So the king and Haman
This phrase sets the stage for a pivotal moment in the narrative. The king referred to here is King Ahasuerus, also known as Xerxes I, who ruled the Persian Empire from 486 to 465 BC. Haman, the antagonist of the story, is a high-ranking official in the king's court. Historically, the Persian Empire was vast and powerful, and the king's decisions had far-reaching consequences. The inclusion of Haman in this intimate setting indicates his high status and influence, yet it also foreshadows his impending downfall. In the Hebrew text, the word for "king" is "melek," which signifies not just a ruler but one with authority granted by God, reminding us of the divine orchestration behind earthly powers.

went to dine
Dining in ancient Persian culture was not merely about eating; it was a social and political event. Meals were often used to discuss important matters and solidify alliances. The Hebrew word "shatah," meaning to drink or feast, implies a setting of celebration and intimacy. This meal is the second banquet Esther has prepared, showing her strategic patience and wisdom. In the biblical context, dining together often symbolizes fellowship and covenant, suggesting that Esther is creating an environment where she can reveal her true purpose and plea.

with Queen Esther
Esther, whose Hebrew name is Hadassah, is the heroine of the story. Her position as queen is significant, as she is a Jewish woman in a foreign court, chosen by God to save her people. The title "Queen" emphasizes her authority and the respect she commands, despite the precariousness of her situation. Esther's courage and faith are central themes in the narrative, as she navigates her role with grace and wisdom. Her identity as both a Jew and a queen highlights the duality of her mission: to serve her people and fulfill her role in God's plan. The mention of her name here is a reminder of her pivotal role in the unfolding drama and the divine providence at work in her life.

and as they drank their wine
This phrase sets the scene in a royal banquet, a common setting in the Persian Empire for making significant decisions. The act of drinking wine together symbolizes fellowship and trust. In the Hebrew context, wine is often associated with joy and celebration, but also with moments of decision-making and revelation. The setting indicates a relaxed atmosphere, yet one where serious matters can be addressed.

on the second day
The mention of the "second day" highlights the persistence and patience of Esther. In the Jewish tradition, the number two can symbolize confirmation and witness. Esther's strategic timing shows her wisdom and understanding of the right moment to present her case. This also reflects the providential timing of God, who orchestrates events according to His divine plan.

the king asked again
The repetition of the king's question underscores his eagerness and willingness to grant Esther's request. In the Persian court, the king's word was law, and his repeated inquiry signifies his genuine interest and readiness to act. This persistence also reflects the favor Esther has found in the king's eyes, a favor that is divinely orchestrated.

Queen Esther
The title "Queen" emphasizes Esther's royal position and authority. Her identity as queen is crucial, as it grants her access to the king and the power to influence decisions. Esther's role as queen is not just a position of privilege but a divine appointment for a greater purpose, as seen throughout the narrative.

what is your petition?
The word "petition" suggests a formal request, often used in legal or official contexts. It implies that Esther's request is not trivial but of significant importance. In the Hebrew tradition, petitions are often associated with prayer and supplication to God, reflecting Esther's reliance on divine intervention.

It will be given to you
This promise from the king reflects the absolute power he holds and his willingness to use it for Esther's benefit. It also foreshadows the fulfillment of God's plan through Esther's actions. The assurance given by the king mirrors the assurance believers have in God's promises, that He will provide according to His will.

What is your request?
The repetition of the question emphasizes the king's readiness to hear and fulfill Esther's desires. In the biblical context, a request made to a king is a serious matter, often involving life and death. Esther's request is not just personal but has implications for her people, highlighting her role as an intercessor.

Even up to half the kingdom
This hyperbolic expression signifies the king's generosity and the extent of his favor towards Esther. While not meant to be taken literally, it indicates that the king is willing to grant almost anything Esther desires. This phrase also reflects the cultural practices of ancient Near Eastern monarchs, who often used such expressions to demonstrate their magnanimity.

it will be fulfilled
The certainty of fulfillment underscores the king's authority and the irrevocable nature of his word. In the biblical narrative, this assurance parallels the certainty of God's promises to His people. Esther's faith and courage are rewarded with the king's commitment to fulfill her request, illustrating the theme of divine providence and deliverance.

Then Queen Esther answered
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. Esther, who has been strategically silent and patient, now steps into her role as an advocate for her people. The Hebrew root for "answered" (עָנָה, anah) implies a response that is thoughtful and deliberate. Esther's response is not impulsive but carefully considered, reflecting her wisdom and courage. Historically, this moment is significant as it highlights the role of women in God's plan, showing that God can use anyone, regardless of gender, to fulfill His purposes.

