In the first year of Cyrus king of Persia
This phrase marks a significant historical moment. Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, began his reign over Babylon in 539 BC. The "first year" refers to the beginning of his rule over the Babylonian territories. Historically, Cyrus is known for his policy of religious tolerance and restoration, which aligns with the biblical narrative. His decree allowed the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem, fulfilling God's promise. The mention of "Cyrus king of Persia" highlights God's sovereignty over nations and rulers, using them to accomplish His divine purposes.

to fulfill the word of the LORD spoken through Jeremiah
This phrase underscores the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises. Jeremiah had prophesied the return of the exiles after seventy years of captivity (Jeremiah 29:10). The Hebrew root for "fulfill" (מָלֵא, male') conveys the idea of completion and bringing to fruition. This fulfillment demonstrates God's control over history and His unwavering commitment to His covenant people. It serves as a reminder that God's word is reliable and His promises are sure.

the LORD stirred the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia
The phrase "stirred the spirit" indicates divine intervention. The Hebrew word for "stirred" (עוּר, 'ur) means to awaken or incite. This action by the LORD shows that God can move the hearts of even pagan kings to accomplish His will. It reflects the biblical theme that God is the ultimate authority over all creation, and He can use anyone, regardless of their beliefs, to fulfill His purposes. This divine stirring led to a pivotal moment in Jewish history, allowing the exiles to return and rebuild the temple.

to send a proclamation throughout his kingdom and to put it in writing, saying
The act of sending a proclamation "throughout his kingdom" and "putting it in writing" emphasizes the official and irrevocable nature of Cyrus's decree. In the ancient Near East, written decrees were binding and carried the full authority of the king. This ensured that the message reached all parts of the vast Persian Empire, which stretched from the Indus Valley to the Aegean Sea. The written proclamation signifies the seriousness and permanence of the decree, ensuring that the return of the Jewish exiles was not just a verbal promise but a documented royal edict. This action highlights the meticulous and sovereign orchestration of God's plan for His people.

This is what Cyrus king of Persia says
The introduction of Cyrus, the king of Persia, is significant in the biblical narrative. Historically, Cyrus the Great was a remarkable ruler known for his vast empire and progressive policies, including religious tolerance. The Hebrew name for Cyrus is "Koresh," and his mention here highlights the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy (Isaiah 44:28, 45:1) that a ruler named Cyrus would facilitate the return of the Jewish exiles and the rebuilding of the temple. This underscores the sovereignty of God in using even foreign kings to accomplish His divine purposes.

The LORD, the God of heaven
This phrase emphasizes the monotheistic belief in Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel, who is also recognized as the supreme deity over all creation. The title "God of heaven" reflects a common ancient Near Eastern expression acknowledging divine authority over the cosmos. It is noteworthy that Cyrus, a pagan king, acknowledges Yahweh in this way, suggesting a recognition of God's supreme power and possibly indicating the influence of Jewish exiles in Persia.

has given me all the kingdoms of the earth
Cyrus attributes his vast empire to the providence of God, acknowledging that his authority and success are divinely ordained. This reflects a biblical theme where God is the ultimate source of power and authority, as seen in Daniel 2:21, where God is described as the one who "removes kings and establishes them." Cyrus's recognition of this divine gift aligns with the biblical understanding that earthly rulers are instruments in God's hands.

and has appointed me
The use of the word "appointed" suggests a divine commissioning or calling. In the Hebrew context, this implies that Cyrus's role is not merely political but also spiritual, as he is chosen by God to fulfill a specific purpose. This appointment echoes the biblical theme of God raising leaders to accomplish His will, as seen in the accounts of Moses, David, and other key figures.

to build a house for Him
The "house" refers to the temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship and the symbol of God's presence among His people. The rebuilding of the temple is a pivotal moment in Jewish history, representing restoration and renewal after the Babylonian exile. This task given to Cyrus highlights the importance of the temple in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

at Jerusalem in Judah
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds profound significance as the spiritual and political center of Jewish life. Its mention here reaffirms its status as the chosen city where God's name dwells (1 Kings 11:36). The reference to Judah situates the narrative within the historical and geographical context of the post-exilic period, emphasizing the return of the Jewish people to their ancestral homeland as part of God's redemptive plan.

