Title and Author: The book of Isaiah is named after its primary author, the prophet Isaiah, whose name means "Yahweh is salvation." Isaiah is traditionally considered the author of the entire book, although some scholars propose multiple authorship due to stylistic and thematic differences. From a conservative Christian perspective, Isaiah is seen as the sole author, inspired by the Holy Spirit, writing during the 8th century BC.

Historical Context: Isaiah prophesied during a tumultuous period in Judah's history, spanning the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. This era was marked by political instability, threats from Assyria, and moral and spiritual decline within the nation. Isaiah's ministry occurred approximately between 740 and 686 BC.

Audience: Isaiah's primary audience was the people of Judah and Jerusalem. His messages also extended to surrounding nations, offering both warnings and hope. The book addresses both contemporary listeners and future generations, including the exiled Israelites.

Purpose: The purpose of Isaiah is multifaceted: to call Judah to repentance, to warn of impending judgment due to sin, to offer hope of restoration, and to reveal God's plan for salvation through the coming Messiah. Isaiah emphasizes God's sovereignty and faithfulness.

Genre and Style: Isaiah is a prophetic book, combining poetry, narrative, and apocalyptic literature. Its style is rich in imagery and symbolism, with a rhythmic and lyrical quality.1. Isaiah (Isaiah 1:1)
- Isaiah is the prophet and author of the book. He served as a prophet in Judah during the reigns of several kings, delivering messages from God.

2. Uzziah (Isaiah 1:1)
- Uzziah was a king of Judah. His reign is noted for prosperity and military success, but he was struck with leprosy for disobeying God.

3. Jotham (Isaiah 1:1)
- Jotham was the son of Uzziah and king of Judah. He is known for his righteous reign and for strengthening the kingdom.

4. Ahaz (Isaiah 1:1)
- Ahaz was a king of Judah known for his idolatry and for seeking Assyrian help against Israel and Syria, which led to negative consequences for Judah.

5. Hezekiah (Isaiah 1:1)
- Hezekiah was a king of Judah noted for his religious reforms and trust in God, especially during the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem.

6. Rezin (Isaiah 7:1)
- Rezin was the king of Aram (Syria) who allied with Israel against Judah during the reign of Ahaz.

7. Pekah (Isaiah 7:1)
- Pekah was the king of Israel who allied with Rezin of Aram to attack Judah.

8. Shear-Jashub (Isaiah 7:3)
- Shear-Jashub was the son of Isaiah. His name means "a remnant shall return," symbolizing hope for Israel's future.

9. Immanuel (Isaiah 7:14)
- Immanuel is a prophetic name meaning "God with us," signifying the coming of a child as a sign from God.

10. Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz (Isaiah 8:1-3)
- Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz was another son of Isaiah. His name means "quick to the plunder, swift to the spoil," symbolizing the impending Assyrian invasion.

11. Sargon (Isaiah 20:1)
- Sargon was an Assyrian king who captured Ashdod, as mentioned in Isaiah's prophecy.

12. Tartan (Isaiah 20:1)
- Tartan was a title for the Assyrian commander sent by Sargon to capture Ashdod.

13. Merodach-Baladan (Isaiah 39:1)
- Merodach-Baladan was a king of Babylon who sent envoys to Hezekiah, leading to a prophecy about Babylonian captivity.

14. Cyrus (Isaiah 44:28)
- Cyrus was the Persian king prophesied by Isaiah to be the one who would allow the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.1. Jerusalem (Isaiah 1:1)
- Description: The capital city of Judah and a central location in Isaiah's prophecies. It is often depicted as a place of both sin and redemption.
- First Occurrence: "The vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw..."

2. Judah (Isaiah 1:1)
- Description: The southern kingdom of the Israelites, which includes Jerusalem. Isaiah's prophecies frequently address the people of Judah.
- First Occurrence: "The vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw..."

3. Sodom and Gomorrah (Isaiah 1:9-10)
- Description: Ancient cities destroyed for their wickedness, used metaphorically to describe the sinfulness of Judah and Jerusalem.
- First Occurrence: "Unless the LORD of Hosts had left us a few survivors, we would have become like Sodom, we would have resembled Gomorrah."

