The sacred garments, as described in the Bible, are the divinely ordained vestments worn by the priests of Israel, particularly the high priest, during their service in the Tabernacle and later in the Temple. These garments are detailed primarily in the Book of Exodus and hold significant theological and symbolic meaning, representing holiness, service, and the unique role of the priesthood in mediating between God and the people of Israel.

Biblical Description

The instructions for the sacred garments are found in Exodus 28 and 39. God commands Moses to make these garments for Aaron, his brother, who is to serve as the high priest. The garments are designed "for glory and for beauty" (Exodus 28:2), signifying the dignity and honor of the priestly office.

Components of the Sacred Garments

1. The Ephod: The ephod is a richly embroidered garment made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen. It includes two shoulder pieces with onyx stones engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, symbolizing the high priest bearing the people before the Lord (Exodus 28:6-12).

2. The Breastpiece of Judgment: Attached to the ephod is the breastpiece, a square, ornate piece containing twelve stones, each representing one of the tribes of Israel. It holds the Urim and Thummim, tools for discerning God's will (Exodus 28:15-30).

3. The Robe of the Ephod: This robe is entirely blue with a hem adorned with pomegranates and golden bells. The bells serve a practical purpose, allowing the sound to be heard when the high priest enters and exits the Holy Place, ensuring he does not die (Exodus 28:31-35).

4. The Turban and the Plate of Gold: The high priest wears a turban with a gold plate inscribed with "Holy to the LORD" (Exodus 28:36-38). This signifies the consecration of the high priest to God.

5. The Tunic, Sash, and Undergarments: The tunic is a finely woven linen garment, accompanied by a sash and linen undergarments, ensuring modesty and purity (Exodus 28:39-43).

Symbolism and Function

The sacred garments serve multiple purposes. They are a constant reminder of the holiness required of those who approach God on behalf of the people. The materials and colors used in the garments reflect the splendor and majesty of God, while the intricate design signifies the order and precision of divine worship.

The high priest, adorned in these garments, acts as a mediator between God and Israel, bearing the names of the tribes on his shoulders and over his heart, symbolizing his role in intercession and representation. The garments also foreshadow the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who fulfills and transcends the Old Testament priesthood through His perfect sacrifice and eternal intercession.

Priestly Garments for Ordinary Priests

While the high priest's garments are the most detailed, ordinary priests also wear specific attire. Their garments include tunics, sashes, and caps, all made of fine linen, emphasizing purity and service (Exodus 28:40-43).

New Testament Reflection

In the New Testament, the concept of sacred garments is spiritually extended to all believers, who are called to "put on the new self, created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness" (Ephesians 4:24). The imagery of clothing oneself with Christ (Galatians 3:27) and the armor of God (Ephesians 6:11) reflects the ongoing call to holiness and service in the Christian life.