The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are significant in the history of Israel, each descending from one of the sons of Jacob. These tribes settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River, a decision that shaped their history and interactions with the other tribes of Israel.

Reuben

Reuben was the firstborn son of Jacob and Leah. As the firstborn, Reuben was initially entitled to a double portion of inheritance and leadership within the family. However, due to his transgression with Bilhah, his father’s concubine, he lost his birthright (Genesis 35:22; 1 Chronicles 5:1). The tribe of Reuben settled in the region east of the Jordan River, in the land of Gilead, which was suitable for their large herds and flocks.

The descendants of Reuben are noted for their valor and participation in various battles. In the time of King Saul, they fought valiantly against the Hagrites, securing their territory (1 Chronicles 5:10). Despite their military prowess, the tribe of Reuben struggled with maintaining their spiritual fidelity to God, often falling into idolatry, which eventually led to their exile by the Assyrians (1 Chronicles 5:25-26).

Gad

Gad was the seventh son of Jacob, born to Zilpah, Leah’s maidservant. The tribe of Gad was known for its warriors, described as "mighty men of valor, men trained for battle, who could handle shield and spear" (1 Chronicles 12:8). They were instrumental in supporting King David during his reign, showcasing their loyalty and strength.

The land allotted to the tribe of Gad was also east of the Jordan, adjacent to the territory of Reuben. This region was characterized by its fertile pastures, ideal for their livestock. The Gadites, like the Reubenites, were involved in conflicts with neighboring nations and were eventually exiled by the Assyrians due to their unfaithfulness to God (1 Chronicles 5:26).

Half-Tribe of Manasseh

Manasseh was the firstborn son of Joseph, born in Egypt to Asenath. The tribe of Manasseh was unique in that it was divided into two half-tribes, with one half settling east of the Jordan and the other half west. The eastern half-tribe of Manasseh occupied a vast territory that extended from the Jordan River to Mount Hermon, encompassing parts of Bashan and Gilead.

The descendants of Manasseh were known for their military strength and strategic importance. They played a crucial role in the conquest of Canaan under Joshua’s leadership. The eastern half-tribe, however, faced challenges similar to those of Reuben and Gad, including idolatry and eventual exile by the Assyrians (1 Chronicles 5:25-26).

Cultural and Spiritual Legacy

The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh were integral to the early history of Israel. Their decision to settle east of the Jordan River was initially met with concern by Moses, who feared it might discourage the other tribes from entering the Promised Land (Numbers 32:6-15). However, they pledged to assist in the conquest of Canaan, demonstrating their commitment to the collective mission of Israel.

Despite their military contributions, these tribes struggled with maintaining their covenantal relationship with God. Their geographical separation from the other tribes may have contributed to their susceptibility to idolatry and external influences. Their eventual exile serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of turning away from God’s commandments.

The descendants of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh highlight the complexities of tribal identity, faithfulness, and the challenges of living in proximity to foreign nations. Their account is a testament to the importance of spiritual vigilance and the enduring impact of choices on future generations.