Deuteronomy 19:11

If, however, a man hates his neighbor and lies in wait, attacks him and kills him, and then flees to one of these cities,

Study Bible

But if someone hates his neighbor
The phrase "hates his neighbor" is rooted in the Hebrew word "שָׂנֵא" (sane), which conveys a deep-seated animosity or hostility. In the context of ancient Israel, this hatred is not merely an emotional dislike but a willful decision to act against the well-being of another. The commandment to love one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18) is foundational in the Mosaic Law, and this phrase highlights a direct violation of that command. Theologically, this hatred is seen as a precursor to sin, echoing Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:21-22, where harboring anger is equated with murder in the heart.

lies in wait for him
"Lies in wait" translates from the Hebrew "אָרַב" (arab), indicating premeditation and deceit. This phrase suggests a calculated and intentional act, contrasting with accidental harm. In the historical context, cities of refuge were established to protect those who killed unintentionally, but this phrase underscores the deliberate nature of the crime, disqualifying the perpetrator from such protection. It reflects the biblical principle that God judges not only actions but the intentions of the heart (1 Samuel 16:7).

attacks him
The word "attacks" comes from the Hebrew "קוּם" (qum), meaning to rise up against. This implies an aggressive and confrontational action, moving from internal hatred to external violence. In the scriptural narrative, this progression from thought to action is a common theme, illustrating the destructive path of sin when left unchecked. The act of attacking is a breach of the peace and order that God desires for His people, as seen in the broader context of the Mosaic Law, which emphasizes justice and community harmony.

and strikes him fatally
"Strikes him fatally" is derived from the Hebrew "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning to smite or kill. This phrase indicates the culmination of the premeditated hatred and attack, resulting in death. The fatal outcome signifies the ultimate consequence of unchecked sin and hatred. Biblically, life is sacred, created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), and the taking of life is a grave offense. This phrase underscores the seriousness of murder and the need for justice, as life is a gift from God and should be protected.

and he flees to one of these cities
The cities referred to are the cities of refuge, established by God as part of the legal system in Israel (Numbers 35:9-15). These cities provided asylum for those who killed unintentionally, allowing for a fair trial. However, the inclusion of this phrase in the context of premeditated murder highlights the abuse of this provision. It serves as a warning against exploiting God's mercy and justice. Historically, these cities symbolize God's provision for justice tempered with mercy, reflecting His character as both just and compassionate. Theologically, it points to the ultimate refuge found in Christ, who offers forgiveness and redemption for all who seek Him with a repentant heart.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Hater
This refers to an individual who harbors malice against another person, leading to premeditated murder.

2. The Neighbor
The victim in this scenario, who is targeted by the hater.

3. Cities of Refuge
These were designated places where someone who committed unintentional manslaughter could seek asylum. However, this verse addresses the misuse of these cities by a murderer.

4. The Act of Lying in Wait
This indicates premeditation and intent to harm, distinguishing murder from accidental killing.

5. The Attack and Fatal Strike
The culmination of the hater's intent, resulting in the death of the neighbor.

Teaching Points

The Seriousness of Intent
The verse highlights the gravity of premeditated sin. Intent matters to God, and harboring hatred is a serious offense.

The Role of Justice
God's law provides a clear distinction between accidental and intentional harm, underscoring the importance of justice and righteousness.

The Misuse of Grace
The cities of refuge were meant for protection, not as a loophole for the guilty. This teaches us not to misuse God's grace.

Guarding the Heart
As believers, we must be vigilant against allowing hatred or malice to take root in our hearts, aligning with Jesus' teaching on the heart's condition.

Community Responsibility
The community plays a role in upholding justice and ensuring that the laws are applied correctly, reflecting God's character.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the concept of premeditated sin in Deuteronomy 19:11 challenge us to examine our own hearts and intentions?

2. In what ways can we ensure that we are not misusing God's grace, similar to how the cities of refuge could be misused?

3. How does the distinction between accidental and intentional harm in the Old Testament law inform our understanding of justice today?

4. What practical steps can we take to guard against hatred and malice in our hearts, in light of Jesus' teachings in Matthew 5:21-22?

5. How can the principles of justice and community responsibility in Deuteronomy 19:11 be applied within our church or local community?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 21:12-14
This passage also discusses the distinction between accidental killing and premeditated murder, emphasizing the need for justice.

Numbers 35:16-21
Provides further details on the laws regarding murder and the role of the cities of refuge.

Matthew 5:21-22
Jesus expands on the commandment against murder, addressing the heart's intent and anger.

1 John 3:15
Discusses how hatred equates to murder in the heart, emphasizing the seriousness of harboring hate.