Leviticus 24:18

Whoever kills an animal must make restitution--life for life.

Study Bible

Whoever kills an animal
This phrase sets the stage for the principle of accountability in the community of Israel. The Hebrew word for "kills" is "נכה" (nakah), which implies a deliberate act of striking or smiting. In the ancient Near Eastern context, animals were vital for survival, providing food, clothing, and labor. The act of killing an animal, therefore, was not taken lightly and required a sense of responsibility and respect for God's creation. This reflects the broader biblical principle of stewardship over the earth and its creatures, as seen in Genesis 1:28.

must make restitution
The concept of restitution is central to the justice system outlined in the Torah. The Hebrew word "שׁלם" (shalam) means to make whole or to restore. This requirement underscores the importance of maintaining harmony and balance within the community. Restitution is not merely a legal obligation but a moral one, reflecting God's justice and mercy. It serves as a reminder that actions have consequences and that reconciliation is a key aspect of living in accordance with God's will.

life for life
This phrase encapsulates the principle of equivalence in justice, often referred to as "lex talionis" or the law of retaliation. The Hebrew term "נפשׁ" (nephesh) is used for "life," indicating the soul or the living being. In the context of Leviticus, this principle ensures that the value of life is upheld and that justice is proportionate. It is important to note that this is not a call for vengeance but a structured way to maintain order and fairness. This principle is echoed in the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the spirit of the law over the letter, urging believers to seek reconciliation and forgiveness (Matthew 5:38-42).

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
The author of Leviticus, who received the laws from God on Mount Sinai and communicated them to the Israelites.

2. Israelites
The recipients of the Levitical laws, God's chosen people, who were being prepared to live as a holy nation.

3. Mount Sinai
The place where God gave the Law to Moses, including the laws found in Leviticus.

4. Animal
In this context, refers to livestock or domesticated animals that were valuable to the Israelites for food, labor, and sacrifice.

5. Restitution
The act of making amends or compensation for loss or harm, a key principle in the justice system outlined in the Mosaic Law.

Teaching Points

The Value of Life
The law underscores the value of life, both human and animal, and the need for justice when life is taken. This principle calls us to respect and protect life in all its forms.

Principle of Restitution
Restitution is a biblical principle that emphasizes making things right when wrongs are committed. In our lives, we should seek to restore relationships and make amends where possible.

Justice and Mercy
While the law demands justice, the New Testament calls us to balance justice with mercy. We should strive to uphold justice while also extending grace and forgiveness.

Responsibility and Stewardship
The law teaches us about responsibility and stewardship over God's creation. We are called to care for the resources and creatures entrusted to us.

Reflecting God's Character
By adhering to principles of justice and restitution, we reflect God's character, who is just and righteous. Our actions should mirror His holiness and fairness.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the principle of "life for life" in Leviticus 24:18 reflect God's view of justice and the value of life?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of restitution in our personal relationships today?

3. How does Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:38-42 expand upon the Old Testament laws of justice and restitution?

4. What are some practical ways we can demonstrate responsibility and stewardship over the resources and creatures God has entrusted to us?

5. How can we balance the call for justice with the call for mercy in our interactions with others, according to both Old and New Testament teachings?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 9:6
This verse establishes the principle of life for life, emphasizing the sanctity of life and the need for justice.

Exodus 21:33-36
These verses provide additional laws regarding restitution for harm done to animals, highlighting the importance of responsibility and fairness.

Matthew 5:38-42
Jesus references the "eye for an eye" principle, teaching about mercy and forgiveness, which expands on the concept of justice in the New Testament.

Romans 12:17-21
Paul speaks about not repaying evil for evil, encouraging believers to live peaceably and leave vengeance to God, which complements the Old Testament laws of restitution with a New Testament perspective on grace.