The term "Surrounding Kingdoms" in the context of the Bible refers to the various nations and political entities that bordered and interacted with the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah. These kingdoms played significant roles in the historical, cultural, and religious development of the Israelites, as recorded in the Old Testament. Understanding these surrounding kingdoms provides insight into the geopolitical landscape of the biblical narrative.

Egypt

Egypt, located to the southwest of Israel, is one of the most frequently mentioned surrounding kingdoms in the Bible. It was a powerful and influential civilization known for its advanced culture and monumental architecture. The Israelites' bondage in Egypt and subsequent Exodus is a foundational narrative in the Bible. In Genesis 12:10, Abraham sojourns in Egypt due to famine, and in Exodus 1:8-14, the Israelites are enslaved by a Pharaoh who "did not know Joseph." Egypt is often depicted as a place of refuge and temptation, as well as a symbol of oppression and idolatry.

Philistia

The Philistines were a confederation of city-states located along the coastal region of Canaan. They are frequently mentioned as adversaries of Israel during the period of the Judges and the early monarchy. The Philistines are best known for their conflicts with figures such as Samson (Judges 13-16) and King David (1 Samuel 17). The Philistines' advanced military technology, including iron weaponry, posed a significant threat to the Israelites.

Moab and Ammon

The kingdoms of Moab and Ammon were located east of the Jordan River. Both were descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, as described in Genesis 19:36-38. Moab and Ammon had complex relationships with Israel, ranging from hostility to temporary alliances. The Moabite King Balak's attempt to curse Israel through the prophet Balaam (Numbers 22-24) and the Ammonite oppression during the time of Jephthah (Judges 11) are notable events involving these kingdoms.

Edom

Edom, situated to the south of the Dead Sea, was inhabited by the descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother (Genesis 36:1). The Edomites often had contentious relations with Israel, as seen in their refusal to allow the Israelites passage through their land during the Exodus (Numbers 20:14-21). Despite their kinship, Edom frequently opposed Israel, and prophetic books like Obadiah and Ezekiel pronounce judgments against Edom for their actions.

Aram (Syria)

Aram, also known as Syria, was located to the northeast of Israel. The Arameans were a significant power during the time of the divided monarchy. The Bible records numerous conflicts between Aram and Israel, including the wars during the reigns of King Ahab and King Jehoram (1 Kings 20; 2 Kings 6-7). The prophet Elisha's interactions with the Arameans, including the healing of Naaman (2 Kings 5), highlight the complex relationship between the two nations.

Assyria

Assyria, located in Mesopotamia, emerged as a dominant empire during the 8th and 7th centuries BC. The Assyrians are known for their military prowess and brutal conquests. They played a crucial role in the history of Israel and Judah, culminating in the conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel in 722 BC (2 Kings 17:6). The prophets Isaiah and Nahum, among others, prophesied against Assyria, foretelling its eventual downfall.

Babylon

Babylon, another Mesopotamian empire, rose to prominence after Assyria's decline. The Babylonian conquest of Judah and the subsequent exile of the Jewish people in 586 BC (2 Kings 25) marked a significant turning point in biblical history. The prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel ministered during this period, offering messages of judgment and hope. Babylon is often depicted as a symbol of human pride and opposition to God, as seen in the account of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9).

Persia

The Persian Empire, under the leadership of Cyrus the Great, conquered Babylon and allowed the Jewish exiles to return to their homeland (Ezra 1:1-4). Persia's relatively benevolent policies towards the Jews facilitated the rebuilding of the Temple and the restoration of Jerusalem. The books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther provide insights into the Jewish experience under Persian rule.

These surrounding kingdoms, each with their unique interactions with Israel and Judah, are integral to understanding the historical and theological context of the Bible. Their influence is seen in the narratives, prophecies, and laws that shape the biblical text.