Title and Author: The book of 2 Timothy is traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul. It is the second of two epistles addressed to Timothy, a young pastor and Paul's protégé. The title "2 Timothy" reflects its position as the second letter to Timothy in the New Testament canon.

Historical Context: 2 Timothy is believed to have been written around A.D. 67, during Paul's second imprisonment in Rome, shortly before his martyrdom. This period was marked by intense persecution of Christians under Emperor Nero. Paul, aware of his impending death, writes with a sense of urgency and finality.

Audience: The primary audience is Timothy, who was leading the church in Ephesus. However, the letter also serves the broader Christian community, offering guidance and encouragement to church leaders and believers facing persecution.

Purpose: Paul's purpose in writing 2 Timothy is to encourage Timothy to remain steadfast in his faith and ministry despite challenges. He urges Timothy to guard the gospel, endure suffering, and continue teaching sound doctrine.

Genre and Style: 2 Timothy is an epistle, characterized by personal, pastoral, and didactic elements. It combines personal reflections with doctrinal teaching and practical exhortations.1. Paul (2 Timothy 1:1)
- The author of the letter, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God. He writes to encourage and instruct Timothy.

2. Timothy (2 Timothy 1:2)
- The recipient of the letter, a young pastor and close companion of Paul. Paul refers to him as his "beloved child."

3. Lois (2 Timothy 1:5)
- Timothy's grandmother, noted for her sincere faith, which she passed on to her daughter and grandson.

4. Eunice (2 Timothy 1:5)
- Timothy's mother, also recognized for her sincere faith, which she shared with Timothy.

5. Onesiphorus (2 Timothy 1:16)
- A faithful friend of Paul who often refreshed him and was not ashamed of Paul's imprisonment.

6. Phygelus (2 Timothy 1:15)
- Mentioned as one of those in Asia who turned away from Paul.

7. Hermogenes (2 Timothy 1:15)
- Also noted as one who turned away from Paul, alongside Phygelus.

8. Hymenaeus (2 Timothy 2:17)
- Described as someone whose teachings spread like gangrene, leading people astray from the truth.

9. Philetus (2 Timothy 2:17)
- Partnered with Hymenaeus in spreading false teachings, claiming the resurrection had already occurred.

10. Jannes (2 Timothy 3:8)
- Referenced as opposing Moses, symbolizing those who resist the truth.

11. Jambres (2 Timothy 3:8)
- Alongside Jannes, represents those who oppose the truth and have corrupt minds.

12. Demas (2 Timothy 4:10)
- Mentioned as having deserted Paul because he loved the present world.

13. Crescens (2 Timothy 4:10)
- Noted as having gone to Galatia, possibly for ministry work.

14. Titus (2 Timothy 4:10)
- Another companion of Paul, who went to Dalmatia.

15. Luke (2 Timothy 4:11)
- Described as the only one with Paul at the time of writing, a loyal companion and physician.

16. Mark (2 Timothy 4:11)
- Paul requests Timothy to bring Mark with him, as he is helpful to Paul in ministry.

17. Tychicus (2 Timothy 4:12)
- Sent by Paul to Ephesus, likely to assist in ministry or deliver messages.

18. Carpus (2 Timothy 4:13)
- Paul left his cloak with Carpus at Troas, indicating trust and friendship.

19. Alexander the coppersmith (2 Timothy 4:14)
- Mentioned as having done Paul much harm, and Paul warns Timothy about him.

20. Prisca (2 Timothy 4:19)
- Also known as Priscilla, a fellow worker in Christ Jesus, greeted by Paul.

21. Aquila (2 Timothy 4:19)
- Prisca's husband, also a fellow worker in Christ, greeted by Paul.

22. Erastus (2 Timothy 4:20)
- Stayed in Corinth, possibly involved in ministry or church matters.

23. Trophimus (2 Timothy 4:20)
- Left sick in Miletus by Paul, indicating his involvement in Paul's missionary work.

24. Eubulus (2 Timothy 4:21)
- Sends greetings to Timothy, indicating his association with Paul.

25. Pudens (2 Timothy 4:21)
- Also sends greetings, showing his connection to Paul and Timothy.

26. Linus (2 Timothy 4:21)
- Another individual who sends greetings, part of the Christian community.

27. Claudia (2 Timothy 4:21)
- Sends greetings, indicating her involvement with the early Christian community.1. Rome (2 Timothy 1:17)
- Rome is the capital of the Roman Empire and the place where Paul is imprisoned while writing this letter. In 2 Timothy 1:17, Paul mentions that Onesiphorus searched for him in Rome and found him.

2. Ephesus (2 Timothy 1:18)
- Ephesus is a major city in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) and an important center for early Christianity. Paul references Ephesus in relation to the household of Onesiphorus, who provided him with support.

3. Asia (2 Timothy 1:15)
- Asia refers to the Roman province of Asia, located in western Asia Minor. Paul mentions that all who are in Asia have turned away from him, including Phygelus and Hermogenes.

