Psalm 88:17
All day long they engulf me like water; they enclose me on every side.
All day long
This phrase emphasizes the unrelenting nature of the psalmist's suffering. In the Hebrew text, the word used here is "kol," which means "all" or "every." It signifies completeness and totality. The psalmist is expressing that his afflictions are not momentary but continuous, affecting every part of his day. This relentless suffering can be seen as a metaphor for the trials believers face in life, reminding us that God's presence is needed at all times, not just in moments of crisis.

they engulf me
The imagery of being engulfed suggests being overwhelmed or submerged, as if by a flood. The Hebrew root "shataph" conveys the idea of being swept away or inundated. This vivid picture of drowning in troubles can resonate with anyone who has felt overwhelmed by life's challenges. It serves as a reminder of the psalmist's vulnerability and the depth of his despair, yet it also points to the need for divine rescue and the hope that God can lift us out of the depths.

like water
Water is often used in Scripture as a symbol of chaos and danger, as seen in the Genesis flood or the Red Sea. Here, it represents the overwhelming nature of the psalmist's afflictions. The Hebrew word "mayim" is used, which can refer to both literal and metaphorical waters. This imagery underscores the psalmist's feeling of being out of control and at the mercy of his circumstances, yet it also reminds us of God's power over the waters, as He parted the Red Sea and calmed the stormy seas.

they close in on me
This phrase conveys a sense of entrapment and suffocation. The Hebrew root "naqaph" means to surround or encircle, suggesting that the psalmist feels trapped with no escape. This can be likened to the spiritual battles believers face, where it seems as though the forces of darkness are closing in. Yet, in the broader biblical narrative, we are reminded that God is our refuge and fortress, capable of breaking through any encirclement and providing a way out.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Heman the Ezrahite
Traditionally attributed as the author of Psalm 88, Heman was a wise man and a musician in the time of King David. He is known for his role in the temple worship and his contributions to the Psalms.

2. The Sons of Korah
This group is associated with the composition and performance of several psalms. They were Levites who played a significant role in temple worship.

3. The Temple in Jerusalem
The central place of worship for the Israelites, where psalms like this one would have been sung or recited.
Teaching Points
The Reality of Suffering
Psalm 88 is a reminder that suffering is a real and persistent part of the human experience. It acknowledges the depth of despair that believers can feel, even when they are faithful.

The Language of Lament
This psalm teaches us the importance of bringing our deepest pains and struggles before God. Lament is a valid and necessary form of prayer.

God's Presence in Darkness
Even when we feel engulfed by troubles, we can trust that God is present. The psalm encourages us to seek Him persistently, even when we do not feel His presence.

Community Support
The psalmist's cry for help highlights the need for community support. As believers, we should be attentive to those around us who are suffering and offer them support and prayer.

Hope Beyond Despair
While Psalm 88 ends in darkness, it is part of a larger biblical account that points to hope and redemption through Christ. We are reminded that our ultimate hope is in Him.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does the imagery of water in Psalm 88:17 relate to your own experiences of feeling overwhelmed? Can you think of other biblical passages that use similar imagery?

2. In what ways can the practice of lament, as seen in Psalm 88, be incorporated into your personal prayer life?

3. How can the church community better support individuals who feel surrounded by troubles, as described in this psalm?

4. Reflect on a time when you felt God's presence in the midst of darkness. How did that experience shape your faith?

5. How does the message of hope in the broader biblical account provide comfort when reading a psalm that ends in despair like Psalm 88?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Psalm 42
This psalm also uses the imagery of being overwhelmed by water, expressing a deep longing for God amidst distress.

Job 30
Job describes his own suffering using similar language, feeling surrounded and overwhelmed by his afflictions.