“If I have found favor with you, O king,”
Esther begins her plea with humility and respect, acknowledging the king's authority. The phrase "found favor" (מָצָא חֵן, matza chen) is a common biblical expression denoting grace and acceptance. Esther's approach is reminiscent of other biblical figures who sought favor, such as Joseph and Daniel, indicating a reliance on God's providence. This reflects the biblical principle that God grants favor to those who walk in His ways.

“and if it pleases the king,”
Esther continues with a conditional statement, showing her deference to the king's will. The phrase "if it pleases" (טוֹב, tov) is rooted in the Hebrew concept of goodness and appropriateness. Esther's tactful language demonstrates her understanding of court protocol and her strategic acumen. This approach underscores the importance of wisdom and discernment in navigating complex situations.

“spare my life,”
Here, Esther reveals the personal stakes involved. The Hebrew word for "spare" (חָיָה, chayah) means to preserve or save alive. Esther's plea is not just for herself but is deeply connected to the survival of her people. This request highlights the theme of deliverance that runs throughout the book of Esther, reminding readers of God's power to save and protect His people.

“and the lives of my people.”
Esther identifies herself with her people, the Jews, showing solidarity and selflessness. The phrase "my people" (עַם, am) emphasizes the communal aspect of her plea. Esther's courage in revealing her identity is a turning point in the narrative, illustrating the biblical truth that God calls His people to stand together in times of crisis. This moment foreshadows the ultimate deliverance that God provides through Christ, who identifies with humanity to bring salvation.

For we have been sold
This phrase indicates a transaction, suggesting betrayal and commodification. In the Hebrew context, the word "sold" (מָכַר, makhar) often implies being given over to the power of another. Historically, this reflects the vulnerability of the Jewish people in exile, subject to the whims of foreign rulers. Esther's use of this term underscores the gravity of Haman's plot, equating it to a sale of human lives, which is a profound violation of their dignity and covenant identity as God's chosen people.

I and my people
Esther identifies herself with her people, the Jews, showing solidarity and shared fate. This phrase emphasizes her role as an intercessor, a type of Christ figure, who stands in the gap for her people. Theologically, it reflects the biblical theme of identification and advocacy, where leaders are called to bear the burdens of their communities. Esther's courage in revealing her identity is a pivotal moment, highlighting the importance of standing with one's community in times of crisis.

to be destroyed, killed, and annihilated
The repetition of these terms intensifies the threat against the Jews, echoing the language of the edict issued by Haman (Esther 3:13). The Hebrew words used here (לְהַשְׁמִיד, l'hashmid; לַהֲרֹג, laharog; וּלְאַבֵּד, ul'abed) convey a comprehensive destruction, leaving no room for survival. This triad of terms underscores the severity of the decree and the existential threat faced by the Jewish people. It also serves as a reminder of the historical attempts to eradicate God's people, which are ultimately thwarted by divine intervention.

If we had merely been sold as male and female slaves
Esther contrasts the current threat with the lesser evil of slavery. The mention of "male and female slaves" (עֲבָדִים וּשְׁפָחוֹת, avadim u'shfachot) reflects the social realities of the ancient Near East, where slavery was a common fate for conquered peoples. By stating that she would have remained silent if this were the case, Esther highlights the extreme nature of the threat they face. This comparison serves to magnify the injustice of Haman's plot and the urgency of her plea to the king.

I would have remained silent
Esther's hypothetical silence in the face of slavery suggests a willingness to endure personal hardship for the sake of peace. However, the threat of annihilation compels her to speak out. This phrase reflects the biblical principle of speaking truth to power and the moral imperative to act against injustice. Esther's decision to break her silence is a powerful example of courage and faith, inspiring believers to advocate for righteousness even at great personal risk.

for such distress would not be worth the burden to the king
Esther appeals to the king's self-interest, suggesting that the annihilation of the Jews would bring unnecessary trouble to his reign. The word "distress" (צָרָה, tzara) conveys a sense of calamity or disaster. By framing her argument in terms of the king's burden, Esther wisely navigates the political landscape, aligning her people's survival with the king's well-being. This strategic approach reflects the biblical theme of wisdom and discernment in leadership, encouraging believers to seek God's guidance in complex situations.

