Do you indeed speak justly
The phrase "speak justly" in Hebrew is rooted in the word "tseḏeq," which means righteousness or justice. This word is often used in the context of God's character and His expectations for human conduct. The psalmist is challenging the rulers to reflect on their actions and words, questioning whether they align with divine justice. In a historical context, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern expectation that leaders should embody and enforce justice, a principle deeply embedded in the Mosaic Law. The rhetorical question implies a negative answer, suggesting that the rulers are failing in their duty to uphold justice.

O rulers
The term "rulers" is translated from the Hebrew word "ēlîm," which can also mean "gods" or "mighty ones." This dual meaning underscores the significant responsibility and authority that leaders hold, almost god-like in their power over people's lives. In the ancient world, rulers were often seen as divinely appointed, and thus their actions were expected to reflect divine will. The psalmist's address to the "rulers" serves as a reminder of their accountability to God, who is the ultimate judge.

Do you judge uprightly
The word "judge" comes from the Hebrew "shāphaṭ," which means to govern or to pass judgment. The concept of judging "uprightly" is tied to fairness and integrity, essential qualities for any leader. The psalmist is questioning whether the judgments made by these leaders are in line with God's standards of righteousness. Historically, the role of a judge in Israel was not only to resolve disputes but also to maintain social order according to God's laws. This phrase challenges leaders to examine whether their decisions are impartial and just.

O sons of men
The phrase "sons of men" is a Hebrew idiom "benê ʾādām," referring to humanity in general. It emphasizes the human nature of the rulers, reminding them of their mortality and fallibility. This serves as a humbling reminder that, despite their power, they are still accountable to God. In the broader biblical narrative, this phrase often contrasts human frailty with divine sovereignty, urging leaders to recognize their dependence on God's wisdom and justice.

In your hearts
The phrase "in your hearts" refers to the innermost thoughts and intentions of individuals. In Hebrew, the word for heart is "lev," which often signifies the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Biblically, the heart is the seat of moral and spiritual life. This phrase challenges the reader to consider the purity and righteousness of their internal motivations. In a conservative Christian perspective, it is a call to self-examination, urging believers to align their inner thoughts with God's will, as true righteousness begins within.

you devise injustice
The word "devise" suggests intentional planning or scheming. In Hebrew, the root word "chashab" implies calculating or plotting. This indicates a deliberate act of crafting injustice, highlighting the moral corruption that can reside in the human heart. "Injustice" here is a translation of the Hebrew word "avel," which means iniquity or unrighteousness. This phrase serves as a warning against the conscious choice to engage in or support unrighteous acts. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, it underscores the importance of seeking justice and righteousness, as God is just and calls His followers to reflect His character.

with your hands
The phrase "with your hands" symbolizes actions and deeds. In biblical terms, hands often represent the execution of one's plans and intentions. The Hebrew word "yad" is frequently used to denote power and capability. This phrase connects the internal devising of injustice with its outward manifestation. It serves as a reminder that what is conceived in the heart often finds expression through actions. For conservative Christians, this emphasizes the need for integrity, where one's actions are consistent with godly principles and the teachings of Scripture.

you mete out violence on the earth
The term "mete out" implies measuring or distributing, suggesting a deliberate apportioning of violence. The Hebrew root "palas" can mean to weigh or balance, indicating a calculated dispensation of harm. "Violence" is translated from the Hebrew word "chamas," which denotes cruelty or oppression. This phrase paints a picture of widespread corruption and moral decay, where those in power abuse their authority to inflict harm. In a conservative Christian context, this serves as a call to oppose such actions and to advocate for peace and justice, reflecting the kingdom values that Jesus taught. The phrase "on the earth" reminds believers of their responsibility to be stewards of God's creation, promoting righteousness and peace in all their dealings.

