Acts 22:20
And when the blood of Your witness Stephen was shed, I stood there giving my approval and watching over the garments of those who killed him.'
And when the blood
The phrase "the blood" in this context refers to the life force and ultimate sacrifice of Stephen, the first Christian martyr. In the Bible, blood often symbolizes life and covenant (Genesis 9:4, Leviticus 17:11). The shedding of blood is a powerful image of sacrifice and atonement, echoing the sacrificial system of the Old Testament and ultimately pointing to the sacrifice of Christ. The Greek word for blood, "haima," underscores the gravity of the act and the cost of discipleship.

of your witness Stephen
The term "witness" is translated from the Greek word "martys," which is the root of the English word "martyr." Stephen's role as a witness is twofold: he testified to the truth of the Gospel and bore witness through his death. His martyrdom is a profound testament to his faith and the power of the Holy Spirit working through him. Stephen's witness is a call to all believers to stand firm in their faith, even unto death, as he did.

was shed
The phrase "was shed" indicates the violent and unjust nature of Stephen's death. The Greek word "ekcheo" means to pour out, often used in the context of blood being spilled. This imagery connects Stephen's martyrdom to the sacrificial language of the Old Testament and the crucifixion of Jesus, where His blood was poured out for the sins of humanity. It serves as a reminder of the cost of following Christ and the reality of persecution.

I stood there giving my approval
Here, Paul (formerly Saul) confesses his complicity in Stephen's death. The Greek word "suneudokeo" means to consent or agree with, indicating Paul's active participation in the persecution of Christians. This admission highlights the transformative power of God's grace, as Paul later becomes one of the most influential apostles. It serves as a powerful reminder that no one is beyond the reach of God's redemption.

and watching over the garments
The act of "watching over the garments" signifies Paul's role as a guardian or overseer during the stoning. In ancient times, those who stoned a person would remove their outer garments for ease of movement, and someone would watch over them. This detail underscores the communal nature of the act and Paul's involvement. It also reflects the cultural and historical practices of the time, providing insight into the societal norms surrounding executions.

of those who killed him
The phrase "those who killed him" refers to the group of people who actively participated in Stephen's stoning. This collective action against Stephen highlights the hostility faced by early Christians and the severe opposition to the Gospel. It serves as a sobering reminder of the spiritual battle between the forces of darkness and the light of Christ. The early church's perseverance in the face of such persecution is an inspiration for believers to remain steadfast in their faith.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Stephen
A deacon in the early church and the first Christian martyr. His bold witness and subsequent martyrdom are pivotal events in the early church, demonstrating the cost of discipleship and the power of the Holy Spirit.

2. Paul (formerly Saul)
At the time of Stephen's martyrdom, Paul was a zealous Pharisee who persecuted Christians. His presence at Stephen's stoning marks a significant moment in his life before his dramatic conversion to Christianity.

3. The Stoning of Stephen
This event is a turning point in the Book of Acts, highlighting the growing tension between early Christians and Jewish authorities. It also sets the stage for the spread of the Gospel beyond Jerusalem.

4. Jerusalem
The city where Stephen was martyred and where the early church was centered. Jerusalem is significant as the birthplace of the church and the site of many key events in the New Testament.

5. Witnesses
Those who stoned Stephen and laid their garments at Saul's feet. Their actions reflect the hostility faced by early Christians and the societal pressures to conform to religious norms.
Teaching Points
The Cost of Witnessing for Christ
Stephen's martyrdom reminds us that following Christ may require great sacrifice, including our lives. We are called to stand firm in our faith, even in the face of persecution.

Transformation through Christ
Paul's presence at Stephen's stoning and his later conversion demonstrate the radical transformation that Christ can bring. No one is beyond the reach of God's grace.

The Power of Forgiveness
Stephen's prayer for his persecutors mirrors Christ's own words on the cross. We are called to forgive those who wrong us, trusting in God's justice and mercy.

The Role of the Holy Spirit
Stephen's boldness and wisdom were empowered by the Holy Spirit. As believers, we should seek the Spirit's guidance and strength in our witness.

The Importance of Repentance
Paul's life shows the importance of repentance and turning away from sin. True repentance leads to a transformed life and a new purpose in Christ.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does Stephen's example challenge your understanding of what it means to be a witness for Christ in today's world?

2. In what ways can you relate to Paul's past before his conversion, and how does his transformation encourage you in your own spiritual journey?

3. How can you practice forgiveness towards those who have wronged you, following Stephen's example?

4. What role does the Holy Spirit play in your daily life, and how can you seek more of His guidance and empowerment?

5. Reflect on a time when you experienced a significant change in your life due to repentance. How did this change align with Paul's transformation after encountering Christ?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Acts 7:54-60
Provides the detailed account of Stephen's speech and martyrdom, illustrating his faith and the violent opposition he faced.

