Deuteronomy 19:21

You must show no pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, and foot for foot.

Study Bible

You must show no pity
This phrase underscores the principle of justice that is central to the Mosaic Law. The Hebrew root for "pity" is "חוס" (chus), which conveys a sense of sparing or showing compassion. In the context of ancient Israel, this command was intended to ensure that justice was administered fairly and without partiality. It reflects the seriousness with which God views justice and the importance of maintaining order and righteousness within the community. The absence of pity in this context is not a call for cruelty but a directive to uphold justice without allowing personal emotions to interfere with the equitable application of the law.

life for life
The phrase "life for life" is a direct reference to the principle of retributive justice, often referred to as lex talionis. This principle is rooted in the Hebrew word "נפש" (nephesh), meaning "soul" or "life." It emphasizes the value of human life and the necessity of proportionate justice. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, this principle was a common legal standard, ensuring that the punishment fit the crime. It served as a deterrent against excessive retribution and was a means to maintain societal balance and justice.

eye for eye
This phrase is part of the broader lex talionis principle, emphasizing proportional justice. The Hebrew word for "eye" is "עין" (ayin), which not only refers to the physical organ but also symbolizes insight and understanding. In the context of the law, this phrase ensured that justice was not only fair but also visible and understandable to the community. It was a way to prevent escalation of violence and to promote a sense of fairness and equity in legal proceedings.

tooth for tooth
The phrase "tooth for tooth" continues the theme of proportional justice. The Hebrew word "שן" (shen) for "tooth" signifies not just the physical aspect but also the idea of strength and sustenance, as teeth are essential for eating and survival. This part of the law ensured that personal injuries were compensated in a manner that was just and equitable, preventing the cycle of vengeance and promoting a structured legal system.

hand for hand
The phrase "hand for hand" highlights the importance of fair recompense for injury or loss. The Hebrew word "יד" (yad) for "hand" is often used symbolically in the Bible to represent power, action, and possession. In the context of this law, it underscores the need for justice that is tangible and measurable, ensuring that any loss of ability or livelihood due to injury is addressed appropriately within the community.

foot for foot
The final phrase "foot for foot" completes the series of examples illustrating the principle of lex talionis. The Hebrew word "רגל" (regel) for "foot" can symbolize movement, progress, and stability. This part of the law ensured that any hindrance to a person's ability to move or work was met with appropriate compensation, maintaining the balance of justice and preventing further harm or disadvantage to the injured party.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
The author of Deuteronomy, who is delivering God's laws to the Israelites.

2. Israelites
The chosen people of God, receiving the law as they prepare to enter the Promised Land.

3. Promised Land
The land of Canaan, which the Israelites are about to enter and where these laws will be applied.

4. Judges and Officials
Appointed leaders responsible for ensuring justice and applying the law among the people.

5. Covenant Community
The collective body of Israelites bound by the covenant with God, under which these laws are given.

Teaching Points

Principle of Justice
The law emphasizes fairness and proportionality in justice, ensuring that the punishment fits the crime.

Deterrence and Order
This principle served to deter crime and maintain social order within the covenant community.

Human Limitations
Recognizes human limitations in administering perfect justice, pointing to the need for divine guidance.

Mercy and Forgiveness
While the law calls for justice, the New Testament encourages believers to practice mercy and forgiveness, reflecting God's character.

Transformation through Christ
Jesus' teachings transform the understanding of justice, calling believers to a higher standard of love and forgiveness.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the principle of "eye for eye" reflect God's character of justice, and how can we apply this principle in our pursuit of justice today?

2. In what ways does Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:38-39 challenge our understanding of justice and mercy?

3. How can we balance the need for justice with the call to show mercy in our personal relationships and community interactions?

4. What role do judges and officials play in maintaining justice, and how can we support them in our modern context?

5. How does the concept of divine justice in Romans 12:19 influence our response to personal offenses and conflicts?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 21:23-25
This passage also outlines the principle of "eye for eye," emphasizing justice and proportionality in punishment.

Leviticus 24:19-20
Reinforces the concept of equitable retribution, ensuring that the punishment fits the crime.

Matthew 5:38-39
Jesus references this law in the Sermon on the Mount, offering a new perspective on mercy and forgiveness.

Romans 12:19
Paul advises believers to leave vengeance to God, highlighting a shift from retributive justice to divine justice.

James 2:13
Discusses the triumph of mercy over judgment, encouraging believers to practice mercy.