1 Samuel 20:34

Jonathan got up from the table in fierce anger and did not eat any food that second day of the month, for he was grieved by his father's shameful treatment of David.

Study Bible

So Jonathan got up from the table
The phrase "got up from the table" signifies a decisive action taken by Jonathan. In the Hebrew context, the act of rising from a meal was significant, often indicating a break in fellowship or a protest. Jonathan's action here is a physical manifestation of his inner turmoil and disapproval of his father's actions. In ancient Israel, meals were communal and symbolized unity and peace. By leaving the table, Jonathan is making a bold statement against the injustice he perceives.

in fierce anger
The Hebrew word for "fierce anger" is "חָרוֹן" (charon), which conveys a burning wrath. This is not a mild irritation but a deep, consuming anger. Jonathan's anger is righteous, stemming from a place of loyalty and love for David, as well as a sense of justice. His anger reflects the divine displeasure at Saul's unjust treatment of David, who is anointed by God. This moment highlights the moral and spiritual conflict within Jonathan, torn between his father and his covenant with David.

and did not eat the second day of the new moon
The "second day of the new moon" refers to the continuation of a significant religious observance in Israel. The new moon was a time of feasting and celebration, marking the beginning of a new month. Jonathan's refusal to eat is a form of fasting, a common biblical expression of mourning or protest. By abstaining from the meal, Jonathan is not only showing his personal grief but also making a public statement of dissent against Saul's actions.

for he was grieved
The word "grieved" in Hebrew is "עָצַב" (atsab), which means to be pained or distressed. Jonathan's grief is profound, indicating a deep emotional and spiritual sorrow. This grief is not just for David, but also for the brokenness within his own family and the kingdom. Jonathan's heart is heavy with the weight of the situation, reflecting the broader theme of the consequences of sin and disobedience to God.

by his father’s shameful treatment of David
The phrase "shameful treatment" underscores the moral failure of Saul. In the Hebrew culture, honor and shame were pivotal societal values. Saul's actions are not only politically unwise but morally reprehensible. Jonathan, who is portrayed as a man of integrity and faith, is deeply troubled by his father's behavior. This highlights the contrast between Saul's declining kingship and Jonathan's righteous character. Jonathan's loyalty to David, despite his father's opposition, foreshadows the eventual rise of David as king, aligning with God's divine plan.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Jonathan
The son of King Saul and a close friend of David. Known for his loyalty and integrity, Jonathan is deeply troubled by his father's unjust actions towards David.

2. David
The future king of Israel, anointed by Samuel. At this point, he is a fugitive due to King Saul's jealousy and attempts on his life.

3. Saul
The first king of Israel, whose jealousy and fear of losing his throne lead him to seek David's life. His actions cause a rift with his son, Jonathan.

4. New Moon Festival
A significant religious observance in ancient Israel, marking the beginning of the month. It was a time for feasting and fellowship, making Jonathan's absence notable.

5. Ramah
Although not directly mentioned in this verse, it is the place where David fled to seek refuge with Samuel, highlighting the tension and danger he faced.

Teaching Points

Loyalty in Friendship
Jonathan's actions demonstrate the importance of loyalty and integrity in friendships, even when it requires standing against one's own family.

Righteous Anger
Jonathan's anger is described as "fierce," yet it is rooted in a righteous cause—defending the innocent and opposing injustice.

Courage to Stand Alone
Jonathan's decision to abstain from the feast shows the courage required to stand alone for what is right, even in the face of familial pressure.

Grief Over Sin
Jonathan's grief over his father's actions highlights the appropriate response to sin and injustice, prompting us to reflect on our own reactions to wrongdoing.

The Cost of Discipleship
Jonathan's willingness to risk his relationship with his father for David's sake mirrors the cost of discipleship, where following God's will may lead to personal sacrifice.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Jonathan's loyalty to David challenge us in our own friendships and relationships today?

2. In what ways can we express righteous anger in situations of injustice, following Jonathan's example?

3. What are some practical steps we can take to stand alone for what is right, even when it is difficult?

4. How can we cultivate a heart that grieves over sin and injustice, as Jonathan did?

5. Reflect on a time when following God's will required personal sacrifice. How does Jonathan's account encourage you in similar situations?

Connections to Other Scriptures

1 Samuel 18:1-4
This passage describes the covenant of friendship between Jonathan and David, emphasizing the depth of their bond and Jonathan's commitment to David's well-being.

Proverbs 17:17
This verse speaks to the loyalty and steadfastness of true friendship, which is exemplified in Jonathan's actions and feelings towards David.

Matthew 5:44
Jesus' teaching on loving one's enemies can be seen in Jonathan's behavior, as he navigates his relationship with his father, Saul, while protecting David.