God presides
The Hebrew word for "God" here is "Elohim," a term that can denote the one true God or, in some contexts, refer to divine beings or judges. The verb "presides" suggests authority and governance, indicating that God is not a passive observer but an active ruler. This phrase sets the stage for understanding God's supreme authority over all creation, emphasizing His role as the ultimate judge and sovereign. In a historical context, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern concept of a divine council, where a chief deity would preside over other lesser gods or spiritual beings.

in the divine assembly
The "divine assembly" refers to a gathering of spiritual beings or entities. In Hebrew, this is "adat El," which can be understood as a council or congregation of divine beings. This concept is seen in other ancient Near Eastern cultures, where a pantheon of gods would convene. However, in the biblical context, it underscores the monotheistic belief that while there may be other spiritual entities, they are all subject to the one true God, Elohim. This assembly is not a council of equals but a demonstration of God's unparalleled authority.

He renders judgment
The act of rendering judgment implies a legal or judicial proceeding. The Hebrew root "shaphat" means to judge, govern, or vindicate. This highlights God's role as the ultimate judge who discerns and decides with perfect justice. In the biblical narrative, God's judgments are always righteous and true, reflecting His holy nature. This phrase reassures believers of God's active involvement in the moral order of the universe, where He holds all accountable to His standards.

among the gods
The term "gods" here is again "Elohim," which can be perplexing as it is used to describe both the one true God and other spiritual beings. In this context, it likely refers to angelic beings or human judges who have been given authority but are still under God's dominion. This phrase serves as a reminder that no matter the power or authority of these "gods," they are ultimately subordinate to the sovereignty of the Almighty. Historically, this would have been a radical assertion against polytheistic beliefs, affirming the supremacy of Yahweh over any other claimed deities or powers.

How long
This phrase suggests a period of time that has been extended beyond what is just or reasonable. In the Hebrew, the word used is "עַד־מָתַי" (ad-matay), which conveys a sense of impatience or urgency. It implies that the actions being addressed have been ongoing and that there is a divine expectation for change. Historically, this reflects the patience of God, who is long-suffering but also just, and it serves as a call to self-examination for those in positions of authority.

will you judge unjustly
The Hebrew word for "judge" is "תִּשְׁפְּטוּ" (tishpetu), which means to govern or to render a decision. The term "unjustly" is derived from "עָוֶל" (avel), meaning iniquity or injustice. This phrase is a direct rebuke to those who are in positions of judicial or moral authority but fail to uphold righteousness. In the scriptural context, it is a reminder that God is the ultimate judge and that human judges are accountable to His standards. The historical context of Israelite society, where judges were expected to reflect God's justice, underscores the gravity of this admonition.

and show partiality
The Hebrew word "תִּשָּׂאוּ" (tissa'u) means to lift up or to show favor. This phrase addresses the sin of favoritism, which is condemned throughout Scripture. Partiality undermines justice and is contrary to the character of God, who is impartial. In the historical context, showing partiality often meant favoring the wealthy or powerful, which led to the oppression of the poor and marginalized. This serves as a timeless warning against corruption and the misuse of authority.

to the wicked
The term "wicked" is translated from the Hebrew "רְשָׁעִים" (resha'im), which refers to those who are morally wrong or guilty. In the biblical narrative, the wicked are often those who oppose God's laws and oppress others. This phrase highlights the moral failure of leaders who align themselves with evil rather than standing for righteousness. It serves as a call to repentance and a reminder of the ultimate accountability before God.

Selah
This term is often used in the Psalms and is thought to be a musical or liturgical pause. While its exact meaning is uncertain, it invites the reader or listener to pause and reflect on the preceding message. In this context, "Selah" emphasizes the seriousness of the charge against unjust judges and the need for introspection and change. It serves as a moment to consider the weight of God's justice and the call to align one's actions with His righteous standards.

Defend the cause
The phrase "Defend the cause" in Psalm 82:3 calls for active advocacy and protection. The Hebrew root word here is "שָׁפַט" (shaphat), which means to judge, govern, or vindicate. In the ancient Near Eastern context, judges were expected to be protectors of justice, especially for those who could not defend themselves. This phrase emphasizes the responsibility of leaders and believers to actively engage in justice, reflecting God's own character as a defender of the oppressed. It is a call to action, urging believers to stand up for what is right and to ensure that justice is served.

of the weak and fatherless
The "weak and fatherless" are often mentioned in the Bible as those who are vulnerable and in need of protection. The Hebrew words "דַּל" (dal) for weak and "יָתוֹם" (yathom) for fatherless highlight the social and economic vulnerability of these groups. In ancient Israel, the fatherless were particularly at risk because they lacked a male protector in a patriarchal society. This phrase underscores God's heart for the marginalized and His command for His people to care for those who cannot care for themselves. It is a reminder of the biblical mandate to provide for and protect those who are most vulnerable in society.

