Romans 5:14

Nevertheless, death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over those who did not sin in the way that Adam transgressed. He is a pattern of the One to come.

Study Bible

Nevertheless
This word serves as a transition, indicating a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of Romans 5, Paul has been discussing the entrance of sin and death into the world through Adam. The Greek word used here is "ἀλλά" (alla), which often introduces a significant point or shift in argument. It emphasizes the continuation of death's dominion despite the absence of explicit law before Moses, underscoring the pervasive impact of sin.

death reigned
The phrase "death reigned" uses the Greek word "ἐβασίλευσεν" (ebasileusen), which means to rule as a king. This imagery of death as a reigning monarch highlights its absolute power and dominion over humanity from Adam onward. It suggests that death was not merely a consequence but an active, ruling force in the world, affecting all of creation. This reign of death is a direct result of sin, illustrating the gravity of Adam's transgression and its universal impact.

from the time of Adam to the time of Moses
This phrase sets a historical framework, indicating the period between two pivotal figures in biblical history. Adam, as the first man, represents the introduction of sin and death into the world. Moses, on the other hand, is associated with the giving of the Law. The period between them is significant because it underscores that death's reign was not dependent on the Law, which was given through Moses. This highlights the universality of sin and death, affecting all humanity regardless of the presence of the Law.

even over those who did not sin by breaking a command
Here, Paul addresses the fact that death affected even those who did not commit sins in the same manner as Adam, who directly violated a specific command from God. The Greek word for "command" is "παραβάσεως" (parabaseos), meaning a transgression or violation. This indicates that the reign of death was not limited to those who sinned in the same way as Adam, but extended to all, showing the inherited nature of sin and its consequences.

as did Adam
Adam is presented as a unique figure whose sin had far-reaching consequences. The comparison here emphasizes that Adam's transgression was distinct because it was a direct violation of God's command. This sets the stage for understanding Adam as a representative head of humanity, whose actions brought sin and death into the world, affecting all his descendants.

who is a pattern of the one to come
The word "pattern" is translated from the Greek "τύπος" (typos), meaning a type or model. Adam is described as a type of Christ, the "one to come." This typology is significant in understanding the parallel between Adam and Christ. Just as Adam's actions had universal implications for humanity, so too does Christ's redemptive work. Adam's disobedience brought death, while Christ's obedience brings life. This sets the stage for the contrast between the old creation in Adam and the new creation in Christ, offering hope and redemption through Jesus.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Adam
The first man created by God, whose disobedience led to the fall of humanity and the entrance of sin and death into the world.

2. Moses
A prophet and leader in Israel's history, through whom God gave the Law. His time marks a significant period in biblical history.

3. Death
Personified as a reigning power from Adam to Moses, symbolizing the consequence of sin.

4. The One to Come
Refers to Jesus Christ, who is seen as the second Adam, bringing life and righteousness.

Teaching Points

The Reign of Death
Understand that death is a consequence of sin, affecting all humanity from Adam to Moses and beyond.

Reflect on the pervasive nature of sin and its impact on human life.

Adam as a Pattern
Recognize Adam as a "type" or "pattern" of Christ, illustrating the concept of federal headship.

Consider how Adam's actions affected all humanity, just as Christ's actions bring life to all who believe.

The Role of the Law
Acknowledge that the Law, given through Moses, highlights sin but does not provide salvation.

Appreciate the purpose of the Law in leading us to recognize our need for a Savior.

Christ, the Second Adam
Embrace the hope and life offered through Jesus Christ, who reverses the curse of sin and death.

Live in the reality of Christ's victory over sin, striving to walk in righteousness.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does understanding Adam as a "pattern" of Christ deepen your appreciation for the work of Jesus?

2. In what ways does the reign of death from Adam to Moses highlight the need for a Savior?

3. How does the Law given through Moses serve to point us to Christ?

4. What are some practical ways you can live out the reality of being under the reign of life in Christ rather than death in Adam?

5. How can the contrast between Adam and Christ encourage you in your daily walk with God?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 3
Describes the fall of Adam and Eve, introducing sin and death into the world.

1 Corinthians 15:22
Discusses the contrast between Adam and Christ, emphasizing life in Christ.

Hebrews 9:15
Highlights Jesus as the mediator of a new covenant, contrasting the old covenant given through Moses.

Romans 5:12-21
Provides a broader context of the passage, explaining the contrast between Adam's transgression and Christ's redemptive work.