Whoever among you belongs to His people
This phrase signifies an open invitation to the Israelites, emphasizing the inclusivity of God's call. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עַם" (am), which often refers to a covenant community. This highlights the continuity of God's promises to His chosen people, Israel. Historically, this call comes after the Babylonian exile, a period of significant trial and purification for the Israelites. It is a reminder of their identity and God's enduring faithfulness.

may his God be with him
This blessing underscores the personal relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew word for "God" here is "אֱלֹהָיו" (Elohav), indicating a personal, possessive form of Elohim, suggesting intimacy and divine favor. The phrase reassures the Israelites of God's presence and guidance as they undertake the daunting task of returning to a desolate homeland. It echoes the covenantal promise that God will never forsake His people.

and may he go to Jerusalem in Judah
The directive to "go" is a call to action, a step of faith. "Jerusalem" (יְרוּשָׁלַם, Yerushalayim) is not just a geographical location but a symbol of spiritual significance, representing the heart of Jewish worship and identity. "Judah" (יְהוּדָה, Yehudah) is the tribal territory, reminding the exiles of their heritage and the promises tied to the land. This journey is both physical and spiritual, a return to the roots of their faith.

and build the house of the LORD
The "house of the LORD" refers to the temple, the central place of worship and sacrifice. The Hebrew word for "build" is "בָּנָה" (banah), which implies not just construction but restoration and renewal. This task is a divine mandate, a call to restore the worship of Yahweh in its rightful place. It signifies a new beginning, a chance to reestablish the covenant relationship with God.

the God of Israel
This title reaffirms God's unique relationship with Israel. "Israel" (יִשְׂרָאֵל, Yisrael) is both a name and a destiny, meaning "God prevails." It serves as a reminder of the patriarch Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel after wrestling with God. This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and His unchanging commitment to His people.

He is the God who is in Jerusalem
This statement highlights God's presence in a specific location, Jerusalem, the city chosen by God for His dwelling. It underscores the theological truth that while God is omnipresent, He has chosen to manifest His presence uniquely in Jerusalem. This is a call to recognize the sacredness of the city and the temple as the focal point of divine-human interaction. Historically, it reassures the returning exiles that God has not abandoned His chosen city and that His promises remain steadfast.

And let every survivor
The term "survivor" here refers to the Jewish exiles who remained after the Babylonian captivity. The Hebrew word used is "שְׁאֵרִית" (she'erit), which often denotes a remnant preserved by God. This concept of a remnant is significant throughout Scripture, symbolizing God's faithfulness in preserving His people despite judgment and exile. It serves as a reminder of God's covenant promises and His plan for restoration.

wherever he resides
This phrase acknowledges the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the Babylonian Empire. The Hebrew word "מָקוֹם" (maqom) means "place" or "location," indicating that the Jews were scattered in various regions. This dispersion was a result of the exile, yet it also set the stage for the fulfillment of God's promise to bring His people back to their homeland, demonstrating His sovereignty over nations and history.

be assisted by the men of his region
The call for assistance from "the men of his region" highlights the communal responsibility and support expected from those living in proximity to the Jewish exiles. The Hebrew word "עָזַר" (azar) means "to help" or "to support," emphasizing the importance of unity and cooperation in the fulfillment of God's purposes. This reflects the biblical principle of bearing one another's burdens and working together for the common good.

with silver and gold
Silver and gold were valuable commodities in the ancient world, often used as currency and for trade. The mention of these precious metals underscores the generosity and sacrifice required to support the rebuilding of the temple. It also reflects the wealth of the Persian Empire, which God used to provide for His people. This provision is a testament to God's ability to supply all needs according to His riches and glory.

with goods and livestock
The inclusion of "goods and livestock" indicates the practical and material support necessary for the journey and the rebuilding efforts. Livestock was essential for transportation, agriculture, and sustenance, while goods could include various supplies needed for daily life and temple worship. This comprehensive provision illustrates God's care for both the spiritual and physical needs of His people.

along with a freewill offering
A "freewill offering" is a voluntary gift given out of devotion and gratitude to God. The Hebrew term "נְדָבָה" (nedavah) signifies a spontaneous and generous act of worship. This offering was not mandated by law but was an expression of the giver's heart. It highlights the importance of giving cheerfully and willingly, as an act of worship and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and goodness.

for the house of God in Jerusalem
The "house of God" refers to the temple, the central place of worship for the Jewish people. Jerusalem, the chosen city, holds deep spiritual significance as the location of God's dwelling among His people. The rebuilding of the temple symbolizes the restoration of worship and the renewal of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It points to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who is the true temple and the means of reconciliation with God.

