the Chaldeans.” However, some take it to refer to Cyrus, rendering it: “he (Cyrus) whom
God loves
shall do his pleasure in Babylon, and his (Cyrus’) arm will be upon the
Chaldeans.” The former seems the truer rendering, and less problematic. Both
renderings of v.14b make the “him” in “hath loved him” non-deity (black font),
but raises the issue of whether the “he” and/or “his” that follow in “he will
do his pleasure” refer to Cyrus or God. In v.15, it is God speaking (the four 1st person pronouns “I”);
and the four 3rd person pronouns “him”(2), “he” and “his” refer
either to Cyrus or Israel, non-deity (black font) in either case. The “Me” at
the end of verse 16 is an example of duality of reference: in the immediate
sense to the prophet Isaiah; and ultimately to Christ, the Messiah.
Resolution: The “them” in “Who among them” that starts the question (2nd
sentence) of v.14 refers to false gods or false prophets; so both the “Who” and
“them” are non-deity (black font). Apply “deep
purple” non-bold font to “Me” as representing both
man and Christ.
Isaiah
49:1 Listen, O coasts {isles}, unto Me; and hearken, ye people, from far: The LORD hath called Me from the womb; from
the body {bowels} of My mother hath He made mention of My name. 49:2 And He hath made My mouth like a sharp sword; in the shadow of His hand hath He hid Me, and made Me a polished shaft; in His quiver hath He hid Me, 49:3 And said unto Me, Thou art My servant, O Israel, in whom I will be glorified. 49:4
Then I said, I have labored in vain, I
have spent my strength for nothing {nought}, and in vain; yet surely
my justice {judgment} due to me is with the LORD, and my work with my
God. 49:5
And now, saith the LORD Who formed Me from the womb to be His Servant, to bring Jacob
again to Him, Though Israel be not gathered, yet shall I be glorious in the
eyes of the LORD, and My God shall be My strength. 49:6 And He said, It is a light thing that Thou shouldest be My Servant to raise up the
tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel; I will also give Thee for a light to the nations
{Gentiles}, that Thou mayest be My salvation unto the end of the earth. 49:7 Thus saith the LORD, the Redeemer of Israel, and
His Holy One, to Him Whom man despiseth, to Him Whom the nation
abhorreth, to a Servant of rulers: Kings shall see and arise, princes also shall
worship, because of the LORD Who is faithful, and the Holy One of Israel, and He shall choose Thee. 49:8 Thus saith the LORD: In an acceptable time have I heard Thee,
and in a day of salvation have I helped Thee; and I will preserve Thee, and give Thee for
a covenant of the people, to establish the earth, to cause to inherit the
desolate heritages, 49:9 That Thou mayest say to the prisoners, Go forth; to them who are
in darkness, show yourselves. They shall feed in the ways, and their pastures shall
be in all high places. 49:10 They shall not hunger nor thirst; neither
shall the heat nor sun smite them; for He Who
hath mercy on them shall lead them, even by the springs of water shall He guide
them. 49:11 And I will make all My mountains a way, and My highways shall be exalted. 49:12 Behold, these shall come from far; and, lo, these
from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim. 49:13 Sing,
O heavens; and be joyful, O earth; and break forth into singing, O mountains;
for the LORD hath comforted His people, and will have mercy upon His afflicted. 49:14 But Zion said, The LORD hath forsaken me, and my LORD
hath forgotten me. 49:15 Can a woman forget her nursing {sucking} child,
that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yea, they may
forget, yet will I not forget thee. 49:16 Behold, I have engraved {graven} thee upon the palms of My hands; thy walls are continually before Me. 49:17 Thy children shall make haste; thy destroyers and they who
made thee waste shall go forth of thee. 49:18 Lift up thine eyes round about,
and behold; all these gather themselves together, and come to thee. As
I live, saith the LORD, thou shalt surely clothe thee with them all, as with an
ornament, and bind them on thee, as a bride doeth. 49:19 For thy
waste and thy desolate places, and the land of thy destruction, shall even now
be too narrow by reason of the inhabitants, and they who swallowed thee up
shall be far away. 49:20 The children whom thou shalt have, after thou hast
lost the other, shall say again in thine ears, The place is too narrow
{strait} for me; give place to me that I may dwell. 49:21 Then shalt thou say
in thine heart, Who hath begotten me these, seeing I have
lost my children, and am desolate, a captive, and moving {removing} to
and fro? And who hath brought up these? Behold, I was left
alone; these, where had they been? 49:22 Thus saith the LORD God: Behold, I will lift up Mine hand to the nations {Gentiles},
and set up My standard to the peoples; and they
shall bring thy sons in their arms, and thy daughters shall be carried
upon their shoulders. 49:23 And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and
their queens thy nursing mothers; they shall bow down to thee with their
face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet, and thou shalt know
that I am the LORD; for they shall not be ashamed who wait for Me. 49:24 Shall the prey be taken from the mighty, or the lawful
captive delivered? 49:25 But thus saith the LORD:
Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken away, and the prey of the
terrible shall be delivered; for I will
contend with him that contendeth with thee, and I will save thy children. 49:26 And I will feed them that oppress thee with their own flesh; and they
shall be drunk {drunken} with their own blood, as with sweet wine; and
all flesh shall know that I, the LORD,
am thy Savior and thy Redeemer, the Mighty One of
Jacob.
Resolution: - This
work is indebted to and concurs with Dr. J. A. Alexander that the “speaker” is
a double entity: being the Messiah (as the Head) and also Israel, God’s chosen people and/or the Church (as the body). Therefore,
the nouns and pronouns that represent this dual entity will be treated using the “deep purple” font used
for dual-reference nouns and pronouns, in harmony with Dr. Alexander’s
masterful verse-by-verse commentary of Isaiah 49.
