1 Samuel 21:6

So the priest gave him the consecrated bread, since there was no bread there but the Bread of the Presence, which had been removed from before the LORD and replaced with hot bread on the day it was taken away.

Study Bible

So the priest gave him
The act of giving by the priest, Ahimelech, is significant in the context of ancient Israelite culture. The Hebrew word for "gave" is "nathan," which implies a deliberate and purposeful action. This act of giving is not merely a transaction but a compassionate response to David's need. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects God's provision for His people, even in unexpected ways. The priest's decision to give the bread to David, despite the ceremonial laws, underscores the principle that human need can take precedence over ritualistic observance.

consecrated bread
The term "consecrated" refers to something that is set apart as holy. In Hebrew, the word is "qodesh," indicating that this bread was dedicated to God. The consecrated bread, also known as the "showbread" or "Bread of the Presence," was a symbol of God's continual presence and provision for Israel. It was placed on a special table in the Tabernacle, signifying the covenant relationship between God and His people. This bread was typically reserved for the priests, yet here it is given to David, highlighting God's grace and the flexibility of divine law in the face of human necessity.

for there was no bread there
This phrase emphasizes the scarcity of resources at the time. The absence of ordinary bread underscores the urgency of David's situation and the extraordinary nature of the provision he receives. It also serves as a reminder of the times when God provides for His people in ways that transcend normal expectations, pointing to His sovereignty and care.

but the Bread of the Presence
The "Bread of the Presence" is a direct translation of the Hebrew "lechem panim," which literally means "bread of the face." This bread was a perpetual offering before the face of God, symbolizing His presence and favor. It was a weekly reminder of God's covenant and His sustenance. The fact that David receives this bread is a profound indication of God's favor and the foreshadowing of Christ, who is the true Bread of Life, offering sustenance to all who come to Him.

which had been removed from before the LORD
The removal of the bread signifies the regular practice of replacing the old bread with fresh loaves every Sabbath. This ritual act was part of the Levitical duties, ensuring that the offering before God was always fresh and pure. The removal and replacement of the bread symbolize renewal and the ongoing nature of God's covenant with His people. It also points to the idea that God's provision is continuous and ever-present.

and replaced with hot bread
The replacement of the bread with "hot bread" indicates the freshness and newness of God's provision. The Hebrew word for "hot" is "cham," suggesting warmth and immediacy. This act of replacing the bread weekly with fresh loaves is a testament to the living and active nature of God's word and His promises. It serves as a reminder that God's mercies are new every morning, and His provision is always timely and sufficient.

on the day it was taken away
This phrase highlights the specific timing of the ritual, emphasizing the order and precision of the Levitical practices. The bread was taken away and replaced on the Sabbath, a day set apart for rest and worship. This timing underscores the sacred rhythm of life ordained by God, where provision and worship are intertwined. It also points to the idea that God's timing is perfect, and His provision comes exactly when it is needed.

Persons / Places / Events

1. David
The future king of Israel, who is fleeing from King Saul and seeking sustenance.

2. Ahimelech
The priest at Nob who provides David with the consecrated bread.

3. Nob
The city of priests where Ahimelech serves and where the tabernacle is located.

4. Bread of the Presence
Also known as "showbread," this is the consecrated bread placed in the tabernacle as an offering to God.

5. The LORD
The covenant name of God, before whom the Bread of the Presence is placed.

Teaching Points

God's Provision in Times of Need
David's reception of the consecrated bread illustrates God's provision for His people, even in unconventional ways. Trust in God's ability to meet needs beyond human expectations.

Mercy Over Ritual
The act of giving the consecrated bread to David underscores the principle that mercy and human need can take precedence over ritualistic observance. Reflect on how this principle applies in your life and community.

The Role of Priests and Leaders
Ahimelech's decision to give the bread to David shows the responsibility of spiritual leaders to discern and act with compassion. Consider how leaders today can balance tradition with the needs of their congregation.

Sacredness and Practicality
The Bread of the Presence was sacred, yet it served a practical purpose in this account. Explore how sacred elements in your faith can have practical applications in daily life.

Foreshadowing Christ's Ministry
This event foreshadows Christ's teaching on the Sabbath and His emphasis on compassion. Recognize how Old Testament events point to the New Testament fulfillment in Christ.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does David's request for the Bread of the Presence demonstrate his faith in God's provision?

2. In what ways does Ahimelech's response to David's need challenge our understanding of religious rituals and compassion?

3. How can we apply the principle of "mercy over sacrifice" in our daily interactions and decision-making?

4. What does this passage teach us about the role of spiritual leaders in addressing the needs of their community?

5. How does this event in David's life foreshadow the teachings and ministry of Jesus Christ, particularly regarding the Sabbath and acts of mercy?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Leviticus 24:5-9
This passage outlines the instructions for the Bread of the Presence, which is to be set before the LORD continually and eaten by the priests.

Matthew 12:1-8
Jesus references this event when discussing the Sabbath, highlighting mercy over sacrifice and the precedence of human need.

Mark 2:25-26
Another account of Jesus referencing David's actions, emphasizing the principle of necessity and compassion.

Hebrews 9:2
Describes the setup of the tabernacle, including the table and the Bread of the Presence, providing context for its sacredness.