4. Lebanon (Isaiah 2:13)
- Description: A region known for its majestic cedar trees, often symbolizing pride and strength.
- First Occurrence: "against all the cedars of Lebanon, lofty and lifted up, against all the oaks of Bashan..."

5. Bashan (Isaiah 2:13)
- Description: A fertile region east of the Jordan River, known for its strong oaks.
- First Occurrence: "against all the cedars of Lebanon, lofty and lifted up, against all the oaks of Bashan..."

6. Tarshish (Isaiah 2:16)
- Description: A distant port city, often associated with wealth and trade.
- First Occurrence: "against every ship of Tarshish, and every stately vessel."

7. Egypt (Isaiah 7:18)
- Description: A powerful neighboring nation, often a place of refuge or threat for Israel and Judah.
- First Occurrence: "In that day the LORD will whistle for flies from the distant streams of Egypt and for bees from the land of Assyria."

8. Assyria (Isaiah 7:18)
- Description: A dominant empire during Isaiah's time, frequently a threat to Israel and Judah.
- First Occurrence: "In that day the LORD will whistle for flies from the distant streams of Egypt and for bees from the land of Assyria."

9. Ephraim (Isaiah 7:2)
- Description: Another name for the northern kingdom of Israel, often used to represent the ten tribes.
- First Occurrence: "When it was reported to the house of David that Aram had allied with Ephraim, the hearts of Ahaz and his people trembled..."

10. Moab (Isaiah 15:1)
- Description: A nation east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel.
- First Occurrence: "An oracle concerning Moab: Ar in Moab is devastated, destroyed in a night!"

11. Babylon (Isaiah 13:1)
- Description: A major empire and city, symbolizing human pride and eventual downfall.
- First Occurrence: "This is an oracle concerning Babylon that Isaiah son of Amoz received..."

12. Philistia (Isaiah 14:29)
- Description: A region along the Mediterranean coast, home to the Philistines, often at odds with Israel.
- First Occurrence: "Do not rejoice, all you Philistines, that the rod that struck you is broken..."

13. Tyre (Isaiah 23:1)
- Description: A wealthy and influential Phoenician city known for its trade and commerce.
- First Occurrence: "An oracle concerning Tyre: Wail, O ships of Tarshish, for Tyre is destroyed, without house or harbor."

14. Edom (Isaiah 34:5)
- Description: A nation descended from Esau, often hostile to Israel.
- First Occurrence: "For My sword is drunk with blood in the heavens; behold, it descends in judgment upon Edom, the people I have devoted to destruction."1. Isaiah's Vision and Commission (Isaiah 6:1-13)
Isaiah receives a vision of the Lord in the temple, where he sees seraphim and hears the Lord's voice. He is cleansed by a coal from the altar and commissioned to be a prophet, despite being told that the people will not listen.

2. Prophecy Against Judah and Jerusalem (Isaiah 1:1-31)
Isaiah begins with a message of judgment against Judah and Jerusalem for their rebellion and sin. He calls for repentance and promises redemption for those who turn back to God.

3. The Sign of Immanuel (Isaiah 7:1-25)
During the Syro-Ephraimite War, Isaiah delivers a prophecy to King Ahaz, promising the birth of Immanuel as a sign that God is with His people, despite the threat from surrounding nations.

4. The Coming of the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:1-7)
Isaiah prophesies the birth of a child who will be called "Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace," heralding a future of justice and righteousness.

5. The Fall of Babylon (Isaiah 13:1-22)
Isaiah predicts the downfall of Babylon, describing it as a day of the Lord's wrath and a time of desolation for the once-great city.

6. The Suffering Servant (Isaiah 52:13-53:12)
Isaiah presents the image of the Suffering Servant, who bears the sins of many and is pierced for transgressions, bringing healing and redemption through his suffering.