Isaiah
50:1 Thus saith the LORD: Where is the bill of your mother's divorcement,
whom I
have put away? Or which of My creditors is it to whom I have sold you? Behold,
for your iniquities have ye sold yourselves, and for your transgressions is
your mother put away. 50:2 Wherefore, when I came, was there no man? When I called, was
there none to answer? Is My hand shortened at all, that it cannot redeem? Or have I no power to
deliver? Behold, at My rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness; their fish stink {stinketh},
because there is no water, and dieth for thirst. 50:3 I clothe the heavens
with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering. 50:4 The LORD God hath given Me the tongue of the
learned, that I should know how to speak a word in season to him who is
weary; He awakeneth morning by morning; He waketh Mine ear to hear like
{as} the learned. 50:5 The LORD God hath opened Mine ear, and I was not rebellious, neither turned backward {away
back}. 50:6 I gave My back to the smiters, and My cheeks to them that plucked off the hair; I hid not My face from shame and
spitting. 50:7 For the LORD God will help Me; therefore shall I not be confounded; therefore have I set My face like a flint, and
I know
that I
shall not be ashamed. 50:8 He is near Who justifieth Me. Who will contend with
Me? Let us
stand together. Who is Mine adversary? Let him come near to Me. 50:9 Behold, the LORD God will help Me. Who is he that
shall condemn Me? Lo, they all shall grow {wax} old like {as}
a garment; the moth shall eat them up. 50:10 Who is among you that
feareth the LORD, that obeyeth the voice of His Servant, that walketh in
darkness, and hath no light? Let him trust in the name of the LORD, and stay upon
his God.
50:11 Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about
with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that ye
have kindled. This shall ye have of Mine hand; ye shall lie down in sorrow.
N/C – In
chapter 50, as in chapter 49, there are intermixed references to God and Christ. They
are distinguished by the KJP convention of applying royal purple bold to
God,
the Father and the Holy Spirit (not present in this passage) and applying royal purple non-bold to Christ (the exception
being the pronoun “I”, which is always bold so that it stands out.). The
problem is further complicated by the assertion of some commentators, including
Dr. J. A. Alexander, that the “speaker” in some instances, may be a double
entity: the Messiah (as the Head) and also the Church (as the body, Christ being the Head). Those nouns and
pronouns that may represent this dual entity are identified here using the “deep purple” font: In
verse 6 – “I gave My back to the smiters, and My cheeks to them that plucked off the hair; I hid not My face from shame and
spitting.” Dr. Alexander suggests that the term “His Servant” in verse 10
could also be a duality of reference, referring primarily to Christ; but also, and
secondarily, “to His official representatives, so far as He employs them in
communicating even with the Body itself”. By that, I assume he refers to His prophets, or
perhaps pastors or others in His employ in communicating with the “body”, the church.
Resolution: Given that the
primary – and perhaps sole – reference of these terms is to Christ, the “royal purple” font
indicating a reference to deity is applied to these terms in the KJP Bible
text; and will apply the “deep purple” font only here in the Registry to identify where possible
dual-reference nouns and pronouns occur.
Isaiah 58:12
- Here, in v 12, are references to The
Repairer and The Restorer (capitalized) but they appear to be references to the
house of Jacob, not God or Christ.
58:12
And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places; thou
shalt raise up the foundations of many generations, and thou shalt be called,
The Repairer of the breach, The Restorer of paths to dwell in.
N/C – Scriptural
convention capitalizes the beginnings of a verse, a sentence, a quote, and also
for titles, as occurs here in v 12, for “The Repairer” and “The Restorer”. Thus capitalization is an unreliable indicator
for a reference to Deity.
Resolution: Treat
both nouns in regular black font – they are titles applied to Israel or the
house of Jacob – hence the capitalization of these two nouns and the article
“The” that precedes each – but not Deity As for the 2nd person
pronouns “thee” and “thou (2) that precede these titles, they refer to the
nation Israel and a “going forth” from Israel to the nations a ‘restoration’
(black font).
59:16
And He
saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no
intercessor; therefore, His arm brought salvation unto Him; and His righteousness
{it} sustained Him. 59:17 For He put on righteousness as a breastplate, and an helmet of
salvation upon His head; and He put on the garments of vengeance for clothing, and
was clad with zeal as a cloak.
N/C: For
chapter 59 as a whole, use "Royal purple", with those referring to God in bold font;
those referring to Christ in non-bold font. Note the italicized phrase inserted
below in verse 16.
59:16 And He saw that there
was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor; therefore, His arm brought
salvation to Israel for Himself {unto Him}; and His righteousness {it} sustained Him.
Resolution: In v.16,
insert a clarifying italicized phrase “to Israel for Himself” as shown
above in v.16 per JA Alexander commentary on verse 16.
Isaiah 61:10 - Who is referred to by “I”, 2 occurrences of “my” and 2
occurrences of “me” in 61:10?
KJP rendering - 10I will greatly rejoice in the LORD,
my soul shall be joyful in my God;
for He hath clothed me
with the garments of salvation, He
hath covered me
with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decketh himself with
ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels.
N/C: There are different opinions among Bible commentators as to who these first person singular pronouns refer. They vary from: Christ, Isaiah, the church, and Jerusalem. Similar questions a raised about the person singular pronoun “me” in 61:1. A stronger case exists for concluding the 3 occurrences of “Me” in verse 1 refers to Christ, and it will be treated as such. Each opinion regarding 61:10 has its supporting arguments, which are too lengthy for inclusion here.
Resolution: In v.
61:10, apply the deep purple” font to “I’,
2 occurrences of “my” and the 2 occurrences of “me” in 61:10 to at least alert
the reader of these possibilities.