The wicked
The phrase "The wicked" refers to those who are morally corrupt and opposed to God's righteous standards. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "רְשָׁעִים" (resha'im), which denotes individuals who are guilty of sin and rebellion against God. This term is often used throughout the Psalms to describe those who live in opposition to God's will and who perpetuate injustice and evil. The use of "the wicked" here sets the stage for understanding the inherent nature of sinfulness that the psalmist is addressing.

are estranged
comes from the Hebrew root "זָרוּ" (zar), meaning to be alienated or separated. This word conveys a sense of being cut off or distant from a rightful relationship. In the context of this verse, it suggests that the wicked are inherently separated from God and His ways from the very beginning of their existence. This estrangement is not merely a result of external actions but is indicative of an internal, inherent condition.

from the womb
emphasizes the idea of original sin and the innate sinful nature of humanity. The Hebrew word "בֶּטֶן" (beten) refers to the womb, highlighting the earliest stage of human life. This phrase underscores the belief that sinfulness is not something acquired later in life but is present from birth. It reflects the theological understanding that all humans are born with a sinful nature due to the fall of Adam and Eve, as described in Genesis. This concept is foundational in conservative Christian theology, emphasizing the need for redemption and the transformative power of God's grace from the very start of life.

Their venom
The word "venom" in this context is a metaphor for the harmful and destructive words or actions of the wicked. In Hebrew, the word used is "חֲמַת" (chamat), which can also mean "fury" or "wrath." This imagery suggests that the wicked possess a dangerous and toxic influence, much like the venom of a serpent. Historically, venomous snakes were well-known in the ancient Near East, and their deadly bite was a common metaphor for treachery and malice. The use of "venom" here underscores the insidious nature of evil and the harm it can inflict on the righteous.

is like the poison of a serpent
The comparison to a serpent's poison further emphasizes the deadly and deceitful nature of the wicked. In the ancient world, serpents were often associated with cunning and danger. The Hebrew word for "serpent" is "נָחָשׁ" (nachash), which is the same word used for the serpent in the Garden of Eden, symbolizing temptation and sin. This phrase highlights the idea that the wicked, like serpents, can strike unexpectedly and with lethal consequences. The imagery serves as a warning to the faithful to be vigilant against such threats.

like a cobra that shuts its ears
The cobra, or "פֶּתֶן" (pethen) in Hebrew, is a specific type of serpent known for its deadly bite. The phrase "shuts its ears" suggests a willful refusal to listen or heed warnings. In the cultural context of the time, cobras were often depicted as creatures that could be charmed by music, yet this particular cobra is described as unresponsive, symbolizing obstinacy and defiance. This imagery conveys the idea that the wicked are not only dangerous but also stubbornly resistant to correction or repentance. It serves as a reminder of the futility of trying to reason with those who are set in their evil ways.

that it need not heed
This phrase suggests a deliberate choice or inherent nature of not listening or responding. In the Hebrew context, the word for "heed" often implies obedience or attentiveness. The imagery here is of a creature or person who is intentionally ignoring guidance or instruction. This can be seen as a metaphor for those who are resistant to divine wisdom or moral correction, choosing instead to follow their own path. In a broader biblical context, this reflects the human tendency to turn away from God's voice, as seen throughout the narratives of the Old Testament where Israel often ignored the prophets.

the tune of the charmer
The "tune" here refers to the enchanting or persuasive words and actions of the charmer. In ancient times, charmers were often seen as those who could control or influence through their skills, much like snake charmers. The Hebrew word for "charmer" can also imply enchanters or those who use spells. This phrase can be understood as a warning against being swayed by false teachings or deceptive influences. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder to Christians to remain vigilant against doctrines or ideologies that may lead them away from the truth of the Gospel.

who skillfully weaves his spell
The imagery of "skillfully weaves" suggests a deliberate and artful construction of deception. The Hebrew root for "weaves" can imply crafting or fabricating, indicating that the charmer's influence is not accidental but carefully designed. This can be likened to the cunning nature of sin and temptation, which often presents itself in an attractive and convincing manner. Historically, this reflects the practices of ancient magicians and sorcerers who were known for their ability to manipulate and deceive. For the believer, this serves as a call to discernment, to recognize and resist the subtle and often appealing nature of sin, relying instead on the wisdom and guidance of Scripture.

O God, shatter their teeth in their mouths
O God
This invocation is a direct appeal to the divine, emphasizing the psalmist's reliance on God's power and justice. The Hebrew word for God here is "Elohim," which denotes majesty and power. It reflects the psalmist's recognition of God's supreme authority over all creation and His ability to intervene in human affairs. This appeal sets the tone for the entire verse, highlighting the psalmist's faith in God's righteous judgment.

shatter
The Hebrew root word used here is "nathats," which means to break down, demolish, or destroy. This term conveys a sense of complete and utter destruction, indicating the psalmist's desire for God to decisively dismantle the power of the wicked. The use of such a strong verb underscores the severity of the situation and the psalmist's plea for divine intervention against those who perpetrate evil.