7. The Promise of a New Heaven and New Earth (Isaiah 65:17-25)
Isaiah concludes with a vision of a new creation, where God will create new heavens and a new earth, characterized by joy, peace, and the absence of suffering.1. Judgment and Redemption (Isaiah 1:18)
- Isaiah begins with a call to repentance and a promise of redemption. The theme of judgment against sin and the hope of redemption through God's mercy is prevalent throughout the book. "Come now, let us reason together, says the LORD: Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as crimson, they shall be like wool."

2. The Holiness of God (Isaiah 6:3)
- The vision of God's holiness is a central theme, emphasizing His purity and the reverence due to Him. The seraphim proclaim, "Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of Hosts; His glory fills the whole earth."

3. The Sovereignty of God (Isaiah 14:24)
- God's control over the nations and history is a recurring theme. He is depicted as the ultimate ruler whose plans cannot be thwarted. "The LORD of Hosts has sworn: As I have planned, so will it be; as I have purposed, so will it stand."

4. The Messiah and Messianic Prophecies (Isaiah 7:14)
- Isaiah contains prophecies about the coming Messiah, who will bring salvation. "Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call Him Immanuel."

5. Social Justice and Righteousness (Isaiah 1:17)
- The book calls for justice and righteousness, urging the people to defend the oppressed and care for the needy. "Learn to do right; seek justice and correct the oppressor. Defend the fatherless and plead the case of the widow."

6. The Remnant (Isaiah 10:20)
- A theme of a faithful remnant who will return to God and be preserved through judgment. "On that day the remnant of Israel and the survivors of the house of Jacob will no longer depend on him who struck them, but will truly rely on the LORD, the Holy One of Israel."

7. The Day of the Lord (Isaiah 2:12)
- This theme involves the future day of judgment and salvation, when God will establish His kingdom. "For the Day of the LORD of Hosts will come against all the proud and lofty, against all that is exalted—it will be humbled."

8. Comfort and Hope (Isaiah 40:1)
- The latter part of Isaiah shifts to a message of comfort and hope for the future, promising restoration and peace. "Comfort, comfort My people, says your God."

9. The Servant of the Lord (Isaiah 42:1)
- Introduces the concept of the Servant, who will bring justice and light to the nations. "Here is My Servant, whom I uphold, My Chosen One, in whom My soul delights. I will put My Spirit on Him, and He will bring justice to the nations."

10. New Heavens and New Earth (Isaiah 65:17)
- The promise of a new creation where God will dwell with His people in peace and righteousness. "For behold, I will create new heavens and a new earth. The former things will not be remembered, nor will they come to mind."1. Immanuel (God with Us)
- Type: Prophetic Sign
- Description: This title signifies the divine presence with His people. It is a prophecy of a virgin birth, symbolizing God's intervention and presence.
- Reference: Isaiah 7:14 - "Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call Him Immanuel."

2. Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace
- Type: Messianic Titles
- Description: These titles describe the multifaceted nature of the Messiah, emphasizing His wisdom, divine power, eternal nature, and role in establishing peace.
- Reference: Isaiah 9:6 - "For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and the government will be upon His shoulders. And He will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace."

3. Branch of the Lord
- Type: Messianic Symbol
- Description: The "Branch" symbolizes new growth and restoration, representing the Messiah as a descendant of David who will bring renewal.
- Reference: Isaiah 4:2 - "On that day the Branch of the LORD will be beautiful and glorious, and the fruit of the land will be the pride and glory of the survivors of Israel."

4. Root of Jesse
- Type: Messianic Lineage
- Description: This title emphasizes the Messiah's lineage from Jesse, the father of King David, highlighting His rightful place in the Davidic line.
- Reference: Isaiah 11:10 - "On that day the Root of Jesse will stand as a banner for the peoples. The nations will seek Him, and His place of rest will be glorious."

5. Servant of the Lord
- Type: Suffering Servant
- Description: This title describes the Messiah's role as a humble and obedient servant who suffers for the sins of others, bringing salvation.
- Reference: Isaiah 42:1 - "Here is My Servant, whom I uphold, My Chosen One, in whom My soul delights. I will put My Spirit on Him, and He will bring justice to the nations."