Isaiah
63:1 Who is
this that cometh
from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah? This that is glorious in His apparel, traveling in
the greatness of His strength? I Who speak in righteousness, mighty to save. 63:2 Why {Wherefore}
art Thou red in Thine apparel, and Thy garments like him who treadeth in the winefat? 63:3 I have trodden the
winepress alone, and of the peoples there was none with Me; for I will tread them in Mine anger, and trample
them in My fury;
and their blood shall be sprinkled upon My garments, and I will stain all My raiment. 63:4 For the day of vengeance is in Mine heart, and the year
of My redeemed
is come. 63:5 And I looked, and there was none to help; and I wondered that there
was none to uphold. Therefore Mine own arm brought salvation unto Me; and My fury, it upheld Me. 63:6 And I will tread down the
peoples in Mine anger, and make them drunk in My fury, and I will bring down
their strength to the earth. 63:7 I will mention the loving-kindnesses of the LORD, and the
praises of the LORD, according to all that the LORD hath bestowed on
us, and the great goodness toward the house of Israel, which He hath bestowed on
them according to His mercies, and according to the multitude of His loving-kindnesses.
63:8 For He said, Surely they are My people, children that
will not lie; so He was their Savior. 63:9 In all their affliction He was afflicted, and the
Angel of His presence saved them;
in His love
and in His pity
He redeemed
them; and He
bore them, and carried them all the days of old. 63:10 But they rebelled, and
vexed His Holy Spirit; therefore, He was turned to be their enemy, and He fought against
them. 63:11 Then he remembered the days of old, Moses, and his people, saying,
Where is He Who brought them up out of the sea with the shepherd of His flock? Where is
He Who put His Holy Spirit within him? 63:12
Who led
them by the right hand of Moses with His glorious arm, dividing the water before them, to make Himself an
everlasting name? 63:13 Who led them through the deep, like {as} an horse in
the wilderness, that they should not stumble? 63:14 As a beast goeth
down into the valley, the Spirit of the LORD caused him to rest; so didst Thou lead Thy people, to make Thyself a glorious name. 63:15 Look down
from heaven, and behold from the habitation of Thy holiness and of Thy glory; where is
Thy zeal
and Thy
strength, the yearning {sounding} of Thine {Thy} heart {bowels} and
of Thy
mercies toward me? Are they restrained? 63:16 Doubtless Thou art our Father, though
Abraham be ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not; Thou, O LORD, art our Father, our Redeemer; Thy name is from
everlasting. 63:17 O LORD, why hast Thou made us to err from Thy ways, and hardened our heart from Thy fear? Return for Thy servants' sake,
the tribes of Thine inheritance. 63:18 The people of Thy holiness have
possessed it but a little while; our adversaries have trodden down Thy sanctuary. 63:19 We
are Thine; Thou didst never bear {barest} rule over them;
they were not called by Thy name.
Resolution: The references in the first 9 verses of Isaiah 63 are to
either God or Christ, the Messiah, primarily the Latter, and the referencing pronouns are treated with “Royal purple” font (the
only issue is whether bold is in order). The 1st word “Who”
in v.1 is in “deep purple”, signifying that the proper answer to the question makes
“Who” a reference to either God or Christ. The remaining references to Deity in this chapter
are references to God, the Father, and receive the “Royal
purple” bold font treatment. The only
other treatment is for the word Angel (v.9), the same entity referred to in Exodus 23:20-23, and
is treated the same here as there (deep
purple).
66:5
Hear the word of the LORD, ye that tremble at His word: Your brethren that hated you, that cast you out for My name's sake, said, Let
the LORD be glorified; but He shall appear to your joy, and they shall be ashamed.
Resolution: The “He” in v.5 refers to
the Lord. Apply royal purple bold font.
Isaiah 66:7 Before she travailed, she brought forth; before
her pain came, she was delivered of a man-child. 66:8 Who hath heard such a
thing? Who hath seen such things? Shall the earth be made to bring forth in one
day? Or shall a nation be born at once? For as soon as Zion travailed, she
brought forth her children. 66:9 Shall I bring to
the birth, and not cause to bring forth? saith the LORD. Shall I cause to bring forth, and shut the
womb? saith thy God.
N/C: Conclusions: Zion brought forth an increase of
numbers represented as a birth, so the “man-child” is not a person or single
entity, but a metaphor, where the land of Zion, seemingly in a single day
(birth) hath brought forth her children – both Jew and gentile.
Resolution: None of
the entities referred to in vv. 7 & 8 are Deity, and normal black font
applies. Only v.9 contains normal straight-forward references to God.
6:1
O ye children of Benjamin, gather yourselves to flee out of the midst of
Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and set up a sign of fire in
Beth-haccherem; for evil appeareth out of the north, and great destruction. 6:2
I have
likened the daughter of Zion to a comely and delicate woman.
6:8
Be {thou} instructed, O Jerusalem, lest My soul depart from thee, lest I make thee desolate,
a land not inhabited. 6:9 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall thoroughly glean the remnant
of Israel as a vine; turn back thine hand like {as} a grape gatherer
into the baskets. 6:10 To whom shall I speak, and give warning, that they may hear? Behold, their
ear is uncircumcised, and they cannot hearken; behold, the word of the LORD is unto them a
reproach; they have no delight in it. 6:11 Therefore, I am full of the fury
of the LORD; I am weary with holding in; I will pour it out
upon the children abroad, and upon the assembly of young men together; for even
the husband with the wife shall be taken, the aged with him that is full
of days. 6:12 And their houses shall be turned unto others, with their fields
and wives together; for I will stretch out My hand upon the inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD.
Resolution: When read
in context with the chapter 5 verses (5:14-31) leading up to chapter 6, there
is no reason to believe that the 3 occurrences of the 1st person
singular pronoun “I” in verse 11 are any different from other 1st person
singular pronouns in this passage in their reference. Therefore, they should be treated
with the ”Royal purple” bold font reserved for God.