uphold the rights
"Uphold the rights" involves maintaining justice and ensuring that the legal and moral entitlements of individuals are respected. The Hebrew word "צָדַק" (tsadaq) means to be just or righteous. This phrase calls believers to ensure that justice is not only a concept but a practice that is actively maintained. It is a call to integrity and righteousness, reflecting God's own nature as a just and righteous judge. Upholding rights is about ensuring that everyone receives fair treatment and that the laws and principles of justice are applied equally to all.

of the afflicted and oppressed
The "afflicted and oppressed" are those who suffer under injustice and exploitation. The Hebrew words "עָנִי" (ani) for afflicted and "רָשַׁע" (rasha) for oppressed describe individuals who are often victims of systemic injustice. In the biblical context, these terms often refer to those who are economically disadvantaged or socially marginalized. This phrase highlights God's concern for those who are suffering and His desire for His people to be agents of His justice and mercy. It is a call to compassion and action, urging believers to work towards alleviating the suffering of those who are oppressed and to stand against systems of injustice.

Rescue the weak and needy
This phrase calls for an active intervention on behalf of those who are vulnerable and marginalized. The Hebrew word for "rescue" is "נצל" (natsal), which implies delivering or saving from danger. This reflects God's heart for justice and His desire for His people to act as His hands and feet on earth. The "weak and needy" are often mentioned in Scripture as those who are oppressed or lacking in resources, highlighting God's concern for social justice and the responsibility of believers to care for those who cannot care for themselves.

save them from the hand of the wicked
The word "save" in Hebrew is "ישע" (yasha), which is often used in the context of salvation and deliverance. This indicates not just a physical rescue but also a spiritual and moral deliverance. The "hand of the wicked" refers to the power or control that evil individuals or systems have over the vulnerable. Historically, this could relate to unjust rulers or corrupt systems that exploit the poor. Scripturally, it underscores the ongoing battle between good and evil, and the call for God's people to stand against injustice. This phrase encourages believers to trust in God's ultimate justice while actively working to oppose wickedness in the world.

They do not know
The phrase "They do not know" suggests a profound ignorance or lack of understanding. In the Hebrew, the word used is "יָדְעוּ" (yada'u), which implies not just a lack of intellectual knowledge but a deeper, spiritual blindness. This ignorance is not merely about facts but about the moral and spiritual truths that guide righteous living. In the context of Psalm 82, this ignorance is attributed to the judges or leaders who fail to uphold justice. Historically, this reflects a time when leaders were expected to be wise and discerning, yet they fell short, leading to societal decay.

or understand
The Hebrew word for "understand" is "יָבִינוּ" (yavinu), which conveys the idea of insight or discernment. This lack of understanding is not just a failure to grasp information but a failure to perceive the implications of their actions and the moral order established by God. In a biblical context, understanding is often linked with wisdom, which is a gift from God and is essential for righteous leadership. The leaders' failure to understand signifies a disconnect from divine wisdom, which is crucial for justice and righteousness.

They wander in the darkness
"Wander in the darkness" uses the imagery of aimlessness and confusion. The Hebrew word "יֵלָכוּ" (yelakhu) means to walk or go, and "בַּחֹשֶׁךְ" (bachoshekh) means in darkness. This phrase paints a picture of leaders who are lost, lacking direction and purpose. Darkness in the Bible often symbolizes evil, ignorance, and separation from God. The leaders' wandering indicates a moral and spiritual disorientation, leading to injustice and oppression. This imagery would resonate with the ancient audience, who understood the dangers of physical and spiritual darkness.

all the foundations of the earth are shaken
The phrase "all the foundations of the earth are shaken" uses the metaphor of a building's foundation to describe the stability of society. The Hebrew word "מוֹט" (mot) means to totter or shake, suggesting instability and chaos. In biblical times, the foundation was crucial for the strength and endurance of a structure. Here, it symbolizes the moral and social order established by God. When leaders fail to uphold justice, it leads to societal instability, affecting all aspects of life. This serves as a warning that the neglect of divine principles by those in authority can lead to widespread disorder and calamity.

I have said
This phrase introduces a divine declaration, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "אָמַרְתִּי" (amarti), which is a form of the verb "to say" or "to declare." This sets the tone for the verse, indicating that what follows is not merely an opinion or observation, but a pronouncement from God Himself. The use of the first person underscores the personal involvement of God in the affairs of humanity, reminding us of His active role in guiding and judging His creation.

