The Decree of Darius refers to a significant royal edict issued by King Darius I of Persia, which played a crucial role in the history of the Jewish people during the post-exilic period. This decree is primarily documented in the Old Testament book of Ezra, specifically in Ezra 6:1-12. The decree is a continuation and confirmation of the earlier decree by King Cyrus, which allowed the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.

Historical Context

Following the Babylonian exile, the Persian Empire, under the leadership of Cyrus the Great, conquered Babylon in 539 BC. Cyrus issued a decree allowing the Jewish exiles to return to their homeland and rebuild the temple in Jerusalem (Ezra 1:1-4). However, the rebuilding efforts faced opposition from local adversaries, leading to a halt in construction. During the reign of Darius I (522-486 BC), the Jewish leaders, including Zerubbabel and Jeshua, resumed the work on the temple, prompting further opposition and an appeal to the Persian authorities.

Content of the Decree

The decree of Darius was issued after a search of the royal archives confirmed the original decree of Cyrus. In Ezra 6:1-12, Darius commands that the work on the temple should not be hindered and provides specific instructions to support the construction:

1. Confirmation of Cyrus' Decree: Darius reaffirms the decree of Cyrus, emphasizing the legitimacy of the Jewish efforts to rebuild the temple (Ezra 6:3-5).

2. Protection and Support: Darius orders the local governors and officials to cease their interference and to provide financial and material support for the construction from the royal treasury (Ezra 6:6-8).

3. Provision for Sacrifices: The decree includes provisions for the daily sacrifices, ensuring that the Jewish priests have the necessary resources to offer burnt offerings to the God of heaven (Ezra 6:9-10).

4. Penalty for Disobedience: Darius imposes a severe penalty for anyone who alters the decree, stating that violators would be impaled on a beam from their own house, which would then be made a dunghill (Ezra 6:11).

5. Invocation of Divine Favor: The decree concludes with a request for divine favor, asking that the God who has caused His name to dwell in Jerusalem overthrow any king or people who attempt to alter or destroy the temple (Ezra 6:12).

Theological Significance

The Decree of Darius is significant in the biblical narrative as it underscores the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations. It highlights the fulfillment of prophetic promises regarding the restoration of Jerusalem and the temple. The decree also illustrates the theme of divine providence, as God uses a pagan king to accomplish His purposes for His people. The support and protection provided by Darius serve as a testament to God's faithfulness and His ability to work through secular authorities to bring about His divine plan.

Impact on Jewish History

The decree facilitated the completion of the Second Temple in 516 BC, marking a pivotal moment in Jewish history. The temple's completion restored the central place of worship for the Jewish people and reestablished their religious practices. This period of restoration laid the foundation for the subsequent religious and cultural developments in the Jewish community, as they sought to maintain their identity and faith amidst foreign rule.

The Decree of Darius, therefore, stands as a testament to the enduring faith of the Jewish people and the unwavering commitment of God to His covenant promises.