4. Troas (2 Timothy 4:13)
- Troas is a city located on the northwest coast of Asia Minor. Paul instructs Timothy to bring the cloak he left with Carpus at Troas, along with the scrolls and parchments.

5. Miletus (2 Timothy 4:20)
- Miletus is an ancient city on the western coast of Asia Minor. Paul notes that he left Trophimus sick in Miletus.

6. Corinth (2 Timothy 4:20)
- Corinth is a major city in Greece, known for its significant Christian community. Paul mentions that Erastus stayed in Corinth.

7. Dalmatia (2 Timothy 4:10)
- Dalmatia is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, part of modern-day Croatia. Paul states that Titus has gone to Dalmatia.1. Paul's Greeting and Thanksgiving (1:1-5)
Paul opens the letter with a greeting to Timothy, expressing gratitude to God for Timothy's sincere faith, which was first evident in his grandmother Lois and mother Eunice.

2. Encouragement to Be Unashamed of the Gospel (1:6-14)
Paul urges Timothy to rekindle the gift of God within him and not to be ashamed of the testimony about the Lord or of Paul, who is imprisoned. He encourages Timothy to join in suffering for the gospel by the power of God.

3. Paul's Personal Example and Appeal (1:15-18)
Paul mentions that everyone in the province of Asia has deserted him, except for Onesiphorus, who often refreshed him and was not ashamed of his chains.

4. Exhortation to Be Strong in Grace (2:1-7)
Paul instructs Timothy to be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus and to entrust the teachings to reliable people who will also be qualified to teach others. He uses metaphors of a soldier, athlete, and farmer to illustrate dedication and hard work.

5. Endurance in Suffering (2:8-13)
Paul reminds Timothy of Jesus Christ, raised from the dead, and encourages him to endure hardships, emphasizing that if we endure, we will also reign with Christ.

6. A Worker Approved by God (2:14-19)
Paul advises Timothy to remind others of these things and to avoid quarreling about words. He emphasizes the importance of presenting oneself to God as an approved worker who correctly handles the word of truth.

7. Instructions on Godly Living (2:20-26)
Paul uses the analogy of a large house with various articles to illustrate the importance of being a vessel for honorable use. He advises Timothy to flee youthful passions and pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace.

8. Warning of Difficult Times (3:1-9)
Paul warns Timothy that in the last days, there will be terrible times with people being lovers of themselves, money, and pleasure rather than lovers of God. He describes the characteristics of such people and advises Timothy to avoid them.

9. Paul's Example and the Importance of Scripture (3:10-17)
Paul recounts his own persecutions and sufferings, which Timothy knows well, and emphasizes that all Scripture is God-breathed and useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training in righteousness.

10. Charge to Preach the Word (4:1-5)
Paul solemnly charges Timothy to preach the word, be prepared in season and out of season, correct, rebuke, and encourage with great patience and careful instruction, as people will turn away from the truth.

11. Paul's Reflections on His Life and Imminent Death (4:6-8)
Paul reflects on his life, stating that he has fought the good fight, finished the race, and kept the faith. He expresses confidence in receiving the crown of righteousness from the Lord.

12. Personal Requests and Final Greetings (4:9-22)
Paul requests Timothy to come to him quickly and mentions various individuals, some who have deserted him and others who have been helpful. He sends greetings to several people and concludes with a blessing.1. Perseverance in Suffering (2 Timothy 1:8)
- Paul encourages Timothy to endure hardships for the sake of the Gospel. He emphasizes the importance of sharing in suffering as a testament to faith and commitment to Christ. "So do not be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, or of me, His prisoner. Instead, join me in suffering for the gospel by the power of God."

2. Faithfulness to Sound Doctrine (2 Timothy 1:13)
- Timothy is urged to hold firmly to the teachings he has received and to guard the truth of the Gospel against false teachings. "Hold on to the pattern of sound teaching you have heard from me, with the faith and love that are in Christ Jesus."

3. The Power of the Gospel (2 Timothy 1:9-10)
- The Gospel is portrayed as the source of salvation and life, brought to light through Jesus Christ. It is a divine calling that transcends human works. "He has saved us and called us to a holy calling, not because of our works, but by His own purpose and by the grace He granted us in Christ Jesus before time began."

4. The Importance of Scripture (2 Timothy 3:16)
- Scripture is described as God-breathed and essential for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training in righteousness. "All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for instruction, for conviction, for correction, and for training in righteousness."

5. The Reality of Apostasy (2 Timothy 3:1-5)
- Paul warns of a future time when people will turn away from true faith, characterized by selfishness and moral decay. "But understand this: In the last days, terrible times will come. For men will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy..."

6. The Role of a Faithful Servant (2 Timothy 2:15)
- Timothy is encouraged to be diligent and present himself as an approved worker who correctly handles the word of truth. "Make every effort to present yourself approved to God, an unashamed workman who accurately handles the word of truth."

7. The Promise of Eternal Reward (2 Timothy 4:8)
- Paul speaks of the crown of righteousness that awaits those who have faithfully served and longed for Christ's appearing. "From now on the crown of righteousness is laid up for me, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day—and not only to me, but to all who crave His appearing."