Jeremiah
8:17 For, behold, I will send serpents, adders {cockatrices}, among
you, which will not be charmed, and they shall bite you, saith
the LORD. 8:18 When I (Jeremiah) would comfort myself against sorrow, my heart is faint
in me. 8:19 Behold, the voice of the cry of the daughter of my (Jeremiah’s) people because of them who dwell in a far country: Is
not the LORD in Zion? Is not her King in her? Why have
they provoked Me to anger with their carved {graven} images, and
with strange vanities? 8:20 The harvest is past, the summer is ended, and we
are not saved. 8:21 For the hurt of the daughter of my (Jeremiah’s) people am I (Jeremiah) hurt; I am black; astonishment
hath taken hold on me. 8:22 Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no
physician there? Why, then, is not the health of the daughter of my (Jeremiah’s) people recovered?
Resolution: The 1st person
singular pronoun “I” in v.17 refers to
God. Then a ‘swap’ occurs as the three
1st person singular pronouns in v.18 refer to Jeremiah, as does the
“my” in v.19, where the Lord is now 3rd person until He is again referred to in the 1st person
singular pronoun “Me” toward the end
of the verse. No reference to any person occurs in v.20; then in vv.21-22 there
is another ‘pronoun swap’, and Jeremiah again refers to himself in the 1st
person singular (“my”, “I”, “I”, “me”, & “my”). Chapter 9 also has some of
this, as well, with the same resolutions.
Jeremiah
25:31 A noise shall come even to the ends of the earth; for the LORD hath a
controversy with the nations, He will plead with all flesh; He will give those
who are wicked to the sword, saith the LORD. 25:32 Thus saith the LORD of hosts,
Behold, evil shall go forth from nation to nation, and a great whirlwind shall
be raised up from the borders of the earth. 25:33 And the slain of the LORD shall be at that
day from one end of the earth even unto the other end of the
earth; they shall not be lamented, neither gathered, nor buried; they shall be refuse
{dung} upon the ground. 25:34 Wail {Howl}, ye shepherds, and cry; and
wallow yourselves in the ashes, ye chief {principal} of the
flock; for the days of your slaughter and of your dispersions are accomplished;
and ye shall fall like a pleasant vessel. 25:35 And the shepherds shall have no
way to flee, nor the chief {principal} of the flock to escape. 25:36 A
voice of the cry of the shepherds, and a wailing {an howling} of the chief
{principal} of the flock, shall be heard; for the LORD hath spoiled
their pasture. 25:37 And the peaceable habitations are cut down because of the
fierce anger of the LORD. 25:38 He hath forsaken His covert, like {as} the lion; for their land is
desolate because of the fierceness of the oppressor, and also because of
His fierce
anger.
Resolution: - The 3 occurrences
of 3rd person singular pronouns in verse 38 (one “He”& two
“His”) are references to God. As to
treatment of the noun “oppressor”, The J-F-B Bible Commentary renders it “He
(the Lord) has left His covert - the temple, where heretofore, like a lion, as its defender,
by the mere terror of His voice He warded off the foe; but now He leaves it {and Jerusalem} a prey to the
Gentiles.” In this rendering, “the oppressor” is the invading Gentile army
(black font).
37:17
Then Zedekiah, the king, sent, and took him out; and the king asked him
secretly in his house, and said, Is there any word from the LORD? And Jeremiah
said, There is; for, said he, thou shalt be delivered into the hand of the king
of Babylon.
N/C: This is a case where it is not critical to the sense of
the passage which entity is being referenced by the pronoun “he”. In either
case, it is clear that the word is from the LORD. No commentaries seem to address this minor question, and
the translations that render this verse with a reference to the speaker take it
to refer to Jeremiah.
Resolution: There is
little need or justification for a font color other than normal black here.
43:10
And say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: Behold, I will send and take Nebuchadrezzar, the king of Babylon, My servant, and will
set his throne upon these stones that I have hidden; and he shall spread his royal pavilion over
them.
Resolution: There are
3 occurrences of 1st person singular pronouns (“I”, “My” & “I”)
in verse 10. The first two are clearly references to God. While in verse 9
God tells
Jeremiah to hide the stones, and in a strict literal sense Jeremiah hid
them, in effect God hid them using Jeremiah as His agent. There is
no point in insisting that a ‘pronoun swap’ occurs here in order to have the 3rd
pronoun refer to Jeremiah instead of God. That would be putting an unnecessarily too fine a point
on it. Treat all three 1st person singular pronouns with the “Royal purple” bold font.
48:31
Therefore, will I (Jeremiah) wail { howl} for
Moab, and I (Jeremiah) will cry out for all Moab;
mine (Jeremiah’s) heart shall mourn for the men of Kir-heres. 48:32 O vine of
Sibmah, I (Jeremiah) will weep for thee with
the weeping of Jazer; thy plants are gone over the sea, they reach even to
the sea of Jazer; the spoiler is fallen upon thy summer fruits and upon thy
vintage.
Resolution: There is
a very close parallel in Isaiah 16:7-9 where the conclusion is that it refers
to Isaiah, rather than to God. It would require a strong body of evidence to support
treating this passage differently from that of Isaiah 16:7-9. Use black, with 4
“(Jeremiah)” inserts for clarity.
2:13
What thing shall I take to witness for thee? What thing shall I liken to thee,
O daughter of Jerusalem? What shall I equal to thee, that I may comfort thee, O
virgin daughter of Zion? For thy breach is great like the sea; who can
heal thee?
Resolution: There is
no evidence that the speaker here is any other than Jeremiah, John Calvin, in
his commentary, is certain that it refers to Jeremiah. Use normal black font.
Ezekiel Overview – Its entries are divided below into two
sections: Entities and Visions.
