Lexical Summary zud or zid: To act presumptuously, to be insolent, to boil up Original Word: זוּד Strong's Exhaustive Concordance be proud, deal proudly, come presumptuouslyOr (by permutation) ziyd {zeed}; a primitive root; to seethe; figuratively, to be insolent -- be proud, deal proudly, &? Presume, (come) presumptuously, sod. NAS Exhaustive Concordance Word Origina prim. root Definition to boil up, seethe, act proudly or presumptuously or rebelliously NASB Translation act presumptuously (1), acted arrogantly (3), acted presumptuously (1), acts presumptuously (1), become arrogant (1), cooked (1), dealt proudly (1), presumptuously (1). Brown-Driver-Briggs [זִיד, זוּד] verb boil up, seethe, act proudly, presumptuously, rebelliously (Late Hebrew Hiph`il הזיד) as Hebrew; Aramaic of Zinjirli זד presumptuous, DHMSendsch. 56; Arabic  (medial  ) increase, exceed, exaggerate, e.g. in talk; also Sabean proper name, זיד ( ) DHMEpigr. Denkm. 44 זידאל Idib. 52 (on distinct. between זוד and זיד in Sabean see SabDenkm64); perhaps also Sabean מזדודן great one, prince, e.g. Sab. Denkm.89) — Qal Perfect3feminine singular זָ֫דָה Jeremiah 50:29; 3plural זָ֫דוּ Exodus 18:11; — of Egyptians, בַּדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר זָדוּ עֲלֵיהֶם Exodus 18:11(E) in the matter as to which they acted presumptuously against them; of Babylon, זָדָה ׳אֶליֿ Jeremiah 50:29 against ׳י hath she acted presumptuously. Hiph`il Perfect3plural הֵזִידוּ Nehemiah 9:10 2t.; Imperfect3masculine singular יָזִיד Deuteronomy 18:20, יָזִד Exodus 21:14; וַיָּ֫זֶד Genesis 25:29; 3masculine plural יְזִידוּן Deuteronomy 17:13; 2masculine plural וַתָּזִדוּ Deuteronomy 1:43; 1 boil, seethe, transitive, וַיָּ֫זֶד יַעֲקֹב נָזִיד Genesis 25:29 and Jacob boiled pottage. 2 act presumptuously, insolently, Exodus 21:14 (JE) כִּי יָזִד אִישׁ עַלרֵֿעֵהוּ לְהָרְגוֺ בְעָרְמָה when a man acteth presumptuously against his neighbour to slay him; usually against ׳י; followed by finite verb Deuteronomy 1:43) and ye acted presumptuously and went up; followed by infinitive Deuteronomy 18:20 the prophet Who shall presume to speak a word in my name; also absolute Deuteronomy 17:13 elsewhere only Nehemiah; of Egyptians Deuteronomy 9:10 followed by עַל (= Qal Exodus 18:11); absolute Exodus 18:16 ("" ׳וַיַּקְשׁוּ אֶתרְֿמָּם וְלֹא שָֽׁמְעוּ וגו); Exodus 18:29 ("" וְלֹא ׳שָֽׁמְעוּ וגו). Topical Lexicon Semantic Range and Development The verb embodies two discernible strands. In its earliest appearance it denotes the literal act of boiling food (Genesis 25:29). In every subsequent occurrence the same root is applied metaphorically to human conduct marked by self-willed heat: pride, presumption, and arrogant defiance of God’s revealed will. The semantic shift is instructive. What begins as a pot brought to a roiling boil becomes an image of hearts that “bubble over” with self-confidence until they overflow the boundaries set by the LORD. Narrative Occurrences Genesis 25:29 introduces the culinary sense as Jacob prepares the stew that Esau will purchase at the price of his birthright. Though neutral in itself, the verb anticipates later moral usage by foreshadowing Esau’s impulsive appetite and Jacob’s scheming. The same stew that satisfies physical hunger becomes the vehicle by which covenant privilege is despised, reminding readers that unchecked desire is never a trivial matter. In Exodus 18:11 Jethro rejoices that the LORD “is greater than all gods, even though they dealt proudly against them.” The verb now labels Egyptian arrogance; the God who overthrew Egypt’s might vindicates Israel’s deliverance and establishes the pattern that human presumption inevitably invites divine judgment. Legal and Deuteronomic Contexts Three passages in the