6. Light to the Nations
- Type: Universal Savior
- Description: The Messiah is depicted as a light for all nations, bringing salvation beyond Israel to the entire world.
- Reference: Isaiah 49:6 - "He says, 'It is not enough for you to be My Servant, to raise up the tribes of Jacob and restore the protected ones of Israel. I will also make you a light for the nations, to bring My salvation to the ends of the earth.'"

7. Man of Sorrows
- Type: Suffering Redeemer
- Description: This title highlights the Messiah's suffering and rejection, bearing the griefs and sorrows of humanity.
- Reference: Isaiah 53:3 - "He was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows acquainted with grief. Like one from whom men hide their faces, He was despised, and we esteemed Him not."

8. Righteous Servant
- Type: Justifier
- Description: The Messiah is portrayed as righteous, bringing justification to many through His knowledge and sacrifice.
- Reference: Isaiah 53:11 - "After the anguish of His soul, He will see the light of life and be satisfied. By His knowledge My righteous Servant will justify many, and He will bear their iniquities."1. Prophecy of the Virgin Birth of Immanuel
- Prophecy: "Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call Him Immanuel." (Isaiah 7:14)
- Fulfillment: Christians believe this prophecy is fulfilled in the birth of Jesus Christ, as described in Matthew 1:22-23.

2. Prophecy of the Ministry of John the Baptist
- Prophecy: "A voice of one calling: 'Prepare the way for the LORD in the wilderness; make a straight highway for our God in the desert.'" (Isaiah 40:3)
- Fulfillment: This is seen as fulfilled in the ministry of John the Baptist, as noted in Matthew 3:1-3 and John 1:23.

3. Prophecy of the Suffering Servant
- Prophecy: "But He was pierced for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed." (Isaiah 53:5)
- Fulfillment: Christians interpret this as fulfilled in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as referenced in 1 Peter 2:24.

4. Prophecy of the Light to the Gentiles
- Prophecy: "I will also make You a light for the nations, to bring My salvation to the ends of the earth." (Isaiah 49:6)
- Fulfillment: This is seen as fulfilled in the spread of the Gospel to the Gentiles, as described in Acts 13:47.

5. Prophecy of the Destruction of Babylon
- Prophecy: "Babylon, the jewel of kingdoms, the glory of the pride of the Chaldeans, will be overthrown by God like Sodom and Gomorrah." (Isaiah 13:19)
- Fulfillment: Historically, Babylon was conquered by the Medes and Persians, as recorded in Daniel 5.

6. Prophecy of the Restoration of Israel
- Prophecy: "He will raise a banner for the nations and gather the exiles of Israel; He will collect the scattered of Judah from the four corners of the earth." (Isaiah 11:12)
- Fulfillment: Some see this as fulfilled in the return of the Jewish exiles from Babylon, while others see it as an ongoing process.

7. Prophecy of the Messiah's Reign of Peace
- Prophecy: "For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and the government will be upon His shoulders. And He will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace." (Isaiah 9:6)
- Fulfillment: Christians believe this is fulfilled in the person and future reign of Jesus Christ, as referenced in Luke 1:32-33.

1. The Judgments  ( 1:1⁠–⁠35:10 )

a. Judgment and Hope for Judah  ( 1:1⁠–⁠12:6 )

i. Judgement for Sin  ( 1:1⁠–⁠6:13 )

1. Judah’s Rebellion  ( 1:1⁠–⁠31 )

2. Hope for the Future  ( 2:1⁠–⁠4:6 )

a. The Mountain of the House of the LORD  ( 2:1⁠–⁠5 )

b. Judgement on Jerusalem and Judah  ( 2:6⁠–⁠3:26 )

c. A Remnant in Zion  ( 4:1⁠–⁠6 )

3. The Song of the Vineyard  ( 5:1⁠–⁠30 )

4. Isaiah's Commission  ( 6:1⁠–⁠13 )

ii. Prophecies Concerning Political Threats against Judah  ( 7:1⁠–⁠12:6 )