8. The Necessity of Courage and Boldness (2 Timothy 1:7)
- Timothy is reminded that God has given a spirit not of fear, but of power, love, and self-discipline, encouraging boldness in ministry. "For God has not given us a spirit of fear, but of power, love, and self-control."

9. The Call to Preach the Word (2 Timothy 4:2)
- Timothy is charged to preach the word, be prepared in season and out of season, and to correct, rebuke, and encourage with patience and careful instruction. "Preach the word; be prepared in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, and encourage with every form of patient instruction."

10. The Example of Paul’s Life (2 Timothy 3:10-11)
- Paul presents his own life as an example of perseverance, faith, and endurance through persecutions and sufferings. "You, however, have observed my teaching, my conduct, my purpose, my faith, my patience, my love, my endurance, my persecutions, and the sufferings that came upon me..."1. Christ Jesus (2 Timothy 1:1, 2:3, 2:10, 3:12, 4:1, 4:22)
- Description: The title "Christ Jesus" emphasizes Jesus as the Messiah (Christ) and His role as the anointed Savior. Paul frequently uses this title to affirm Jesus' divine mission and authority.

2. Our Savior (2 Timothy 1:10)
- Description: This title highlights Jesus' role in salvation. The verse states, "And now He has revealed this grace through the appearing of our Savior, Christ Jesus, who has abolished death and illuminated the way to life and immortality through the gospel."

3. The Righteous Judge (2 Timothy 4:8)
- Description: Jesus is depicted as the one who will judge the living and the dead. This title underscores His authority and fairness in judgment. The verse mentions, "the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day."

4. The Lord (2 Timothy 1:2, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:14, 2:19, 2:22, 3:11, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18)
- Description: This title is used to denote Jesus' divine authority and lordship over all. It is a common title in the New Testament that signifies His sovereignty and power.

5. The Descendant of David (2 Timothy 2:8)
- Description: This title connects Jesus to the Davidic line, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. The verse states, "Remember Jesus Christ, raised from the dead, descended from David."1. Prophecy of Difficult Times in the Last Days
- Prophecy: "But understand this: In the last days, terrible times will come." (2 Timothy 3:1)
- Fulfillment: This prophecy is understood to be ongoing, as many interpret the "last days" to refer to the period between Christ's ascension and His second coming. The characteristics described in the following verses (3:2-5) are seen by many as increasingly evident in contemporary society.

2. Prophecy of People Will Be Lovers of Themselves
- Prophecy: "For men will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy..." (2 Timothy 3:2)
- Fulfillment: This prophecy is often seen as being fulfilled in various ways throughout history, with many pointing to modern societal trends as evidence of its ongoing realization.

3. Prophecy of A Form of Godliness but Denying Its Power
- Prophecy: "...having a form of godliness but denying its power. Turn away from such as these!" (2 Timothy 3:5)
- Fulfillment: This is interpreted as a warning against superficial religiosity, which many believe is prevalent in various religious communities today.

4. Prophecy of Evil Men and Impostors Will Proceed from Bad to Worse
- Prophecy: "while evil men and impostors go from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived." (2 Timothy 3:13)
- Fulfillment: This is seen as a continuous process throughout history, with many pointing to the increase in deception and moral decline in various sectors of society.

5. Prophecy of People Will Not Endure Sound Doctrine
- Prophecy: "For the time will come when men will not tolerate sound doctrine, but with itching ears they will gather around themselves teachers to suit their own desires." (2 Timothy 4:3)
- Fulfillment: This prophecy is often cited in discussions about the proliferation of teachings that deviate from traditional Christian doctrine, seen by some as increasingly common in modern times.

6. Prophecy of Turning Away from the Truth
- Prophecy: "So they will turn their ears away from the truth and turn aside to myths." (2 Timothy 4:4)
- Fulfillment: This is interpreted as a warning against the acceptance of false teachings and ideologies, which many believe is evident in various cultural and religious shifts today.

1. Encouragement for Timothy  ( 1:1⁠–⁠2:26 )

a. Paul’s Greeting to Timothy  ( 1:1⁠–⁠2 )

b. Faithfulness under Persecution  ( 1:3⁠–⁠12 )

c. Holding to Sound Teaching  ( 1:13⁠–⁠18 )

d. Instructions for Timothy  ( 2:1⁠–⁠26 )

i. Grace and Perseverance  ( 2:1⁠–⁠13 )

ii. The Lord’s Approved Workman  ( 2:14⁠–⁠26 )

2. Warning of Difficulties Ahead  ( 3:1⁠–⁠4:22 )

a. Evil in the Last Days  ( 3:1⁠–⁠9 )

b. The Means to Overcome Apostasy  ( 3:10⁠–⁠4:8 )

i. All Scripture is God-Breathed  ( 3:10⁠–⁠17 )

ii. Preach the Word  ( 4:1⁠–⁠8 )

c. Personal Concerns  ( 4:9⁠–⁠15 )

d. The Lord Remains Faithful  ( 4:16⁠–⁠18 )

e. Final Greetings  ( 4:19⁠–⁠22 )