So the family heads
The phrase "family heads" refers to the leaders or patriarchs of the families or clans within the tribes. In the Hebrew context, the term used is "rosh," meaning "head" or "chief." These individuals held significant authority and responsibility within their communities. Historically, the family structure was central to Jewish society, and the heads of families played a crucial role in decision-making and leadership. Their involvement in the return to Jerusalem underscores the communal and organized nature of this significant event.

of Judah and Benjamin
Judah and Benjamin were two of the twelve tribes of Israel. After the division of the united kingdom, these two tribes formed the Southern Kingdom of Judah. The mention of these tribes highlights the remnant of Israel that remained faithful and were now returning from exile. Historically, these tribes had a special connection to Jerusalem, with Judah being the tribe of King David and the lineage of the Messiah, and Benjamin being closely associated with the city due to its proximity.

along with the priests and Levites
The priests and Levites were integral to the religious life of Israel. The priests, descendants of Aaron, were responsible for performing sacrifices and rituals in the temple, while the Levites assisted them and took care of the temple's maintenance. Their inclusion in the return to Jerusalem emphasizes the restoration of proper worship and religious practices, which had been disrupted during the Babylonian exile. This return was not just a physical journey but a spiritual renewal for the people of Israel.

everyone whose spirit God had stirred
This phrase indicates divine intervention and inspiration. The Hebrew word for "stirred" is "ʿûr," which means to awaken or incite. It suggests that God actively moved in the hearts of these individuals, prompting them to take action. This divine stirring is a testament to God's sovereignty and His ability to fulfill His promises through His chosen people. It also reflects the theme of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of prophecy, as He had promised to bring His people back to their land.

prepared to go up
The phrase "prepared to go up" signifies readiness and determination. The journey from Babylon to Jerusalem was not merely a physical ascent but also a spiritual one. The Hebrew word "ʿālâ" means to ascend or rise, often used in the context of pilgrimage to Jerusalem, which was situated on a hill. This preparation involved both logistical planning and spiritual readiness, as the people were returning to rebuild not just a city, but their identity and relationship with God.

and rebuild the house of the LORD
Rebuilding the "house of the LORD" refers to the reconstruction of the temple in Jerusalem, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians. The temple was the center of Jewish worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The Hebrew word for "house" is "bayith," which can mean both a physical structure and a household or family. This rebuilding was a significant act of restoration, symbolizing the renewal of the covenant relationship between God and His people.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds a central place in Jewish history and theology. It is the city chosen by God for His temple and the capital of the Davidic kingdom. The return to Jerusalem was not just a return to a geographical location but a return to the heart of their faith and identity. Historically, Jerusalem had been the focal point of Jewish worship and governance, and its restoration was essential for the re-establishment of the nation of Israel. The city's name, meaning "foundation of peace," reflects the hope and promise of God's presence and blessing upon His people.

And all their neighbors
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of the return from exile. The Hebrew word for "neighbors" (רֵעִים, re'im) suggests those living in close proximity, indicating that the support came not only from fellow Israelites but potentially from non-Israelite residents of the region. This reflects a divine orchestration where God moves the hearts of even those outside the covenant community to fulfill His purposes, reminiscent of the Egyptians giving to the Israelites during the Exodus (Exodus 12:35-36).

supported them
The Hebrew root for "supported" (חָזַק, chazaq) means to strengthen or encourage. This implies more than just material support; it suggests a bolstering of morale and spirit. The neighbors' actions were a tangible expression of encouragement, reinforcing the resolve of the returning exiles to undertake the daunting task of rebuilding their homeland and temple.

with articles of silver and gold
Silver and gold were not only valuable commodities but also held significant cultural and religious importance. In the ancient Near East, these metals were often associated with wealth, power, and divine favor. The provision of such articles signifies a transfer of wealth and a divine blessing, echoing the wealth given to the Israelites during the Exodus, symbolizing God's provision and the restoration of Israel's fortunes.

with goods and livestock
The inclusion of goods and livestock indicates a comprehensive support system. Goods (כְּלִי, keli) could include tools, clothing, or other necessities for daily life and rebuilding efforts. Livestock (מִקְנֶה, miqneh) was essential for agriculture and transportation, underscoring the practical needs for establishing a sustainable community. This provision ensured that the returning exiles had the means to thrive in their renewed homeland.

and with valuable gifts
The term "valuable gifts" (מִגְדָּנוֹת, migdanot) suggests items of great worth, possibly including precious stones or other luxury items. These gifts reflect the generosity and willingness of the neighbors to contribute beyond mere necessity, indicating a recognition of the significance of the exiles' mission and perhaps a reverence for the God of Israel.

in addition to all their freewill offerings
The phrase "freewill offerings" (נְדָבוֹת, nedavot) refers to voluntary contributions made out of devotion rather than obligation. This highlights the heartfelt commitment of the people to the cause of rebuilding the temple. It underscores a principle of giving that is rooted in love and dedication to God, reflecting the spirit of worship and sacrifice that characterized the community's return to Jerusalem.

