Genesis 36:31

These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom before any king reigned over the Israelites:

Study Bible

These are the kings
This phrase introduces a list of monarchs, indicating a structured and established governance in Edom. The Hebrew word for "kings" is "מְלָכִים" (melachim), which denotes rulers with authority and power. This suggests that Edom had a developed political system, possibly influenced by neighboring cultures. The mention of kings here highlights the historical reality of Edom as a significant entity with its own leadership, contrasting with the tribal leadership of Israel at the time.

who reigned
The Hebrew root "מָלַךְ" (malak) means to rule or reign, emphasizing the sovereignty and control these kings had over Edom. This word underscores the legitimacy and recognized authority of these rulers. It also implies a continuity of leadership, suggesting that Edom was a stable and enduring kingdom. This stability is noteworthy, as it contrasts with the later period of the Judges in Israel, where leadership was more sporadic and less centralized.

in the land of Edom
Edom, derived from the Hebrew "אֱדוֹם" (Edom), meaning "red," is a region southeast of Israel, traditionally associated with Esau, Jacob's brother. The land's name reflects its geographical and cultural identity, often characterized by its rugged terrain and red sandstone. Historically, Edom was a significant player in the region, with trade routes passing through it. This phrase situates the narrative in a real, historical context, reminding readers of the tangible and physical reality of biblical events.

before any king reigned over the Israelites
This phrase provides a chronological marker, indicating that Edom had established kingship before Israel did. The Hebrew word "לִפְנֵי" (lifnei) means "before," suggesting precedence in time. This highlights the contrast between Edom's early monarchy and Israel's later development of a centralized monarchy under Saul. It serves as a reminder of God's unique timing and plan for Israel, where leadership was initially through judges and prophets, emphasizing divine guidance over human kingship. This distinction underscores the theological theme of Israel's reliance on God as their ultimate king, even as they later adopt a monarchical system.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Edom
A region and a people descended from Esau, Jacob's brother. The Edomites were often in conflict with Israel throughout biblical history.

2. Kings of Edom
The passage lists the kings who ruled over Edom before Israel had its own monarchy, highlighting the established governance in Edom.

3. Israelites
The descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. At this point in Genesis, they had not yet established a monarchy.

4. Esau
The brother of Jacob, whose descendants became the Edomites. His account is foundational to understanding the relationship between Edom and Israel.

5. Monarchy
The concept of kingship, which is significant in the history of both Edom and Israel, as it marks a transition in governance and leadership.

Teaching Points

God's Sovereignty in Leadership
The mention of Edomite kings before Israel had a king reminds us that God is sovereign over all nations and their leaders, regardless of their acknowledgment of Him.

The Timing of God's Plans
God's timing for Israel to have a king was different from Edom's. This teaches us to trust in God's perfect timing for His plans in our lives.

The Consequences of Choices
Esau's choices led to the establishment of a nation that often opposed Israel. Our choices can have long-lasting impacts on future generations.

The Importance of Obedience
Israel's eventual request for a king was not in line with God's original plan. This highlights the importance of seeking God's will and being obedient to His guidance.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the early establishment of kings in Edom reflect on the nature of leadership and governance in the ancient world?

2. In what ways does the history of Edom and Israel illustrate the consequences of family dynamics and choices?

3. How can we apply the lesson of God's timing in leadership to our personal lives and decisions today?

4. What are the dangers of desiring something outside of God's timing, as seen in Israel's request for a king?

5. How can we ensure that our leadership, whether in family, work, or community, aligns with biblical principles as outlined in Deuteronomy 17:14-20?

Connections to Other Scriptures

1 Samuel 8
This chapter describes Israel's request for a king, which marks the beginning of their monarchy. It connects to Genesis 36:31 by showing the transition from judges to kings in Israel.

Deuteronomy 17:14-20
These verses provide God's guidelines for a king over Israel, contrasting with the kingship in Edom mentioned in Genesis 36:31.

Obadiah 1
The book of Obadiah prophesies against Edom, reflecting the ongoing tension between Edom and Israel.