their teeth
In ancient Near Eastern culture, teeth symbolize strength and power. The imagery of teeth being shattered suggests the removal of the wicked's ability to harm or oppress others. This metaphorical language is a vivid depiction of the psalmist's desire for God to neutralize the destructive capabilities of the wicked, rendering them powerless.

in their mouths
The mouth is often associated with speech and the dissemination of words. By specifying "in their mouths," the psalmist may be highlighting the destructive nature of the wicked's words, which can be as harmful as physical actions. This phrase suggests a desire for God to silence the deceitful and harmful speech of the wicked, preventing them from causing further harm through their lies and slander.

Let them vanish like water that runs off
This phrase uses the imagery of water, a common biblical symbol for life and cleansing, to describe the fleeting nature of the wicked's power and influence. The Hebrew root for "vanish" (אָבַד, 'avad) conveys a sense of perishing or being destroyed. Historically, water in the ancient Near East was a precious resource, and its disappearance would be both noticeable and impactful. The psalmist is invoking a powerful image of the wicked's inevitable downfall, suggesting that just as water quickly disappears when spilled, so too will the plans and actions of the unrighteous dissipate.

when he draws the bow
The act of drawing a bow is a metaphor for preparing to attack or execute judgment. In ancient warfare, the bow was a symbol of strength and skill. The Hebrew word for "bow" (קֶשֶׁת, qeshet) is often associated with God's judgment and power. This phrase suggests that the wicked, despite their preparations and intentions, will not succeed in their endeavors. The imagery of the bow also reminds the reader of God's ultimate authority and the futility of opposing His will.

let their arrows be blunted
Arrows, in biblical times, were weapons of precision and lethality. The Hebrew root for "blunted" (כָּמַס, kamas) implies being ineffective or useless. This phrase conveys the idea that the efforts of the wicked will be rendered harmless by divine intervention. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects the recurring theme that God protects the righteous and ensures that the schemes of the wicked do not prevail. The blunting of arrows symbolizes the thwarting of evil plans and the protection of God's people.

Like a slug that dissolves in its slime
The imagery of a slug dissolving in its slime is a vivid metaphor for the ultimate futility and self-destruction of the wicked. In Hebrew, the word for "slug" (שַׁבְּלוּל, shabbelul) is rare and denotes a creature that leaves a trail of slime, symbolizing the transient and corrupt nature of evil. The slug's slow, creeping movement and eventual dissolution in its own secretion serve as a powerful illustration of how the wicked, despite their schemes, will ultimately face decay and insignificance. This metaphor emphasizes the natural consequences of living a life opposed to God's righteousness, where one's own actions lead to their downfall.

like a woman's stillborn child
This phrase introduces a somber and poignant image, comparing the fate of the wicked to that of a stillborn child. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the birth of a child was a significant event, and a stillbirth was a profound tragedy. The Hebrew word for "stillborn" (נֵפֶל, nefel) conveys the idea of something that fails to reach its potential or purpose. This comparison underscores the notion that the wicked, despite their ambitions and plans, will not achieve their intended outcomes. Just as a stillborn child never sees the light of day, the wicked will not experience the fulfillment of their desires or the blessings of life under God's favor.

may they never see the sun
The sun is often a symbol of life, light, and divine blessing in the Bible. To "see the sun" is to experience life and the goodness that comes from God. In this context, the psalmist's wish that the wicked "never see the sun" is a prayer for their plans to be thwarted and for them to be deprived of the joy and prosperity that come from living in accordance with God's will. This phrase reflects a desire for divine justice, where those who perpetuate evil are prevented from enjoying the fruits of their wrongdoing. It serves as a reminder of the ultimate triumph of righteousness and the assurance that God will uphold justice in His time.

Before your pots can feel the burning thorns
This phrase uses vivid imagery to convey the swiftness of God's judgment. The "pots" symbolize the plans or schemes of the wicked, which are often likened to cooking vessels in ancient Near Eastern culture. The "burning thorns" refer to the quick and intense fire that thorns produce when used as fuel. In the Hebrew context, thorns were known for their rapid combustion, indicating that God's intervention will be sudden and decisive, thwarting the wicked before their plans come to fruition.

whether green or dry
This phrase emphasizes the inevitability and impartiality of divine judgment. "Green" and "dry" thorns represent different stages of readiness, suggesting that regardless of the state or preparedness of the wicked's plans, God's judgment will be executed. Historically, this reflects the understanding that God's justice is not delayed by human circumstances or conditions. It underscores the belief that God is sovereign and His timing is perfect, transcending human understanding.