The reader of Ezekiel is immediately confronted in Chapter 1 with
Ezekiel’s’ first vision, the Glory of God, which
raises many questions as to the entities, heavenly beings and objects described
in these visions. However, there are basic questions more germane to this
pronoun / entity resolution effort that arise in Ezekiel that will first be
given our attention (chapter 1:26-28; chapters 2-9, 12-18, 20-40, & 43;
chapters 9 & 10; chapters 40-42 and 47; and chapters 43 & 44), before
addressing the questions that Ezekiel’s visions raise. The following six noun /
pronoun resolution questions (Q1 – Q6) will be taken in the order in
which they arise, giving the reader what insight is available while striving to
avoid any arbitrary or dogmatic conclusion as to who these enigmatic entities
are. Some entries pertinent to the visions themselves will follow the noun /
pronoun resolution issues.
Ezekiel 1:26-28 - A “Man” first appears to Ezekiel in 1:26 that was ‘above upon it’
(the throne), whose voice Ezekiel heard (v.1:28). Q1: Who is this
entity?
1:26
And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, like {as}
the appearance of a sapphire stone; and upon the likeness of the throne was
the likeness as the appearance of a Man above upon it. 1:27 And I saw like {as} the color
of amber, like {as} the appearance of fire round about within it, from the appearance of his loins even upward, and from the appearance of his loins even downward,
I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and it had brightness round about. 1:28 Like {as} the
appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the
appearance of the brightness round about. This was the appearance of the
likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of One that spoke.
N/C: The human form above this canopy is believed by many Bible scholars to
represent Him
Who, in the
fullness of time, was manifested in the flesh – the pre-incarnate Christ, the Eternal Son, the Second Person of the Trinity. Clearly, He is one of the Triune Godhead; and
is the most likely answer to this question. The other possibility is that of God, the Father, the First Person of the Trinity.
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to nouns and pronouns representing this Entity to set them apart
and alert the reader to this unusual manifestation, whether it be a
Christophany or a Theophany.
Ezekiel 2:1 - Q2: Is the “He” of 2:1 (and of chapters 2-9, 12-18,
20-40, & 43) the same entity as that of Q1 introduced in 1:26-28? This
entity appears to and speaks with Ezekiel throughout
the Book of Ezekiel (2:1-10; 3:1-4; 4:1; 5;1; 6:1-3; 7:1-2; 8:1; 8:5-9;
8:12-18; 9:1; 9:7-10; 12:1; 12:8-10; 13:1-3; 14:1-3; 15:1; 16:1; 17:1; 18:1-3;
20:1-3; 21:1-3; 22:1-3; 23:1-4; 24:1-3; 25:1-3; 26:1-3; 27:1-3; 28:1-2;
28:11-12; 29:1-3; 30:1-3; 31:1-2; 32:1-3; 33:1-2; 34:1-2; 35:1-4; 36:1-2;
37:1-3; 38:1-3; 38:23; 39:1-2; 40:1-3; 43:18-27, 43:44)?
2:1 And He said unto me, Son of man, stand upon thy
feet, and I will speak unto thee.
N/C: Ezekiel is privileged to have a remarkable and sustained
interaction and dialogue with this Entity throughout most of this book (chapters 2-9, 12-18, 20-40,
& 43). Note that while Christ referred to Himself by the title “Son of man”, the title here, and some 90 times in Ezekiel, is a title
by which God addresses the prophet, Ezekiel. While most Biblical
encounters that the prophets of Scripture experience appear to be with God, the Father, the First Person of the Trinity (a
Theophany), many reputable Bible scholars take this to also be a Christophany
(a manifestation of the pre-incarnate Christ, the Second Person of the Trinity). However, there are several problems inherent in the view
that this Entity is pre-incarnate Christ: One problem is that He frequently tells Ezekiel “Thus saith the LORD God” (over 150 times)
and “I am the Lord” many times as well; and speaks of “Mine ordinances
and My
statutes”, which are clearly represented throughout scripture as being God’s; and there is
scant contextual evidence that He is not God the Father. Another problem is that of His interaction with the “Man clothed in linen” in
chapters 9 and 10. In 9:4, He gives direction to Him; and in 9:11 the “Man clothed in linen” reports on His carrying out of the
directive. And Entity in question speaks to and directs “the Man clothed with linen”
in 10:2 and again in 10:6. This strongly suggests that He that gives the
direction is distinct from and superior in authority to the “Man clothed in linen”.
Resolution: As the conservative and less radical solution, the “deep purple” font is
applied to nouns and pronouns of the verse that introduces this Entity in each passage (1:26-28, 2:1) to alert the reader to this question of
whether this is a Christophany or a Theophany. The balance of the affected
passage will retain the “Royal purple” font that is normally applied throughout scripture
passages where prophets such as Jeremiah and Isaiah have similar encounters.
Ezekiel 9:2 – Q3: Who is “the Man clothed in linen”
introduced in 9:2-5?
9:2
And, behold, six men came from the way of the higher gate, which lieth toward
the north, and every man a slaughter weapon in his hand; and one Man among them was clothed with linen, with a writer's
inkhorn by his side; and they went in, and stood beside the bronze altar. 9:3 And
the glory of
the God
of Israel was gone up from the cherub, upon which {whereupon} He was, to the
threshold of the house. And He called to the Man clothed with linen, Who had the writer's inkhorn by His side. 9:4 And the LORD said unto Him, Go through the midst
of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark upon the foreheads
of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that are {be}
done in the midst of it {thereof}. 9:5 And to the others He said in mine
hearing, Go ye
after Him through
the city, and smite; let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity.
N/C: Most scholars take this “Man clothed in linen” to be pre-incarnate Christ – in the role as Mediator and great High Priest Who marks
those who are to be saved. This meshes well with the view that the Entity Who presents Himself to Ezekiel
throughout this book (chapters 2-9, 12-18, 20-40 & 43) is that of God, the Father, the First Person of the Trinity. Conversely,
in conflicts with the view that the Entity of chapters 2-9, 12-18, 20-40 & 43 is Himself Christ, as noted earlier.
Argument for these two entities being the same do not hold up in the case of “Man clothed in linen and
an inkhorn by His side” of chapter 9. Their appearances not only overlap,
but the LORD calls to (9:3) and gives direction to (9:4) the “Man clothed in linen and
an inkhorn by His side”.