You are gods
The Hebrew word for "gods" here is "אֱלֹהִים" (elohim), which can refer to divine beings, judges, or rulers. In the context of Psalm 82, it is often interpreted as referring to human judges or leaders who have been given authority by God to execute justice on earth. This phrase highlights the responsibility and the high calling of those in positions of authority. They are to reflect God's justice and righteousness, acting as His representatives. The use of "gods" underscores the weight of their role and the expectation that they will act with divine wisdom and integrity.

you are all sons of the Most High
The term "sons of the Most High" further emphasizes the relationship between these leaders and God. The phrase "sons of" in Hebrew culture often denotes a close relationship or likeness. Here, "sons of the Most High" (בְּנֵי עֶלְיוֹן, benei Elyon) signifies that these leaders are to embody the character and attributes of God, the "Most High" (עֶלְיוֹן, Elyon), who is supreme over all. This designation serves as both an honor and a reminder of their duty to uphold God's standards. It calls them to a higher level of accountability, as they are to mirror the justice and holiness of God in their leadership and governance.

But like mortals you will die
This phrase begins with the conjunction "But," indicating a contrast to the preceding verses where God addresses the divine council or "gods" (elohim) who have failed in their duties. The Hebrew word for "mortals" is "adam," which refers to humanity in general, emphasizing the frailty and finite nature of human life. This serves as a humbling reminder that despite any authority or power these "gods" might possess, they are ultimately human and subject to the same fate as all people—death. The phrase underscores the biblical theme of human mortality and the transient nature of earthly power, reminding us of the ultimate sovereignty of God over life and death.

and like rulers you will fall
The term "rulers" here is translated from the Hebrew word "sarim," which can refer to princes, leaders, or officials. This highlights the accountability of those in positions of authority. The phrase "you will fall" suggests not just physical death but also a fall from power and influence. Historically, this can be seen in the rise and fall of empires and leaders who, despite their might, could not escape the judgment of God. This serves as a cautionary message to those in leadership, emphasizing that true justice and righteousness are required by God, and failure to uphold these principles will lead to downfall. The verse as a whole is a powerful reminder of the limitations of human authority and the ultimate justice of God.

Arise
The Hebrew word for "arise" is "קוּם" (qum), which conveys a sense of standing up or taking action. In the context of Psalm 82:8, this call to "arise" is a plea for God to take decisive action. It reflects a deep yearning for divine intervention and justice. Historically, this word is often used in the Old Testament to signify God stepping into human history to fulfill His purposes. The call for God to "arise" is a recognition of His sovereignty and power to change circumstances and bring about His righteous judgment.

O God
The term "God" here is translated from the Hebrew "אֱלֹהִים" (Elohim), a plural form that is often used to denote the majesty and fullness of God's nature. In the context of Psalm 82, Elohim is a reminder of God's supreme authority over all creation, including the "gods" or judges mentioned earlier in the psalm. This invocation of God emphasizes His role as the ultimate judge and ruler, whose authority surpasses all earthly powers.

judge
The Hebrew word "שָׁפַט" (shaphat) means to judge, govern, or render a decision. In ancient Israel, judges were not only legal arbiters but also leaders who were expected to uphold justice and righteousness. The plea for God to "judge" underscores the expectation that He will bring about true justice, correcting the failures of human judges and rulers. It is a call for divine justice that aligns with God's character and His covenantal promises to His people.

the earth
The phrase "the earth" is translated from the Hebrew "הָאָרֶץ" (ha'aretz), which can refer to the physical land or the world as a whole. In this verse, it signifies the entirety of creation under God's dominion. The call for God to judge "the earth" reflects the belief that His justice is not limited to Israel but extends to all nations and peoples. It is a reminder of God's universal sovereignty and His ultimate plan to restore righteousness throughout the world.

for all the nations
The Hebrew word for "nations" is "גּוֹיִם" (goyim), which typically refers to the Gentiles or non-Israelite peoples. This phrase highlights the inclusivity of God's judgment and His concern for all humanity. In the biblical narrative, the nations often represent those outside the covenant community of Israel, yet they are still under God's authority and subject to His justice. This reflects the prophetic vision of a time when God's rule will be acknowledged by all nations.

are Your inheritance
The concept of "inheritance" in Hebrew is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which denotes a possession or heritage. In the Old Testament, inheritance often refers to the land promised to Israel, but here it expands to include all nations as belonging to God. This phrase underscores the theological truth that God is the rightful owner and ruler of all creation. It is a powerful affirmation of God's ultimate plan to bring all nations into His redemptive purpose, fulfilling the promise that through Abraham's seed, all nations of the earth will be blessed.