1. Message to Ahaz King of Judah  ( 7:1⁠–⁠25 )

a. Aram and Israel Advance  ( 7:1⁠–⁠9 )

b. The Sign of Immanuel  ( 7:10⁠–⁠16 )

c. Judgement to Come  ( 7:17⁠–⁠25 )

2. Assyrian Invasion Prophesied  ( 8:1⁠–⁠22 )

3. Unto Us a Child Is Born  ( 9:1⁠–⁠7 )

4. Judgement against Israel  ( 9:8⁠–⁠21 )

a. For Pride  ( 9:8⁠–⁠12 )

b. For Hypocrisy  ( 9:13⁠–⁠17 )

c. For Unrepentance  ( 9:18⁠–⁠21 )

5. The Destruction of the Assyrian Empire  ( 10:1⁠–⁠34 )

6. Messiah’s Kingdom through the Root of Jesse  ( 11:1⁠–⁠16 )

7. Joyful Thanksgiving  ( 12:1⁠–⁠6 )

b. Judgment and Hope for the Nations  ( 13:1⁠–⁠27:13 )

i. Judgements  ( 13:1⁠–⁠23:18 )

1. Against Babylon  ( 13:1⁠–⁠14:23 )

2. Against Assyria  ( 14:24⁠–⁠27 )

3. Against Philistia  ( 14:28⁠–⁠32 )

4. Against Moab  ( 15:1⁠–⁠16:13 )

5. Against Damascus  ( 17:1⁠–⁠14 )

6. Against Cush  ( 18:1⁠–⁠7 )

7. Against Egypt  ( 19:1⁠–⁠20:6 )

8. Against Babylon Again  ( 21:1⁠–⁠10 )

9. Against Edom  ( 21:11⁠–⁠12 )

10. Against Arabia  ( 21:13⁠–⁠17 )

11. Against the Valley of Vision  ( 22:1⁠–⁠25 )

12. Against Tyre  ( 23:1⁠–⁠18 )

ii. Judgment and Promise for the Future  ( 24:1⁠–⁠27:13 )

1. God’s Judgement on the Earth  ( 24:1⁠–⁠23 )

2. Praise to the Victorious God  ( 25:1⁠–⁠12 )

3. A Song of Salvation  ( 26:1⁠–⁠21 )

4. The LORD’s Vineyard  ( 27:1⁠–⁠13 )

c. The Woes  ( 28:1⁠–⁠33:24 )

i. Woe to Ephraim  ( 28:1⁠–⁠29 )

ii. Woe to David's City  ( 29:1⁠–⁠14 )

iii. Woe to Those Who Rely on Foreign Alliances  ( 29:15⁠–⁠24 )

iv. Woe to the Rebellious Children  ( 30:1⁠–⁠33 )

v. Woe to Those Who Rely on Egypt  ( 31:1⁠–⁠32:20 )

vi. Woe to Assyria  ( 33:1⁠–⁠24 )

d. Conclusion of Judgments and Hope  ( 34:1⁠–⁠35:10 )

i. Judgement on the Nations  ( 34:1⁠–⁠17 )

ii. The Glory of Zion  ( 35:1⁠–⁠10 )

2. The Nation of Judah from Assyria to Babylon  ( 36:1⁠–⁠39:8 )

a. Judah Saved from the Assyrians  ( 36:1⁠–⁠37:38 )

i. Sennacherib Threatens Jerusalem  ( 36:1⁠–⁠22 )

ii. The LORD Delivers Jerusalem  ( 37:1⁠–⁠38 )

b. Hezekiah’s Illness and Recovery  ( 38:1⁠–⁠22 )

c. Hezekiah’s Error  ( 39:1⁠–⁠8 )

i. Hezekiah Shows His Treasures to Babylon  ( 39:1⁠–⁠2 )

ii. Isaiah Prophesies the Babylonian Exile  ( 39:3⁠–⁠8 )