King Cyrus
The mention of King Cyrus is significant in the biblical narrative as he is seen as a divinely appointed leader who fulfills God's promise to restore His people. Historically, Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire and is known for his policy of religious tolerance and restoration. In Isaiah 45:1, Cyrus is referred to as the Lord's anointed, indicating his role in God's plan for Israel. His decree to return the exiles and restore the temple articles underscores his unique position in biblical history as a Gentile king used by God to accomplish His purposes.

brought out
This phrase indicates an action of restoration and return. The Hebrew root for "brought out" is "yatsa," which often implies a deliverance or bringing forth. In this context, it signifies the reversal of the exile's effects and the beginning of a new chapter for the Israelites. It is a physical act that symbolizes spiritual renewal and the faithfulness of God in restoring what was lost.

the articles belonging to the house of the LORD
These articles were sacred objects used in the worship and service of God in the temple. Their return is not merely about physical items but represents the restoration of proper worship and the reestablishment of the covenant relationship between God and His people. The articles' return signifies the renewal of spiritual life and the importance of worship in the community of faith.

which Nebuchadnezzar had carried away from Jerusalem
Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king, had previously conquered Jerusalem and taken these sacred articles as spoils of war. This act was a profound symbol of the judgment and exile of God's people. The historical context here is the Babylonian captivity, a period of great trial and reflection for the Israelites. The mention of Nebuchadnezzar serves as a reminder of past disobedience and the consequences of turning away from God.

and placed in the temple of his gods
This phrase highlights the desecration and misuse of what was holy. The articles, once used in the worship of Yahweh, were placed in a pagan temple, symbolizing the triumph of Babylonian gods over the God of Israel. However, the return of these items under Cyrus's decree demonstrates God's sovereignty and the ultimate futility of idolatry. It is a powerful reminder that God will not share His glory with another and that He is faithful to restore His people and His worship.

Cyrus king of Persia
Cyrus, known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. His decree to release the Jewish exiles and allow them to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple is a pivotal moment in biblical history. The Hebrew name for Cyrus is "Koresh," and his role as a liberator is seen as a fulfillment of prophecy, particularly in Isaiah 44:28 and 45:1, where he is called God's "anointed." This highlights God's sovereignty over nations and rulers, using them to fulfill His divine purposes.

had them brought out
The phrase indicates the action of retrieving the sacred articles that Nebuchadnezzar had taken from the temple in Jerusalem. This act of restoration symbolizes God's faithfulness in preserving His covenant with Israel. The return of these items is not just a physical restoration but also a spiritual renewal for the Jewish people, signifying the beginning of a new chapter in their relationship with God.

by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer
Mithredath, whose name means "given by Mithra," was likely a high-ranking official in the Persian administration. His role as treasurer underscores the organized and official nature of the return of the temple articles. This detail reflects the meticulous care and respect given to the sacred objects, emphasizing the importance of proper stewardship and accountability in handling what is holy.

who counted them out
The act of counting signifies careful inventory and accountability. In a broader spiritual sense, it reflects the importance of order and precision in God's work. This meticulous process ensures that nothing is lost or overlooked, symbolizing God's attention to detail and His care for every aspect of His people's worship and service.

to Sheshbazzar the prince of Judah
Sheshbazzar is identified as the "prince of Judah," a title that suggests leadership and responsibility. His Babylonian name indicates his assimilation into the Babylonian culture, yet his role in the return signifies a restoration of Jewish leadership. Sheshbazzar's involvement highlights the theme of redemption and the re-establishment of God's chosen people in their homeland. His leadership is a reminder of God's promise to restore and rebuild, using His appointed leaders to guide His people according to His divine plan.

This was the inventory
The term "inventory" here refers to a detailed list or record of items. In the context of Ezra, this inventory signifies the careful and deliberate process of accounting for the sacred items that were taken from the temple in Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and were now being returned. The Hebrew root for "inventory" suggests a sense of order and accountability, reflecting the importance of these items in the religious and cultural life of the Jewish people. This meticulous record-keeping underscores the faithfulness of God in preserving His sacred vessels and the hope of restoration for His people.