Then King Xerxes asked Queen Esther, Who is he, and where is the man who has dared to do this?
Then King Xerxes
The mention of "King Xerxes" situates the narrative within the Persian Empire, under the rule of Xerxes I, also known as Ahasuerus in Hebrew. Historically, Xerxes reigned from 486 to 465 BC, a period marked by significant political and military events. His character in the Book of Esther is portrayed as powerful yet susceptible to influence, highlighting the providential hand of God working through human authority. The king's role in this account underscores the theme of divine sovereignty, where God uses even pagan rulers to fulfill His purposes.

asked Queen Esther
The interaction between King Xerxes and Queen Esther is pivotal. Esther, a Jewish woman who became queen, represents courage and faith. Her approach to the king is a strategic and prayerful act, reflecting her reliance on God. The Hebrew root for "asked" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) implies a seeking or inquiring, indicating the king's genuine curiosity and concern. Esther's position as queen is a testament to God's providence, placing her in a position of influence "for such a time as this" (Esther 4:14).

Who is he, and where is the man
This phrase reveals the king's immediate reaction to Esther's revelation of a threat against her people. The king's inquiry is direct and urgent, reflecting his authority and responsibility to protect his subjects. The repetition of "who" and "where" emphasizes the seriousness of the accusation and the king's determination to address the injustice. In a broader scriptural context, this moment illustrates the theme of justice, a core attribute of God's character, as seen throughout the Bible.

who has dared to do this
The word "dared" (הֵעֵז, he'ez) in Hebrew conveys a sense of boldness or audacity. It highlights the gravity of the offense against the Jewish people and the king's authority. This phrase underscores the moral outrage and the breach of trust involved in Haman's plot. Historically, such a plot against an entire people group within the empire would have been seen as a significant threat to the king's rule and stability. Theologically, this moment serves as a reminder of God's protection over His covenant people, as He works through Esther to bring about deliverance.

Esther replied
In this moment, Esther, a Jewish queen in a foreign land, demonstrates remarkable courage and wisdom. The Hebrew root for "replied" (עָנָה, 'anah) often implies a thoughtful or considered response. Esther's reply is not impulsive but a carefully planned revelation, highlighting her strategic acumen and reliance on divine timing. Her response is a testament to her faith and the providence of God, who orchestrates events for the deliverance of His people.

The adversary and enemy
The terms "adversary" (צַר, tsar) and "enemy" (אוֹיֵב, oyev) are powerful descriptors of Haman's role. In the Hebrew context, these words convey not just personal animosity but a deep-seated opposition to God's people. This dual description underscores the spiritual battle at play, where Haman is not merely an opponent of Esther and Mordecai but an antagonist against God's covenant community. It reminds believers of the ongoing spiritual warfare against forces that seek to thwart God's purposes.

is this wicked Haman!
The identification of Haman as "wicked" (רָע, ra) is significant. In Hebrew, "wicked" denotes moral corruption and evil intent. Haman's plot to annihilate the Jews is the epitome of wickedness, reflecting a heart hardened against God's will. Esther's bold declaration exposes the true nature of Haman's character and his malicious intentions. This moment is pivotal, as it marks the turning point where evil is confronted and justice begins to unfold.

And Haman stood in terror
The phrase "stood in terror" captures the sudden reversal of Haman's fortunes. The Hebrew concept of "terror" (בָּהַל, bahal) implies a state of panic and fear, often associated with divine judgment. Haman, who once wielded power and influence, now finds himself powerless and exposed. This serves as a sobering reminder of the ultimate accountability before God, where the proud and wicked are brought low.

before the king and queen
Standing "before the king and queen" highlights the authority and justice represented by King Xerxes and Queen Esther. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the presence of the king was synonymous with judgment and decision-making. Esther's role as queen is crucial, as she acts as an intercessor for her people. This scene foreshadows the ultimate justice of God, who will one day judge all nations and vindicate His people. It encourages believers to trust in God's sovereign justice, even when facing seemingly insurmountable challenges.