He will sweep them away
The imagery of being "swept away" conveys total and complete removal. In the Hebrew tradition, this phrase evokes the idea of divine cleansing or purging, where God removes evil from His presence. It reflects the ultimate triumph of righteousness over wickedness, a recurring theme in the Psalms. This assurance of God's active role in maintaining justice serves as a source of comfort and hope for believers, affirming that evil will not prevail and that God's righteous order will be restored.

The righteous
The term "righteous" in Hebrew is "צַדִּיק" (tzaddik), which refers to those who are just, virtuous, and in right standing with God. In the context of the Old Testament, righteousness is often associated with adherence to God's laws and commandments. The righteous are those who live in accordance with God's will, and their lives are marked by integrity and moral uprightness. This verse highlights the ultimate vindication and reward for those who remain faithful to God, despite the prevalence of wickedness around them.

will rejoice
The Hebrew word for "rejoice" is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which conveys a deep sense of joy and gladness. This joy is not merely a fleeting emotion but a profound, spiritual exultation that comes from witnessing God's justice and righteousness being upheld. The righteous rejoice because they see the fulfillment of God's promises and the triumph of good over evil. This rejoicing is a testament to their faith and trust in God's sovereign plan.

when he sees
The phrase "when he sees" indicates a moment of revelation or realization. In the Hebrew context, seeing often implies understanding or perceiving something clearly. The righteous will have the opportunity to witness God's justice firsthand, reinforcing their faith and hope. This sight is not just physical but spiritual, as they perceive the deeper workings of God's justice in the world.

the vengeance
The word "vengeance" in Hebrew is "נָקָם" (naqam), which refers to retribution or justice. In the biblical context, vengeance is not about personal revenge but about God's righteous judgment against sin and wickedness. It is a divine act of setting things right, ensuring that justice is served. The righteous take comfort in knowing that God is a just judge who will ultimately hold the wicked accountable for their actions.

upon the wicked
The term "wicked" in Hebrew is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), describing those who are morally wrong, guilty, or hostile to God. The wicked are those who live in opposition to God's laws and principles, often causing harm and injustice. This verse assures the righteous that the wicked will not escape God's judgment. It serves as a reminder that, despite the temporary success or prosperity of the wicked, their end is certain, and God's justice will prevail.

Then men will say
This phrase anticipates a future acknowledgment or declaration by people. The Hebrew root for "men" here is "adam," which often refers to humanity in general. This suggests a universal recognition of a truth or event. The use of "will say" indicates a prophetic certainty, emphasizing that the realization of God's justice is inevitable. Historically, this reflects the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where public acknowledgment and oral tradition were key in affirming truths and experiences.

There is surely a reward
The word "reward" comes from the Hebrew "peullah," which implies a recompense or wages for actions. This phrase assures believers that righteousness and justice are not in vain. In the context of ancient Israel, where immediate justice was not always visible, this promise of a future reward was a source of hope and encouragement. It underscores the biblical principle that God is just and will ultimately reward the righteous.

for the righteous
The term "righteous" is derived from the Hebrew "tsaddiq," meaning just or lawful. In the biblical context, righteousness is not merely about moral behavior but is deeply connected to one's relationship with God and adherence to His laws. This phrase reassures the faithful that their commitment to God's ways will be recognized and rewarded. It reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where righteousness is both a gift and a responsibility.

there is surely a God
The affirmation "there is surely a God" is a declaration of faith and certainty in God's existence and sovereignty. The Hebrew word for God here is "Elohim," a plural form that denotes majesty and power. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's active presence and involvement in the world. In a historical context, this was a counter-cultural statement in a polytheistic environment, affirming the monotheistic belief central to Israel's identity.

who judges the earth
The word "judges" comes from the Hebrew "shaphat," meaning to govern or to render a verdict. This phrase emphasizes God's role as the ultimate judge who oversees the moral order of the world. The "earth" signifies the entirety of creation, indicating that God's justice is comprehensive and universal. This assurance of divine judgment was crucial for the Israelites, who often faced injustice and oppression, reinforcing their trust in God's ultimate authority and justice.