Exodus 21:10

If he takes another wife, he must not reduce the food, clothing, or marital rights of his first wife.

Study Bible

If he takes another wife
This phrase addresses the practice of polygamy, which was culturally accepted in ancient Israelite society. The Hebrew word for "wife" here is "אִשָּׁה" (ishah), which can also mean "woman." The context of this passage is a set of laws given to the Israelites to ensure justice and fairness, even within the framework of polygamy. Historically, polygamy was often practiced for social, economic, or political reasons, and this law seeks to protect the rights of the first wife, ensuring she is not neglected.

he must not reduce
The Hebrew verb "גָּרַע" (gara) means "to diminish" or "to take away." This command emphasizes the husband's responsibility to maintain the same level of care and provision for his first wife, despite taking another. It reflects God's concern for justice and the well-being of individuals, ensuring that the first wife's status and needs are not compromised.

the food
The term "שְׁאֵרָה" (she'erah) refers to sustenance or provisions, often translated as "flesh" or "food." In the ancient Near Eastern context, providing food was a fundamental aspect of a husband's duty to his wife. This provision is a basic necessity, and the law underscores the importance of meeting physical needs as a reflection of love and responsibility.

clothing
The Hebrew word "כְּסוּתָהּ" (kesutah) means "covering" or "garment." Clothing is a basic human need, and in biblical times, it was a symbol of dignity and protection. By ensuring that the first wife's clothing is not diminished, the law upholds her dignity and status within the household, reflecting God's care for the vulnerable.

or marital rights
The phrase "וְעֹנָתָהּ" (ve'onatah) refers to conjugal rights or marital intimacy. This aspect of the law highlights the importance of emotional and physical intimacy in marriage. It recognizes the first wife's right to a fulfilling marital relationship, emphasizing that her emotional and relational needs must not be neglected.

of his first wife
The focus on the "first wife" underscores her established position and rights within the marriage. In a society where women often had limited legal standing, this law provides protection and ensures that the first wife is not marginalized or deprived of her rightful place and provisions.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
- The author of Exodus, who received the Law from God on Mount Sinai.

2. Israelites
- The recipients of the Law, God's chosen people, who were being formed into a nation after their exodus from Egypt.

3. Mount Sinai
- The place where God gave the Law to Moses, including the regulations found in Exodus 21.

4. First Wife
- The woman whose rights are being protected by this law, ensuring her well-being despite the introduction of another wife.

5. Second Wife
- The additional wife mentioned in the context of polygamous relationships, which were culturally accepted at the time.

Teaching Points

God's Concern for Justice and Fairness
The law in Exodus 21:10 reflects God's concern for justice and fairness, even within the cultural context of polygamy. It underscores the importance of treating all individuals with dignity and respect.

Protection of the Vulnerable
This verse highlights God's protection for the vulnerable, ensuring that the first wife is not neglected or mistreated. It serves as a reminder to care for those who may be disadvantaged or marginalized.

Marriage as a Covenant
The marital rights mentioned in this verse point to the covenantal nature of marriage, where both parties have responsibilities and rights. This can be applied today by honoring commitments and ensuring mutual respect in marriage.

Cultural Context vs. Divine Ideal
While polygamy was culturally accepted, the divine ideal remains monogamous marriage. This distinction helps us understand how to apply biblical principles in our current cultural context.

Faithfulness in Relationships
The principles in this verse encourage faithfulness and integrity in all relationships, not just marriage. It calls believers to uphold commitments and treat others with fairness and love.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Exodus 21:10 reflect God's character and His concern for justice and fairness?

2. In what ways can we apply the principles of fairness and protection found in this verse to modern-day relationships?

3. How does understanding the cultural context of polygamy in ancient Israel help us interpret this passage?

4. What are some practical ways we can ensure that we are honoring the covenantal nature of marriage in our own lives?

5. How do the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament regarding marriage and relationships build upon the principles found in Exodus 21:10?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 2:24
- This verse establishes the original design for marriage as a union between one man and one woman, which provides a backdrop for understanding the concessions made in Exodus 21:10.

Deuteronomy 21:15-17
- This passage also addresses the rights of wives and children in polygamous marriages, emphasizing fairness and justice.

1 Corinthians 7:3-5
- These verses discuss marital rights and responsibilities, highlighting the mutual obligations of spouses to one another.

Malachi 2:14-16
- This passage speaks against dealing treacherously with one's spouse, underscoring the importance of faithfulness and justice in marriage.

Matthew 19:4-6
- Jesus reaffirms the Genesis ideal for marriage, pointing back to the creation account as the standard.