2102. zud or zid
Lexical Summary
zud or zid: To act presumptuously, to be insolent, to boil up

Original Word: זוּד
Part of Speech: Verb
Transliteration: zuwd
Pronunciation: zood or zeed
Phonetic Spelling: (zood)
KJV: be proud, deal proudly, &Š presume, (come) presumptuously, sod
NASB: acted arrogantly, act presumptuously, acted presumptuously, acts presumptuously, become arrogant, cooked, dealt proudly
Word Origin: [a primitive root]

1. to seethe
2. (figuratively) to be insolent

Strong's Exhaustive Concordance
be proud, deal proudly, come presumptuously

Or (by permutation) ziyd {zeed}; a primitive root; to seethe; figuratively, to be insolent -- be proud, deal proudly, &? Presume, (come) presumptuously, sod.

NAS Exhaustive Concordance
Word Origin
a prim. root
Definition
to boil up, seethe, act proudly or presumptuously or rebelliously
NASB Translation
act presumptuously (1), acted arrogantly (3), acted presumptuously (1), acts presumptuously (1), become arrogant (1), cooked (1), dealt proudly (1), presumptuously (1).

Brown-Driver-Briggs
[זִיד, זוּד] verb boil up, seethe, act proudly, presumptuously, rebelliously (Late Hebrew Hiph`il הזיד) as Hebrew; Aramaic of Zinjirli זד presumptuous, DHMSendsch. 56; Arabic (medial ) increase, exceed, exaggerate, e.g. in talk; also Sabean proper name, זיד () DHMEpigr. Denkm. 44 זידאל Idib. 52 (on distinct. between זוד and זיד in Sabean see SabDenkm64); perhaps also Sabean מזדודן great one, prince, e.g. Sab. Denkm.89) —

Qal Perfect3feminine singular זָ֫דָה Jeremiah 50:29; 3plural זָ֫דוּ Exodus 18:11; — of Egyptians, בַּדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר זָדוּ עֲלֵיהֶם Exodus 18:11(E) in the matter as to which they acted presumptuously against them; of Babylon, זָדָה ׳אֶליֿ Jeremiah 50:29 against ׳י hath she acted presumptuously.

Hiph`il Perfect3plural הֵזִידוּ Nehemiah 9:10 2t.; Imperfect3masculine singular יָזִיד Deuteronomy 18:20, יָזִד Exodus 21:14; וַיָּ֫זֶד Genesis 25:29; 3masculine plural יְזִידוּן Deuteronomy 17:13; 2masculine plural וַתָּזִדוּ Deuteronomy 1:43;

1 boil, seethe, transitive, וַיָּ֫זֶד יַעֲקֹב נָזִיד Genesis 25:29 and Jacob boiled pottage.

2 act presumptuously, insolently, Exodus 21:14 (JE) כִּי יָזִד אִישׁ עַלרֵֿעֵהוּ לְהָרְגוֺ בְעָרְמָה when a man acteth presumptuously against his neighbour to slay him; usually against ׳י; followed by finite verb Deuteronomy 1:43) and ye acted presumptuously and went up; followed by infinitive Deuteronomy 18:20 the prophet Who shall presume to speak a word in my name; also absolute Deuteronomy 17:13 elsewhere only Nehemiah; of Egyptians Deuteronomy 9:10 followed by עַל (=

Qal Exodus 18:11); absolute Exodus 18:16 ("" ׳וַיַּקְשׁוּ אֶתרְֿמָּם וְלֹא שָֽׁמְעוּ וגו); Exodus 18:29 ("" וְלֹא ׳שָֽׁמְעוּ וגו).

Topical Lexicon
Semantic Range and Development

The verb embodies two discernible strands. In its earliest appearance it denotes the literal act of boiling food (Genesis 25:29). In every subsequent occurrence the same root is applied metaphorically to human conduct marked by self-willed heat: pride, presumption, and arrogant defiance of God’s revealed will. The semantic shift is instructive. What begins as a pot brought to a roiling boil becomes an image of hearts that “bubble over” with self-confidence until they overflow the boundaries set by the LORD.

