Exodus 21:11

If, however, he does not provide her with these three things, she is free to go without monetary payment.

Study Bible

If, however
This phrase introduces a conditional clause, indicating a situation that contrasts with the previous instructions. In the Hebrew text, the word "אם" (im) is used, which is a common conditional particle. It sets the stage for a legal stipulation, emphasizing the importance of justice and fairness in the treatment of individuals, particularly women in this context. The use of "however" suggests a deviation from expected norms, highlighting God's concern for the vulnerable.

he does not provide her
The phrase underscores the responsibility of the man to fulfill his obligations. The Hebrew verb "יעשה" (ya'aseh) implies action and provision. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, this provision was not merely material but also relational and protective. The emphasis is on the man's duty to ensure the well-being of the woman, reflecting God's care for the marginalized and His desire for equitable treatment.

with these three things
This refers to the specific provisions mentioned earlier in the passage: food, clothing, and marital rights. The Hebrew text uses "שלש אלה" (shalosh eleh), which directly translates to "these three." These necessities are fundamental to human dignity and survival, and their mention underscores the comprehensive nature of God's law, which seeks to protect the basic rights and needs of individuals, especially those in vulnerable positions.

she is free to go
The phrase "she is free to go" signifies liberation and autonomy. In Hebrew, "ויצאה" (v'yatz'ah) conveys the idea of departure or release. This provision ensures that the woman is not bound to an unjust or neglectful situation. It reflects God's justice and mercy, providing a way out for those who are oppressed or mistreated, and it highlights the value of personal freedom and dignity in God's eyes.

without payment of money
This clause, "אין כסף" (ein kesef), indicates that the woman is not required to pay a redemption price for her freedom. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this was a significant provision, as it prevented further exploitation or financial burden on the woman. It underscores the principle that freedom and justice should not be contingent upon one's financial status, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's impartiality and His provision for the poor and oppressed.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Hebrew Servant Girl
The context of this verse involves a Hebrew servant girl who has been sold into servitude, often due to poverty or debt. The law provided specific protections for her well-being.

2. Master
The individual who has purchased the servant girl. He is responsible for her care and is bound by the law to provide for her needs.

3. Moses
The leader of the Israelites who received the Law from God on Mount Sinai. He is the mediator through whom these laws were given to the people.

4. Mount Sinai
The place where God gave Moses the Law, including the regulations found in Exodus 21.

5. Israelites
The people to whom these laws were given, forming the covenant community under God's rule.

Teaching Points

God's Concern for Justice
This law reflects God's concern for justice and the protection of the vulnerable. It underscores the importance of treating all individuals with dignity and respect.

Provision and Responsibility
The master’s obligation to provide for the servant girl’s needs highlights the broader biblical principle of caring for those under our responsibility.

Freedom and Redemption
The provision for the servant girl’s freedom without payment points to the theme of redemption and liberation, which is central to the biblical account.

Equality Before God
The law serves as a reminder that all people, regardless of their social status, are valued by God and deserve fair treatment.

Application in Modern Context
While the specific cultural context of servitude may differ today, the principles of justice, provision, and freedom remain relevant in addressing issues of inequality and exploitation.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the provision for the servant girl's freedom in Exodus 21:11 reflect God's character and His concern for justice?

2. In what ways can the principles found in Exodus 21:11 be applied to modern issues of social justice and human rights?

3. How do the laws regarding Hebrew servants in Exodus 21 relate to the broader biblical theme of redemption and freedom?

4. What responsibilities do we have today to ensure that those under our care or influence are treated with dignity and respect, as seen in the obligations of the master in Exodus 21:11?

5. How can the principles of equality and justice found in Exodus 21:11 inform our understanding of Galatians 3:28 and the unity of believers in Christ?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Deuteronomy 15:12-15
This passage also discusses the release of Hebrew servants, emphasizing the importance of treating them with dignity and providing for them upon their release.

Leviticus 25:39-43
These verses provide further instructions on the treatment of Hebrew servants, highlighting the principle of servitude as a temporary condition and the importance of freedom.

Galatians 3:28
In the New Testament, Paul speaks of the equality of all believers in Christ, which can be seen as a fulfillment of the principles of justice and equality found in the Old Testament laws.