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to nouns and pronouns of the verse that represent
this Entity
in each passage (9:2-5, 11, 10:2-3, 6-7) to alert the reader to a probable
Christophany.
(See also Isaiah
37:35 and Hosea 3:5, shown below).
Isaiah 37:35 For I will defend this city to save it for mine own
sake, and for my servant David's sake. Hosea 3:5 Afterward shall the children
of Israel return, and seek the LORD their God, and David their king; and shall fear the LORD and his goodness in the latter days.
Ezekiel 34
34:23
And I
will set up one Shepherd over them, and He shall feed them, even My servant David; He shall feed them, and He shall be their Shepherd.
Ezekiel 37
37:24
And David, My servant, shall be king over them; and they all
shall have one Shepherd; they shall also walk in Mine {my} ordinances
{judgments}, and observe My statutes, and do them.
N/C: The Geneva Study Bible commentary says the “David” in “even
My servant
David” (Ezek. 34:23) means “Christ, of whom David was a figure.” Wesley’s Notes
on the same verse says: “One shepherd - Christ, the great, chief, only
shepherd, that laid down his life for his sheep. My servant David - The seed of
David, the beloved one, who was typified by David”. The Jamieson-Fausset-Brown
Bible Commentary says “one shepherd-literally, "a Shepherd, one":
singularly and pre-eminently one: the only one of His kind, to whom none is
comparable”.
The Matthew Henry’s Concise
Commentary says “The latter verses, 23-31, prophesy of Christ, and of the most
glorious times of His church on earth. Under Him, as the good Shepherd, the
church would be a blessing to all around.” (See also Isaiah 37:35 and Hosea
3:5).
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to the noun Shepherd and referencing pronouns in Ezekiel 34:23, and to the noun
Shepherd in
Ezekiel 37:24 to alert the reader to a probable dual reference to both David
and Christ.
Ezekiel 40:3-6 - Q4: Who is “the Man with a line of flax in His hand”, introduced in verse 3, Who guided Ezekiel on
the tour of the Temple - 40:3-4; 42:6; 44:1,4; 46:19-47:12?
40:3
And He
brought me there, and, behold, there was a Man, Whose appearance was
like the appearance of bronze, with a line of flax in His hand, and a
measuring reed; and He stood in the gate. 40:4 And the Man said unto me, Son of
man, behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears, and set thine heart upon
all that I shall
show thee; for to the intent that I might show them unto thee art thou brought here.
Declare all that thou seest to the house of Israel. 40:5 And, behold, a wall on
the outside of the house round about, and in the Man's hand a measuring reed of six
cubits long by the cubit and an handbreadth; so He measured the breadth
of the building, one reed, and the height, one reed. 40:6 Then came He unto the gate which
looketh toward the east, and went up its steps, and measured the
threshold of the gate, which was one reed broad; and the other threshold
of the gate, which was one reed broad.
N/C: The entity in question here is introduced as “a Man with a line of flax
in his hand and a measuring reed” in 40:3-6, and referenced in 40:8-9, 11,
13-14, 17, 19-20, 23-24, 28, 32, 35, 45, 47-49; 41:1, 3-5, 13, 15, 22; 42:1,
13, 15-20; & 47:3-5. There seems to be a distinction made between the LORD, Who appears in the
first 39 chapters –and indeed in the first 3 verses of chapter 40 (the entity
in question in Q2), and the “Man with a line of flax in His hand” that is introduced in 40:3. On the other hand, the LORD, as He appears in the
first 39 chapters, is conspicuous by His absence after the introduction of this “Man with a line of flax in His hand” in 40:3 through chapter 42. After 42:20, this “Man with a line of flax in His hand” is not again referred to until 47:3-3; and Ezekiel’s
dialogue with the LORD (Q2) resumes. In (47:3-5) this “Man with a line of flax in His hand” resumes His measuring activity. This alternating of appearances by
these two entities might suggest that they are the same Entity in two different
roles. Or this could be an angel. In 43:6-7, the entity in Q2 again resumes His
dialogue with Ezekiel.
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to nouns and pronouns representing this Entity in the pertinent
passages of chapters 40-42, 43:1, 6 and 47 to alert the reader to a probable
Theophany.
Ezekiel 43:1-7 – Q5: Is the “he” spoken of in 43:1 and referred to in 43:6 as “the man” the same entity of Q3,
or the “Man”
of Q1?
43:1
Afterward, he
brought me to the gate, even the gate that looketh toward the east, 43:2
And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the east; and His voice was like
a noise of many waters; and the earth shined with His glory. 43:3 And it
was according to the appearance of the vision which I (Ezekiel) saw, even according
to the vision that I saw when I (the LORD) came to destroy the city; and the visions were like
the vision that I saw by the river Chebar; and I fell upon my face. 43:4 And
the glory of
the LORD came into the house by the way of the gate whose prospect is toward
the east. 43:5 So the Spirit took me up, and brought me into the inner court; and,
behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house. 43:6 And I heard Him speaking unto
me out of the house; and the man stood by me. 43:7 And He said unto me, Son of man, the place of My throne, and the
place of the soles of My feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the children of Israel forever,
and My
holy name,
shall the house of Israel no more defile, neither they, nor their kings,
by their harlotry, nor by the carcasses of their kings in their high
places.
N/C: Chapter 43 may be an extension of 42, where the “the man
with the line of flax” continues his measuring up and through the last verse
(42:20); and thus the “he” entity in question may also be the same entity. However, he is
not described as “with a line of flax in His hand” or “a measuring reed”, nor is he seen to measure
anything in Chapter 43. In 43:6 Ezekiel heard the LORD speaking to him,
and “and the man (in question) stood by me”. Clearly the transition of
focus from “the man” to the LORD as the speaker has taken place by 43:7; and “the man” in question is no
longer spoken of. The question is where this transition to occurs; and whether
the “he” that brought Ezekiel to the gate in 43:1 is the pronoun antecedent
from 42:20, or this is reference to the LORD
Resolution: Apply the “deep purple” font to both “he” (v.1) and “the man” (v.6) to alert the reader to this ambiguous entity
identity problem.