Narrative Occurrences

Genesis 25:29 introduces the culinary sense as Jacob prepares the stew that Esau will purchase at the price of his birthright. Though neutral in itself, the verb anticipates later moral usage by foreshadowing Esau’s impulsive appetite and Jacob’s scheming. The same stew that satisfies physical hunger becomes the vehicle by which covenant privilege is despised, reminding readers that unchecked desire is never a trivial matter.

In Exodus 18:11 Jethro rejoices that the LORD “is greater than all gods, even though they dealt proudly against them.” The verb now labels Egyptian arrogance; the God who overthrew Egypt’s might vindicates Israel’s deliverance and establishes the pattern that human presumption inevitably invites divine judgment.

Legal and Deuteronomic Contexts

Three passages in the covenant code and Deuteronomic legislation (Exodus 21:14; Deuteronomy 17:13; Deuteronomy 18:20) bind presumption to capital crimes:

Exodus 21:14: “If a man acts willfully against his neighbor to kill him by treachery, you are to take him from My altar and put him to death.”
Deuteronomy 18:20: “But the prophet who presumes to speak a word in My name that I have not commanded him to speak… that prophet must be put to death.”

Here presumption is deliberate rebellion against God-given boundaries—whether the boundary safeguarding life, or the boundary that reserves revelation to the LORD alone. The sanction of death underscores the seriousness of treating divine authority lightly.

Deuteronomy 1:43 records Israel’s futile assault on the hill country after refusing to enter the land: “You rebelled against the command of the LORD… and went up arrogantly into the hill country.” Presumption is linked to unbelief; refusing the promise, the people attempt conquest in their own strength and suffer defeat. Deuteronomy 17:13 adds a pedagogical purpose: public punishment aims to “make all the people hear and fear, and not act presumptuously again.” The community is safeguarded when arrogance is exposed and restrained.

Post-Exilic Reflection (Nehemiah 9)

Three times the Levites’ penitential prayer confesses ancestral presumption (Nehemiah 9:10, 16, 29). The prayer contrasts God’s persistent mercy with Israel’s repeated arrogance:

Nehemiah 9:16: “But they and our fathers acted presumptuously and stiffened their necks; they did not obey Your commandments.”
Nehemiah 9:29: “You warned them to turn back to Your law, but they became arrogant and would not listen.”

The verb thus functions liturgically, guiding the restored community to acknowledge national sin and to depend anew on covenant grace.

Prophetic Usage

Jeremiah 50:29 indicts Babylon: “Repay her according to her work… for she has been arrogant against the LORD, against the Holy One of Israel.” The empire’s fall is traced to the same boiling pride that destroyed Egypt. God’s dealings with the nations remain morally consistent.

Theological Themes

1. Presumption is active rebellion, not mere ignorance. It is knowledge of God’s will coupled with refusal to submit.
2. Divine judgment targets presumption precisely because it challenges God’s sovereignty. Wherever pride flares, God intervenes to protect His glory and His people.
3. The verb’s shift from boiling stew to boiling pride illustrates how ordinary desires, when ungoverned, escalate into open defiance.

Canonical Echoes

Later Scripture reinforces the warning: “God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble” (James 4:6); “the boastful pride of life” is of the world (1 John 2:16). The New Testament repeatedly treats presumption as a perennial danger for believers and unbelievers alike.

Ministry and Homiletic Applications

• Personal Examination: The term invites believers to ask where zeal has mutated into self-reliance.
• Corporate Discipline: Deuteronomy 17:13 supports transparent correction so that “all may fear.” Church leadership must guard against prophetic presumption—speaking words God has not commanded.
• Missions and Worldview: God’s overthrow of arrogant empires (Egypt, Babylon) encourages trust in His sovereignty amid modern powers that exalt themselves.
• Counseling and Discipleship: Genesis 25:29 warns that momentary cravings can imperil long-term spiritual inheritance. Discipleship calls for patient submission rather than impulsive grasping.

Christological Perspective

Where Israel, Pharaoh, and Babylon boiled over with pride, Jesus Christ exemplifies the opposite: “although He existed in the form of God, He did not consider equality with God something to be grasped” (Philippians 2:6). His humble obedience unto death provides both the model and the atonement for every presumptuous heart.