Lamentations 3
The prophet Jeremiah expresses feelings of being besieged and surrounded by hardship, echoing the sentiments of Psalm 88.
A Portrait of a Suffering ManHomilistPsalm 88:1-18
Heman's Sorrowful PsalmPsalm 88:1-18
Light in the DarknessC. Short Psalm 88:1-18
No Trouble Too Great for God to LiftThe Advertiser.Psalm 88:1-18
The Saddest Psalm in the PsalterS. Conway Psalm 88:1-18
People
Abaddon, Ethan, Heman, Korah, Mahalath, Psalmist
Places
Jerusalem
Topics
Altogether, Circle, Close, Compassed, Completely, Daily, Encompassed, Engulfed, Flood, Round, Surround, Surrounded, Waters
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Psalm 88:1-18

     5831   depression
     8613   prayer, persistence

Psalm 88:3-18

     5265   complaints

Psalm 88:14-18

     8672   striving with God

Psalm 88:15-18

     9614   hope, results of absence

Psalm 88:16-17

     4260   rivers and streams

Library
Out of the Deep of Doubt, Darkness, and Hell.
O Lord God of my salvation, I have cried day and night unto Thee. Oh! let my prayer enter into Thy presence. For my soul is full of trouble and my life draweth nigh unto Hell. Thou hast laid me in the lowest pit, in a place of darkness, and in the deep.--Ps. lxxxviii. 1, 2. If I go down to Hell, Thou art there also. Yea, the darkness is no darkness with Thee; but the night is as clear as the day.--Ps. cxxxix. 7, 11. I waited patiently for the Lord; and He inclined unto me, and heard my calling.
Charles Kingsley—Out of the Deep

How to Make Use of Christ as the Truth, that we May Get Our Case and Condition Cleared up to Us.
The believer is oft complaining of darkness concerning his case and condition, so as he cannot tell what to say of himself, or what judgment to pass on himself, and he knoweth not how to win to a distinct and clear discovery of his state and condition. Now, it is truth alone, and the Truth, that can satisfy them as to this. The question then is, how they shall make use of, and apply themselves to this truth, to the end they may get the truth of their condition discovered to them. But first let us
John Brown (of Wamphray)—Christ The Way, The Truth, and The Life

How a Desolate Man Ought to Commit Himself into the Hands of God
O Lord, Holy Father, be Thou blessed now and evermore; because as Thou wilt so it is done, and what Thou doest is good. Let Thy servant rejoice in Thee, not in himself, nor in any other; because Thou alone art the true joy, Thou art my hope and my crown, Thou art my joy and my honour, O Lord. What hath Thy servant, which he received not from Thee, even without merit of his own? Thine are all things which Thou hast given, and which Thou hast made. I am poor and in misery even from my youth up,(1)
Thomas A Kempis—Imitation of Christ

Our Status.
"And he believed in the Lord: and he counted it to him for righteousness." --Gen. xv. 6. The right touches a man's status. So long as the law has not proven him guilty, has not convicted and sentenced him, his legal status is that of a free and law-abiding citizen. But as soon as his guilt is proven in court and the jury has convicted him, he passes from that into the status of the bound and law-breaking citizen. The same applies to our relation to God. Our status before God is that either of the
Abraham Kuyper—The Work of the Holy Spirit

His Past Work.
His past work was accomplished by Him when he became incarnate. It was finished when He died on Calvary's cross. We have therefore to consider first of all these fundamentals of our faith. I. The Work of the Son of God is foreshadowed and predicted in the Old Testament Scriptures. II. The incarnation of the Son of God. III. His Work on the cross and what has been accomplished by it. I. Through the Old Testament Scriptures, God announced beforehand the work of His Son. This is a great theme and one
A. C. Gaebelein—The Work Of Christ

How is Christ, as the Life, to be Applied by a Soul that Misseth God's Favour and Countenance.
The sixth case, that we shall speak a little to, is a deadness, occasioned by the Lord's hiding of himself, who is their life, and "the fountain of life," Ps. xxxvi. 9, and "whose loving-kindness is better than life," Ps. lxiii. 3, and "in whose favour is their life," Ps. xxx. 5. A case, which the frequent complaints of the saints manifest to be rife enough, concerning which we shall, 1. Shew some of the consequences of the Lord's hiding his face, whereby the soul's case will appear. 2. Shew the
John Brown (of Wamphray)—Christ The Way, The Truth, and The Life