Ezekiel 44:1-4 – Q6: Is the entity referred to by the “He” of 44:1 and 44:4
the same as that of Q1 (the LORD)?
44:1
Then He brought
me back the way of the gate of the outer {outward} sanctuary which
looketh toward the east; and it was shut. 44:2 Then said the LORD unto me, This
gate shall be shut; it shall not be opened, and no man shall enter in by it;
because the LORD, the God of Israel, hath entered in by it, therefore, it shall be
shut. 44:3 It is for the prince (King David); the prince, he shall sit in it to eat bread before the LORD; he shall enter
by the way of the porch of that gate, and shall go out by the way of the
same. 44:4 Then brought He me the way of the north gate before the house, and I
looked, and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house of the LORD; and I fell upon my face. 44:5 And the LORD said unto me,
Son of man, mark well, and behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine ears all
that I
say unto thee concerning all the ordinances of the house of the LORD, and all its
{the} laws {thereof}; and mark well the entrance {entering in} of the
house, with every egress from {going forth of} the sanctuary.
N/C: The question here is whether the entity referred to by “He” in 44:1 and 44:4 is
the same as that referred to by said “the LORD” who spoke to Ezekiel in vv. 2 and 5.
Resolution: Apply the “Royal purple” font to these two pronouns “He”, as verses 2 and
5 suggest this is “the LORD”, the same entity that accompanies and speaks with Ezekiel
throughout most of the book. This entry in the Registry is to accommodate the
reader who might come here to consider whether there is an entity swap here in
Chapter 44, rather than make an unwarranted assumption that they are one and
the same.
Ezekiel Vision Section
General Comments on the Visions of the Book of Ezekiel: The book of Ezekiel contains several “visions” that can be
very perplexing for the reader. Given that the goal of this work is limited to
resolving pronoun references to the degree possible within Scripture,
attempting to offer adequate explanations of these visions here is far beyond
the scope of that effort. (Nor would we want to deny the reader the blessings
of his/her personal Bible study.) There are many worthy scholarly works and
commentaries that provide in-depth studies of these and other perplexing
passages of Scripture. Having said that, this effort would fall short of its
intent if it did not at least comment on the nature of these supernatural and
divine occurrences.
In describing
the entities, objects, and heavenly beings that appear in the visions that
Ezekiel is privileged to see and record, he uses words or phrases such as
“like”, “likeness”, “as it were”, and “appearance” over 70 times (39 times in
verses 4-28 of Chapter 1 - the first vision alone) and uses the best metaphors
he can muster to convey what he saw in terms that his readers might have some
comprehension and appreciation of his visions, which are listed below.
§ The vision of the scroll (2:8-3:3 - 6
verses spanning chapters 2 & 3)
§ The vision of the Glory of the LORD on the plain (3:22-23).
§ In chapters 8 through 11 are four visions
concerning Jerusalem. They are:
§ Defilement of the Holy Temple (8:1-18);
Slaughter of the Jerusalem idolaters (9:1-11); Destruction of Jerusalem and the
temple (10:1-22); Departure of God’s Glory (11:1-25)
§ Chapter 37 contains the vision of the Dry
Bones
§ In chapters 40 through 48 are the visions
of the New Temple, New Worship, and Restored Land.
Ezekiel 1:3-28 Ezekiel’s first vision is that of the
appearance of the Glory of the LORD.
1:1
Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the
fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river
of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God. 1:2 In the fifth
day of the month, which was the fifth year of King Jehoiachin's
captivity, 1:3 The word of the LORD came expressly unto Ezekiel, the priest, the son of Buzi,
in the land of the Chaldeans by the river, Chebar; and the hand of the LORD was there upon
him. 1:4 And I looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire enfolding itself, and a brightness
was about it, and out of the midst of it like {as} the color of amber, out of the midst of
the fire. 1:5
Also out of the midst of it {thereof} came the likeness of four living creatures. And
this was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man. 1:6 And every one had four faces, and every one had four
wings. 1:7 And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like
the sole of a calf's foot; and they sparkled like the color of burnished bronze. 1:8 And
they had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and they four had their faces and their wings. 1:9 Their wings were joined one to another; they turned not when they went; they went every one straight
forward. 1:10 As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the
right side; and they four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the
face of an eagle. 1:11 Thus were their faces; and their wings were stretched upward; two wings of every one were joined
one to another, and two covered their bodies. 1:12 And they went every one straight forward; wherever {whither} the Spirit was to go, they went; and they turned not when they went. 1:13 As for
the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, and like
the appearance of lamps; it went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out
of the fire
went forth lightning. 1:14 And the living
creatures ran and returned like {as}
the appearance of a flash of lightning. 1:15 Now, as I beheld the living creatures,
behold, one wheel upon the earth by the living
creatures, with his four faces. 1:16 The appearance
of the wheels
and their work
was like unto the color of a beryl; and they four had one likeness; and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a
wheel. 1:17
When they went,
they went
upon their four
sides; and they turned not when they went. 1:18 As for their rims {rings}, they were so high that they were dreadful; and their rims {rings} were full
of eyes round about them four. 1:19 And when the living
creatures went, the wheels went by them; and when the living creatures were
lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up. 1:20 Wherever {whithersoever} the Spirit was to go, they went, there {thither}
was their Spirit to go; and the wheels were lifted up beside {over against} them; for the Spirit of the living creature was
in the wheels.