In his fury
The phrase "in his fury" captures the intense emotional state of King Xerxes. The Hebrew root for "fury" is "chemah," which conveys a burning anger or wrath. This reflects the king's immediate and visceral reaction to Esther's revelation of Haman's plot. Historically, Persian kings were known for their swift and often severe responses to perceived threats or betrayals, underscoring the gravity of Haman's situation.

the king arose
The action of "the king arose" signifies a decisive moment. In the context of ancient Near Eastern customs, a king rising from his seat was a powerful gesture, often indicating a shift from deliberation to action. This movement marks a transition from the king's initial shock to a readiness to address the situation, highlighting the urgency and seriousness of the matter.

from drinking his wine
Wine was a central element in Persian royal banquets, symbolizing both celebration and the king's authority. The mention of "drinking his wine" emphasizes the disruption of what was meant to be a festive occasion. It also serves as a reminder of the vulnerability of human plans and the suddenness with which divine providence can intervene.

and went to the palace garden
The "palace garden" was a place of reflection and decision-making for Persian kings. Gardens in ancient Persia were not only places of beauty but also symbols of paradise and order. The king's retreat to the garden suggests a need for solitude to process the shocking revelation and to contemplate the appropriate course of action.

But Haman stayed behind
The phrase "Haman stayed behind" indicates his desperation and lack of options. In the face of impending doom, Haman's decision to remain and plead with Esther highlights his recognition of her influence over the king. This moment underscores the reversal of fortunes, a common theme in the Book of Esther, where the proud are humbled.

to beg Queen Esther for his life
Haman's act "to beg Queen Esther for his life" is a poignant moment of humility and fear. The Hebrew word for "beg" is "chalah," which can also mean to entreat or implore. This reflects Haman's complete dependence on Esther's mercy, a stark contrast to his previous arrogance and power.

for he realized
The phrase "for he realized" indicates a moment of clarity and understanding for Haman. The Hebrew root "yada" means to know or perceive, suggesting that Haman finally comprehends the full extent of his peril. This realization is a turning point, emphasizing the theme of divine justice and the consequences of evil actions.

that the king had determined
The phrase "that the king had determined" reveals the finality of the king's decision. The Hebrew root "charats" means to decide or decree, indicating that the king's mind is made up. This underscores the irreversible nature of royal edicts in Persian culture, as well as the certainty of Haman's fate.

a catastrophic end for him
The term "catastrophic end" conveys the severity of the judgment awaiting Haman. The Hebrew word "ra'ah" can mean evil or disaster, highlighting the dire consequences of Haman's plot against the Jews. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the biblical principle that those who plot evil will ultimately face divine retribution.

When the king returned from the palace garden
This phrase sets the scene for a pivotal moment in the narrative. The king, Ahasuerus, had stepped out into the palace garden, likely to collect his thoughts after Queen Esther's revelation of Haman's plot. The palace garden, a place of beauty and reflection, contrasts with the tension inside. Historically, Persian kings were known for their elaborate gardens, which were symbols of their power and control over nature. The king's return signifies a transition from contemplation to action.

to the banquet hall
The banquet hall is a central location in the Book of Esther, where significant decisions and revelations occur. Banquets in Persian culture were not just feasts but also political gatherings where alliances were formed and decisions made. The return to the banquet hall indicates a shift back to the public and political sphere, where the king must now address the crisis at hand.

Haman was falling on the couch
Haman's action of falling on the couch where Esther was reclining is laden with irony and desperation. In the Hebrew context, the word for "falling" can imply both a literal and a figurative downfall. Haman, who sought to elevate himself above others, is now literally and figuratively brought low. This act of falling is a fulfillment of the biblical principle that pride precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18).

where Esther was reclining
Esther's position on the couch is significant. In ancient Persian banquets, reclining was a position of honor and relaxation. Esther, a Jewish queen in a foreign land, holds a place of prominence and influence. Her reclining posture contrasts with Haman's frantic state, highlighting her calm and composed demeanor in the face of adversity.

The king exclaimed
The king's exclamation marks a turning point in the narrative. His authority and judgment are about to be exercised. In the Persian court, the king's word was law, and his exclamation would have carried immediate and irrevocable consequences. This moment underscores the theme of divine providence, as God uses the king's authority to bring about justice for His people.

‘Will he even molest the queen
The accusation of molestation is severe and would have been seen as a grave offense in the Persian court. The Hebrew root of the word translated as "molest" implies violence or assault, suggesting that Haman's actions were not only inappropriate but also threatening. This accusation seals Haman's fate, as it implies a breach of both personal and royal boundaries.

while she is with me in the house?’
The king's rhetorical question emphasizes the audacity of Haman's actions. The phrase "with me in the house" underscores the violation of the king's personal space and authority. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the king's house was a sacred space, and any transgression within it was seen as a direct affront to the king himself. This highlights the seriousness of Haman's offense and the inevitability of his downfall.