3. The Salvation  ( 40:1⁠–⁠66:24 )

a. The Deliverance from Exile  ( 40:1⁠–⁠48:22 )

i. Prepare the Way for the LORD  ( 40:1⁠–⁠31 )

ii. God’s Help to Israel  ( 41:1⁠–⁠29 )

iii. God’s Servant  ( 42:1⁠–⁠9 )

iv. A New Song of Praise  ( 42:10⁠–⁠25 )

v. Israel’s Only Savior  ( 43:1⁠–⁠28 )

1. The Holy One of Israel, your Savior  ( 43:1⁠–⁠13 )

2. A Way in the Wilderness  ( 43:14⁠–⁠21 )

3. Israel’s Unfaithfulness  ( 43:22⁠–⁠28 )

vi. The LORD Has Chosen Israel  ( 44:1⁠–⁠20 )

vii. Jerusalem to Be Restored  ( 44:21⁠–⁠28 )

viii. God Calls Cyrus  ( 45:1⁠–⁠25 )

ix. The Judgement of Babylon  ( 46:1⁠–⁠47:15 )

1. Babylon’s Idols  ( 46:1⁠–⁠13 )

2. The Humiliation of Babylon  ( 47:1⁠–⁠15 )

x. Deliverance Promised to Israel  ( 48:1⁠–⁠22 )

b. The Servant's Ministry  ( 49:1⁠–⁠55:8 )

i. The Servant and Light to the Gentiles  ( 49:1⁠–⁠26 )

ii. Israel's Sin  ( 50:1⁠–⁠3 )

iii. The Servant's Obedience  ( 50:4⁠–⁠11 )

iv. Salvation for Zion  ( 51:1⁠–⁠16 )

v. God’s Fury Removed  ( 51:17⁠–⁠23 )

vi. Deliverance for Jerusalem  ( 52:1⁠–⁠12 )

vii. The Servant Exalted  ( 52:13⁠–⁠15 )

viii. The Suffering Servant  ( 53:1⁠–⁠12 )

ix. The Future Blessing for Zion  ( 54:1⁠–⁠17 )

x. Invitation to the Needy  ( 55:1⁠–⁠8 )

c. The Servants Inherit God’s Kingdom  ( 56:1⁠–⁠66:24 )

i. Salvation for the Nations  ( 56:1⁠–⁠8 )

ii. The Wicked and the Servants  ( 56:9⁠–⁠58:14 )

1. Israel’s Sinful Leaders  ( 56:9⁠–⁠12 )

2. The Blessed Death of the Righteous  ( 57:1⁠–⁠2 )

3. God Condemns Idolatry  ( 57:3⁠–⁠13 )

4. Healing for the Repentant  ( 57:14⁠–⁠21 )

5. True Fasts and Sabbaths  ( 58:1⁠–⁠14 )

iii. Prayer of Repentance  ( 59:1⁠–⁠21 )

1. Sin Separates Us from God  ( 59:1⁠–⁠15 )

2. Salvation is Only of God  ( 59:16⁠–⁠19 )

3. The Covenant of the Redeemer  ( 59:20⁠–⁠21 )

iv. God’s Kingdom  ( 60:1⁠–⁠62:12 )

1. Future Glory for Zion  ( 60:1⁠–⁠22 )

2. The Year of the LORD’s Favor  ( 61:1⁠–⁠11 )

3. Zion’s Salvation and New Name  ( 62:1⁠–⁠12 )

v. Prayer for Mercy  ( 63:1⁠–⁠64:12 )

1. God’s Vengeance on the Nations  ( 63:1⁠–⁠6 )

2. God’s Mercies Recalled  ( 63:7⁠–⁠14 )

3. The People Pray  ( 63:15⁠–⁠64:12 )

vi. The Righteous and the Wicked  ( 65:1⁠–⁠66:17 )

1. Judgement and Promises  ( 65:1⁠–⁠16 )

2. A New Heaven and a New Earth  ( 65:17⁠–⁠25 )

3. Heaven Is My Throne  ( 66:1⁠–⁠6 )

4. Rejoice with Jerusalem  ( 66:7⁠–⁠14 )

5. Final Judgments against the Wicked  ( 66:15⁠–⁠17 )

vii. Call to the Nations  ( 66:18⁠–⁠24 )