Letter xvi to Rainald, Abbot of Foigny
To Rainald, Abbot of Foigny Bernard declares to him how little he loves praise; that the yoke of Christ is light; that he declines the name of father, and is content with that of brother. 1. In the first place, do not wonder if titles of honour affright me, when I feel myself so unworthy of the honours themselves; and if it is fitting that you should give them to me, it is not expedient for me to accept them. For if you think that you ought to observe that saying, In honour preferring one another
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux—Some Letters of Saint Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux

Letter xxiv (Circa A. D. 1126) to Oger, Regular Canon
To Oger, Regular Canon [34] Bernard blames him for his resignation of his pastoral charge, although made from the love of a calm and pious life. None the less, he instructs him how, after becoming a private person, he ought to live in community. To Brother Oger, the Canon, Brother Bernard, monk but sinner, wishes that he may walk worthily of God even to the end, and embraces him with the fullest affection. 1. If I seem to have been too slow in replying to your letter, ascribe it to my not having
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux—Some Letters of Saint Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux

The Wrath of God
What does every sin deserve? God's wrath and curse, both in this life, and in that which is to come. Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire.' Matt 25: 41. Man having sinned, is like a favourite turned out of the king's favour, and deserves the wrath and curse of God. He deserves God's curse. Gal 3: 10. As when Christ cursed the fig-tree, it withered; so, when God curses any, he withers in his soul. Matt 21: 19. God's curse blasts wherever it comes. He deserves also God's wrath, which is
Thomas Watson—The Ten Commandments

Period ii. The Church from the Permanent Division of the Empire Until the Collapse of the Western Empire and the First Schism Between the East and the West, or Until About A. D. 500
In the second period of the history of the Church under the Christian Empire, the Church, although existing in two divisions of the Empire and experiencing very different political fortunes, may still be regarded as forming a whole. The theological controversies distracting the Church, although different in the two halves of the Graeco-Roman world, were felt to some extent in both divisions of the Empire and not merely in the one in which they were principally fought out; and in the condemnation
Joseph Cullen Ayer Jr., Ph.D.—A Source Book for Ancient Church History

Sense in Which, and End for which all Things were Delivered to the Incarnate Son.
For whereas man sinned, and is fallen, and by his fall all things are in confusion: death prevailed from Adam to Moses (cf. Rom. v. 14), the earth was cursed, Hades was opened, Paradise shut, Heaven offended, man, lastly, corrupted and brutalised (cf. Ps. xlix. 12), while the devil was exulting against us;--then God, in His loving-kindness, not willing man made in His own image to perish, said, Whom shall I send, and who will go?' (Isa. vi. 8). But while all held their peace, the Son [441] said,
Athanasius—Select Works and Letters or Athanasius

Of Faith. The Definition of It. Its Peculiar Properties.
1. A brief recapitulation of the leading points of the whole discussion. The scope of this chapter. The necessity of the doctrine of faith. This doctrine obscured by the Schoolmen, who make God the object of faith, without referring to Christ. The Schoolmen refuted by various passages. 2. The dogma of implicit faith refuted. It destroys faith, which consists in a knowledge of the divine will. What this will is, and how necessary the knowledge of it. 3. Many things are and will continue to be implicitly
John Calvin—The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Psalms
The piety of the Old Testament Church is reflected with more clearness and variety in the Psalter than in any other book of the Old Testament. It constitutes the response of the Church to the divine demands of prophecy, and, in a less degree, of law; or, rather, it expresses those emotions and aspirations of the universal heart which lie deeper than any formal demand. It is the speech of the soul face to face with God. Its words are as simple and unaffected as human words can be, for it is the genius
John Edgar McFadyen—Introduction to the Old Testament

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