30 gold dishes
The "gold dishes" were likely used in the temple for various ceremonial purposes, possibly for offerings or other sacred rites. Gold, being a precious metal, symbolizes purity, value, and divine glory. The number 30, in biblical numerology, can represent dedication to a particular task or calling, as seen in the age when Levites began their service. This highlights the dedication required in the service of God and the preciousness of worship.

1,000 silver dishes
Silver, in biblical symbolism, often represents redemption and atonement. The large number, 1,000, signifies abundance and completeness. This could reflect the comprehensive nature of God's provision and the fullness of His redemptive plan for His people. The silver dishes, like the gold ones, were integral to the worship practices in the temple, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the sanctity and continuity of worship even in exile.

29 silver utensils
The "silver utensils" were likely smaller items used in temple rituals. The number 29, while not as symbolically significant as other numbers, still indicates a precise accounting. Each utensil, though perhaps seemingly insignificant, had a role in the worship and service of God. This reminds us that in God's economy, every detail matters, and every act of service, no matter how small, is significant in His sight. The use of silver again points to themes of redemption and the preciousness of each item in the service of God.

thirty gold bowls
The mention of "thirty gold bowls" signifies the wealth and splendor of the temple artifacts that were taken to Babylon and are now being returned. In the Hebrew context, gold is often associated with purity, divinity, and kingship. The bowls, likely used in temple rituals, symbolize the restoration of worship and the re-establishment of the covenant relationship between God and His people. The number thirty can also be seen as a symbol of maturity and responsibility, indicating the readiness of the Israelites to resume their sacred duties.

four hundred ten matching silver bowls
Silver, in biblical symbolism, often represents redemption and truth. The "four hundred ten matching silver bowls" suggest a substantial collection of items necessary for the temple's function. The precision in the number and the fact that they are "matching" underscores the order and meticulousness in God's plan for restoration. Historically, silver was a common medium of exchange, and its abundance here reflects the generosity of King Cyrus's decree and the providence of God in ensuring the temple's needs are met.

a thousand other articles
The phrase "a thousand other articles" indicates the vastness and diversity of the temple treasures being returned. The number one thousand in biblical terms often signifies completeness or abundance. This reflects the comprehensive nature of God's provision and the thoroughness of the restoration process. It also highlights the importance of every item, no matter how small, in the worship and service of God, reminding believers of the value of each contribution to the faith community.

In all
This phrase signifies the totality and completeness of the items being discussed. In the context of the return from exile, it underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to restore His people and their sacred items. The Hebrew root here conveys a sense of wholeness and completion, reflecting God's faithfulness in restoring what was lost.

there were 5,400
The specific number of articles, 5,400, highlights the precision and care with which the inventory was taken. Numbers in the Bible often carry symbolic meaning, and while the exact significance of 5,400 is not explicitly stated, it suggests abundance and the meticulous nature of God's provision. Historically, this enumeration underscores the importance of the temple treasures and their role in worship.

gold and silver articles
Gold and silver were precious metals used extensively in the construction and adornment of the temple, symbolizing purity, value, and divine glory. The return of these articles signifies the restoration of true worship and the re-establishment of the temple's sanctity. Biblically, gold often represents kingship and divinity, while silver can symbolize redemption.

Sheshbazzar
Sheshbazzar is identified as the leader of the first group of returning exiles. His name, possibly of Babylonian origin, suggests a connection to the royal line of Judah, possibly a prince or governor. His role in leading the exiles and transporting the temple treasures highlights the continuity of leadership and God's providential care in guiding His people back to their homeland.

brought all these along
This phrase emphasizes the careful and deliberate action of transporting the sacred items. It reflects the responsibility and reverence with which Sheshbazzar and the exiles approached their task. The Hebrew verb used here conveys a sense of carrying or bearing a burden, indicating the weight of responsibility in restoring the temple's glory.

when the exiles went up
The phrase "went up" is significant in biblical language, often used to describe the act of ascending to Jerusalem, which is geographically elevated. Spiritually, it denotes an act of pilgrimage and return to a place of divine presence. The exiles' return marks a pivotal moment of renewal and hope, fulfilling prophetic promises of restoration.

from Babylon to Jerusalem
This journey from Babylon to Jerusalem is not just a physical relocation but a profound spiritual return to the heart of Israel's faith. Babylon, a place of exile and captivity, contrasts with Jerusalem, the city of God and center of worship. This transition symbolizes liberation, redemption, and the re-establishment of covenantal relationship with God. Historically, it marks the end of the Babylonian captivity and the beginning of a new chapter in Israel's history.