As soon as the statement left the king’s mouth
This phrase indicates the immediacy and irrevocability of the king's judgment. In the Persian legal system, the king's word was final and could not be repealed. The swiftness of the king's decision reflects the urgency and gravity of the situation. It also serves as a reminder of the power of words and the authority of the king, which in this narrative, aligns with God's providential plan.

they covered Haman’s face
Covering Haman's face symbolizes his impending doom. In ancient Persian culture, covering the face of a condemned person was a sign of disgrace and a precursor to execution. This act signifies the end of Haman's influence and the beginning of justice for the Jewish people. It serves as a powerful reminder of the biblical truth that those who plot evil will ultimately face divine retribution.

Then Harbona
Harbona is one of the eunuchs serving King Ahasuerus. The role of eunuchs in the Persian court was significant, as they were often trusted officials who managed the king's affairs. The mention of Harbona by name suggests his importance and reliability. Historically, eunuchs were seen as loyal servants, and Harbona's intervention here is pivotal, showing his awareness of the situation and his willingness to speak truth to power.

one of the eunuchs attending the king
Eunuchs were castrated men who served in various capacities within royal courts, often in close proximity to the king. Their unique position allowed them to wield influence and access information. In the context of Esther, the eunuchs' role underscores the intricate workings of the Persian court and the providential placement of individuals who would aid in the deliverance of the Jewish people.

said, 'Look, the gallows fifty cubits high
The gallows, or more accurately, a stake for impalement, was an instrument of execution. The height of fifty cubits (approximately 75 feet) signifies the enormity of Haman's pride and his intent to make a public spectacle of Mordecai's execution. This detail highlights the dramatic reversal of fortunes orchestrated by God, turning Haman's plot against him.

stands by Haman’s house
The location of the gallows near Haman's house is symbolic of his personal vendetta against Mordecai. It also serves as a physical reminder of Haman's hubris and the impending judgment upon him. The proximity to his home indicates that Haman's downfall is not just public but deeply personal, affecting his household and legacy.

He had it made for Mordecai
Haman's intention to execute Mordecai on the gallows he constructed reveals his deep-seated hatred and desire for revenge. Mordecai, who had previously saved the king's life, becomes the target of Haman's wrath due to his refusal to bow. This phrase underscores the theme of divine justice, as the very instrument of intended harm becomes the means of Haman's own demise.

who spoke up to help the king!
Mordecai's loyalty to King Ahasuerus is highlighted here, reminding the reader of his earlier act of courage in uncovering a plot against the king. This phrase serves to contrast Mordecai's integrity with Haman's treachery, reinforcing the moral order that God upholds, where righteousness is ultimately rewarded.

The king said, 'Hang him on it!'
The king's command to hang Haman on the gallows he built for Mordecai is the climax of the narrative, illustrating the principle of poetic justice. This decisive action by the king reflects the swift and irreversible nature of divine retribution. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and the ultimate triumph of good over evil, encouraging believers to trust in God's timing and justice.

So they hanged Haman
This phrase marks the culmination of Haman's downfall, a man who epitomized pride and malice. The Hebrew root for "hanged" is "תָּלָה" (talah), which can mean to hang or suspend. In the ancient Near Eastern context, hanging was a form of execution that signified public disgrace. Haman's execution on the very gallows he had prepared for Mordecai is a vivid illustration of poetic justice and divine retribution. It serves as a reminder of the biblical principle found in Proverbs 26:27, "Whoever digs a pit will fall into it, and he who rolls a stone will have it roll back on him."

on the gallows he had prepared for Mordecai
The irony of Haman's fate is underscored by the fact that the gallows, which he had maliciously constructed for Mordecai, became the instrument of his own demise. This highlights the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and justice, where the wicked are ensnared by their own schemes. The gallows, likely a wooden pole or stake, was a symbol of Haman's intent to annihilate the Jewish people, yet it became a testament to God's protection over His chosen people. This reversal of fortune is a powerful testament to the providence of God, who turns the plans of the wicked to fulfill His purposes.

Then the king’s fury subsided
The phrase indicates a turning point in the narrative. The Hebrew word for "fury" is "חֵמָה" (chemah), which conveys intense anger or wrath. King Xerxes' anger, once kindled by Haman's treachery, is now appeased by the execution of justice. This moment reflects the biblical understanding of righteous anger, which seeks justice and the restoration of order. The subsiding of the king's fury also signifies the restoration of peace and stability in the kingdom, as the threat to the Jewish people is neutralized. It serves as a reminder of the peace that follows when justice is served and God's will is accomplished.