Summary

From a bowl of stew to the downfall of empires, the verb traced by Strong’s 2102 exposes the perilous heat of presumption and celebrates the LORD who resists the proud and exalts the humble.

Forms and Transliterations
הֵזִ֑ידוּ הֵזִ֖ידוּ הֵזִ֜ידוּ הזידו וַיָּ֥זֶד וַתָּזִ֖דוּ ויזד ותזדו זָ֖דָה זָד֖וּ זדה זדו יְזִיד֖וּן יָזִ֥ד יָזִיד֩ יזד יזיד יזידון hê·zî·ḏū heZidu hêzîḏū vaiYazed vattaZidu wat·tā·zi·ḏū wattāziḏū way·yā·zeḏ wayyāzeḏ yā·ziḏ yā·zîḏ yaZid yāziḏ yāzîḏ yə·zî·ḏūn yeziDun yəzîḏūn zā·ḏāh zā·ḏū Zadah zāḏāh zaDu zāḏū
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Englishman's Concordance
Genesis 25:29
HEB: וַיָּ֥זֶד יַעֲקֹ֖ב נָזִ֑יד
NAS: When Jacob had cooked stew, Esau
KJV: And Jacob sod pottage: and Esau
INT: had cooked Jacob stew

Exodus 18:11
HEB: בַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃
NAS: when they dealt proudly against
KJV: for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly [he was] above them.
INT: proven when dealt against

Exodus 21:14
HEB: וְכִי־ יָזִ֥ד אִ֛ישׁ עַל־
NAS: however, a man acts presumptuously toward
KJV: But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour,
INT: If acts A man toward

Deuteronomy 1:43
HEB: פִּ֣י יְהוָ֔ה וַתָּזִ֖דוּ וַתַּעֲל֥וּ הָהָֽרָה׃
NAS: of the LORD, and acted presumptuously and went
KJV: and went presumptuously up
INT: the command of the LORD and acted and went the hill

Deuteronomy 17:13
HEB: וְיִרָ֑אוּ וְלֹ֥א יְזִיד֖וּן עֽוֹד׃ ס
NAS: and be afraid, and will not act presumptuously again.
KJV: and fear, and do no more presumptuously.
INT: and be afraid and will not act again

Deuteronomy 18:20
HEB: הַנָּבִ֡יא אֲשֶׁ֣ר יָזִיד֩ לְדַבֵּ֨ר דָּבָ֜ר
NAS: a word presumptuously in My name
KJV: But the prophet, which shall presume to speak
INT: the prophet who presumptuously speaks A word

Nehemiah 9:10
HEB: יָדַ֔עְתָּ כִּ֥י הֵזִ֖ידוּ עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם וַתַּֽעַשׂ־
NAS: For You knew that they acted arrogantly toward
KJV: for thou knewest that they dealt proudly against them. So didst thou get
INT: knew for acted toward and made

Nehemiah 9:16
HEB: וְהֵ֥ם וַאֲבֹתֵ֖ינוּ הֵזִ֑ידוּ וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙ אֶת־
NAS: But they, our fathers, acted arrogantly; They became
KJV: But they and our fathers dealt proudly, and hardened
INT: they our fathers acted and hardened their necks

Nehemiah 9:29
HEB: תּוֹרָתֶ֗ךָ וְהֵ֨מָּה הֵזִ֜ידוּ וְלֹא־ שָׁמְע֤וּ
NAS: to Your law. Yet they acted arrogantly and did not listen
KJV: unto thy law: yet they dealt proudly, and hearkened
INT: your law they acted and did not listen

Jeremiah 50:29
HEB: אֶל־ יְהוָ֛ה זָ֖דָה אֶל־ קְד֥וֹשׁ
NAS: [so] do to her; For she has become arrogant against
KJV: do unto her: for she hath been proud against the LORD,
INT: against the LORD has become Against the Holy

10 Occurrences

Strong's Hebrew 2102
10 Occurrences


hê·zî·ḏū — 3 Occ.
way·yā·zeḏ — 1 Occ.
wat·tā·zi·ḏū — 1 Occ.
yā·ziḏ — 2 Occ.
yə·zî·ḏūn — 1 Occ.
zā·ḏāh — 1 Occ.
zā·ḏū — 1 Occ.

2101
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