1:21 When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up beside
{over against} them; for the Spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. 1:22 And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of
the living creature was like {as} the color of the terrible
crystal, stretched forth over their heads above. 1:23 And under the firmament were their wings straight,
the one toward the other; every one had two, which covered on this side, and every one had two, which
covered on that side, their bodies. 1:24 And when they went, I heard the noise of their wings, like the noise of great waters, like {as}
the voice of the Almighty, the voice of speech, like {as} the noise of an
host; when they stood, they let down their wings. 1:25 And there was a voice from the
firmament that was over their heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings. 1:26 And
above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, like {as}
the appearance of a sapphire stone; and upon the likeness of the throne was
the likeness as the appearance of a Man above upon it. 1:27 And I saw like {as} the color
of amber, like {as} the appearance of fire round about within it, from the appearance of its {his} loins even upward, and from the appearance of its {his} loins even
downward, I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and it had brightness round about. 1:28 Like {as} the
appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the
appearance of the brightness round about. This was the appearance of the
likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of One that spoke.
Resolution: In this first vision of Ezekiel, there are several Divine entities and
manifestations of God’s glory which have the “deep
purple” font applied to them to set them apart
and alert the reader to these unusual evidences of God’s presence.
Ezekiel 2:8-3:3 - Vision of the Scroll.
2:8
But thou, son of man, hear what I say unto thee: Be not thou rebellious like that rebellious
house; open thy mouth, and eat what I give thee. 2:9 And when I looked, behold, an hand was sent
unto me; and, lo, a scroll {roll of a book} was in it {therein}; 2:10 And
He spread
it before me; and it was written within and without; and there was
written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe. 3:1 Moreover, He said unto me, Son
of man, eat what thou findest; eat this scroll {roll}, and go speak unto
the house of Israel. 3:2 So I opened my mouth, and He caused me to eat
that scroll {roll}. 3:3 And He said unto me, Son of man, {cause thy belly to} eat, and
fill thy stomach (bowels) with this scroll {roll} that I give thee. Then did
I eat it; and it was in my mouth like {as} honey for sweetness.
Resolution: In this vision, Ezekiel sees a hand holding a scroll
which God tells Ezekiel to eat. Apply “deep purple” font to “hand” in Ezekiel 2:9.
Ezekiel 3:10-19 - Ezekiel has an encounter with God, and a vision of the Glory of the LORD as he is commissioned to go and warn the people of the
captivity.
3:10
Moreover, He said unto me, Son of man, all My words that I shall speak unto
thee receive in thine heart, and hear with thine ears. 3:11 And go, get thee to
them of the captivity, unto the children of thy people, and speak unto them,
and tell them, Thus saith the LORD God; whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear. 3:12
Then the Spirit lifted {took} me up, and I heard behind me a voice of a
great rushing, saying, Blessed be the glory of the LORD from His place. 3:13 I
heard also the noise of the wings of the living
creatures that touched one another, and the noise of the wheels beside {over
against} them,
and a noise
of a great rushing. 3:14 So the Spirit lifted me up, and took me away, and I went in bitterness,
in the heat of my spirit; but the hand of the LORD was strong upon me. 3:15 Then I came to them of the
captivity at Tel-abib, that dwelt by the river of Chebar, and I sat where they
sat, and remained there overwhelmed {astonished} among them seven days. 3:16
And it came to pass, at the end of seven days, that the word of the LORD came unto me,
saying, 3:17 Son of man, I have made thee a watchman unto the house of Israel;
therefore hear the word at My mouth, and give them warning from Me. 3:18 When I say unto the
wicked, Thou shalt surely die; and thou givest him not warning, nor speakest to
warn the wicked from his wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked man
shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine hand. 3:19 Yet
if thou warn the wicked, and he turn not from his wickedness, nor from his
wicked way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast delivered thy soul.
Resolution: In this meeting with God, Ezekiel is sent, and is transported there amid visions of
the living creatures and other manifestations of God’s glory (vv
12-14), which have the “deep purple” font applied to them to set them apart and alert the
reader to these evidences of God’s presence.
Ezekiel 3:22-23 - Vision of the Glory of the LORD on the plain.
3:22
And the hand
of the LORD was there upon me; and He said unto me, Arise, go forth into the plain, and I will there talk
with thee. 3:23 Then I arose, and went forth into the plain; and, behold, the glory of the LORD stood there, like
{as} the glory which
I saw by the river of Chebar; and I fell on my face.
Resolution: In this vision of the Glory of the LORD on the plain, Ezekiel reports seeing several
manifestations of God’s glory which have the “deep
purple” font applied to them to set them apart
and alert the reader to these unusual evidences of God’s presence.
Ezekiel 8:1-4 - Vision of the Holy Temple.
8:1
And it came to pass in the sixth year, in the sixth month, in the fifth day
of the month, as I sat in mine house, and the elders of Judah sat before
me, that the hand of the LORD God fell there upon me. 8:2 Then I beheld, and lo a likeness like
{as} the appearance of fire; from the appearance of His loins even downward, fire; and from His loins even upward, like {as} the appearance of
brightness, like {as} the color of amber. 8:3 And He put forth the form
of an hand,
and took me by a lock of mine head; and the Spirit lifted me up between the earth and the heaven, and brought
me in the visions of God to Jerusalem, to the door of the inner gate that looketh
toward the north, where was the seat of the image of jealousy, which
provoketh to jealousy. 8:4 And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel was there, according to the vision that I
saw in the plain.
Resolution: In this vision of the Glory of the LORD,
Ezekiel reports seeing several manifestations
of God’s
glory which
have the “deep purple” font applied to them to set them apart for the reader as
evidences of God’s presence.
Ezekiel 8:5-18 - Vision of the idolatry and defilement of
the Holy Temple.
8:5 Then said He unto me, Son of man, lift up thine eyes now in the way toward the north. So I lifted up mine eyes in the way toward the north, and, behold, northward at the gate of the altar this image of jealousy in the entrance {entry}. 8:6 He