covenant code and Deuteronomic legislation (Exodus 21:14; Deuteronomy 17:13; Deuteronomy 18:20) bind presumption to capital crimes: • Exodus 21:14: “If a man acts willfully against his neighbor to kill him by treachery, you are to take him from My altar and put him to death.” Here presumption is deliberate rebellion against God-given boundaries—whether the boundary safeguarding life, or the boundary that reserves revelation to the LORD alone. The sanction of death underscores the seriousness of treating divine authority lightly. Deuteronomy 1:43 records Israel’s futile assault on the hill country after refusing to enter the land: “You rebelled against the command of the LORD… and went up arrogantly into the hill country.” Presumption is linked to unbelief; refusing the promise, the people attempt conquest in their own strength and suffer defeat. Deuteronomy 17:13 adds a pedagogical purpose: public punishment aims to “make all the people hear and fear, and not act presumptuously again.” The community is safeguarded when arrogance is exposed and restrained. Post-Exilic Reflection (Nehemiah 9) Three times the Levites’ penitential prayer confesses ancestral presumption (Nehemiah 9:10, 16, 29). The prayer contrasts God’s persistent mercy with Israel’s repeated arrogance: • Nehemiah 9:16: “But they and our fathers acted presumptuously and stiffened their necks; they did not obey Your commandments.” The verb thus functions liturgically, guiding the restored community to acknowledge national sin and to depend anew on covenant grace. Prophetic Usage Jeremiah 50:29 indicts Babylon: “Repay her according to her work… for she has been arrogant against the LORD, against the Holy One of Israel.” The empire’s fall is traced to the same boiling pride that destroyed Egypt. God’s dealings with the nations remain morally consistent. Theological Themes 1. Presumption is active rebellion, not mere ignorance. It is knowledge of God’s will coupled with refusal to submit. Canonical Echoes Later Scripture reinforces the warning: “God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble” (James 4:6); “the boastful pride of life” is of the world (1 John 2:16). The New Testament repeatedly treats presumption as a perennial danger for believers and unbelievers alike. Ministry and Homiletic Applications • Personal Examination: The term invites believers to ask where zeal has mutated into self-reliance. Christological Perspective Where Israel, Pharaoh, and Babylon boiled over with pride, Jesus Christ exemplifies the opposite: “although He existed in the form of God, He did not consider equality with God something to be grasped” (Philippians 2:6). His humble obedience unto death provides both the model and the atonement for every presumptuous heart. Summary From a bowl of stew to the downfall of empires, the verb traced by Strong’s 2102 exposes the perilous heat of presumption and celebrates the LORD who resists the proud and exalts the humble. Forms and Transliterations הֵזִ֑ידוּ הֵזִ֖ידוּ הֵזִ֜ידוּ הזידו וַיָּ֥זֶד וַתָּזִ֖דוּ ויזד ותזדו זָ֖דָה זָד֖וּ זדה זדו יְזִיד֖וּן יָזִ֥ד יָזִיד֩ יזד יזיד יזידון hê·zî·ḏū heZidu hêzîḏū vaiYazed vattaZidu wat·tā·zi·ḏū wattāziḏū way·yā·zeḏ wayyāzeḏ yā·ziḏ yā·zîḏ yaZid yāziḏ yāzîḏ yə·zî·ḏūn yeziDun yəzîḏūn zā·ḏāh zā·ḏū Zadah zāḏāh zaDu zāḏūLinks Interlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel TextsEnglishman's Concordance Genesis 25:29 HEB: וַיָּ֥זֶד יַעֲקֹ֖ב נָזִ֑יד NAS: When Jacob had cooked stew, Esau KJV: And Jacob sod pottage: and Esau INT: had cooked Jacob stew Exodus 18:11 Exodus 21:14 Deuteronomy 1:43 Deuteronomy 17:13 Deuteronomy 18:20 Nehemiah 9:10 Nehemiah 9:16 Nehemiah 9:29 Jeremiah 50:29 10 Occurrences |
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