Acts 9:1-19
Describes Saul's conversion on the road to Damascus, showing the transformative power of Christ and the beginning of Paul's ministry.

Philippians 3:6
Paul reflects on his past zeal for persecuting the church, offering insight into his mindset before conversion.

1 Timothy 1:12-16
Paul acknowledges his past as a persecutor and highlights God's mercy and grace in his life.
Paul and the Bigoted JewsA. F. Muir, M. A.Acts 22:1-21
Paul's Address on the StairsD. Thomas, D. D.Acts 22:1-21
Paul's DefenceJ. Clark.Acts 22:1-21
Paul's DefenceS. TimesActs 22:1-21
Paul's Defense of Himself to the PeopleR.A. Redford Acts 22:1-21
Paul's Memorable Sermon At JerusalemK. Gerok.Acts 22:1-21
Paul's Self-Defense Before the JewsE. Johnson Acts 22:1-21
Paul's Sketch of His LifeK. Gerok.Acts 22:1-21
Personal ExperienceJ. Parker, D. D.Acts 22:1-21
The Apostle's AutobiographyA. F. Schauffler.Acts 22:1-21
The Defence and Weapons of a Man of God in Troublous TimesK. Gerok.Acts 22:1-21
The Legitimacy of Self DefenceH. C. Trumbull, D. D.Acts 22:1-21
Argument and PrejudiceW. Clarkson Acts 22:1-22
The Testimony of Religious ExperienceP.C. Barker Acts 22:1-22
A Common Thing Reaching the WonderfulD. Thomas, D. D.Acts 22:17-21
Call to the Work of Foreign MissionsC. Hodge, D. D.Acts 22:17-21
Distant MissionsH. C. Trumbull, D. D.Acts 22:17-21
God's Mercy Independent of Sects or ChurchesH. W. Beecher.Acts 22:17-21
Paul Sent to the GentilesJ. H. Wilson.Acts 22:17-21
Paul's Vision in the TempleCaleb Morris.Acts 22:17-21
PromptnessH. C. Trumbull, D. D.Acts 22:17-21
The Answer of the Lord to the But of His ServantsK. Gerok.Acts 22:17-21
The Christian MissionaryR. Wardlaw, D. D.Acts 22:17-21
The Mission of PaulJ. Mitchell, D. D.Acts 22:17-21
Men's Past Sins Often the Unknown Determiners of Their Future LifeP.C. Barker Acts 22:18-21
People
Ananias, Gamaliel, Paul, Saul, Stephen
Places
Cilicia, Damascus, Jerusalem, Nazareth, Tarsus
Topics
Approval, Approving, Assenting, Blood, Cloaks, Clothes, Clothing, Coats, Consenting, Death, Forth, Fully, Garments, Giving, Guarding, Held, Keeping, Kept, Killed, Killing, Martyr, Myself, Poured, Putting, Raiment, Shed, Shedding, Slaying, Slew, Standing, Stephen, Stood, Watching, Witness
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Acts 22:20

     5330   guard
     6213   participation, in sin
     8450   martyrdom

Acts 22:3-21

     5944   self-defence
     8820   self-confidence

Acts 22:17-21

     1457   trance

Acts 22:19-20

     5108   Paul, life of

Library
Rome Protects Paul
'And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusalem, even while I prayed in the Temple, I was in a trance; 18. And saw Him saying unto me, Make haste, and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem: for they will not receive thy testimony concerning Me. 19. And I said, Lord, they know that I imprisoned and beat in every synagogue them that believed on Thee: 20. And when the blood of Thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Paul on his Own Conversion
'And it came to pass, that, as I made my journey, and was come nigh unto Damascus about noon, suddenly there shone from heaven a great light round about me. 7. And I fell unto the ground, and heard a voice saying unto me, Saul, Saul, why perseoutest thou Me? 8. And I answered, Who art Thou, Lord? And He said unto me, I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest. 9. And they that were with me saw indeed the light, and were afraid; but they heard not the voice of Him that spake to me. 10. And I said,
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Being Easily Entreated
Not long since I saw in the report of a meeting a statement something like this: "The brethren were easily entreated, and so all personal difficulties were easily settled." One of the greatest problems that ministers meet and one that requires the most patience and wisdom is the problem of settling personal difficulties. These difficulties are often found existing between those professing to be Christians. And sometimes they are very hard to get settled. There is just one reason for this: those involved
Charles Wesley Naylor—Heart Talks

Some Scriptures for Daily Practise.
If we seek God earnestly in the prayer of faith to help us in our daily practise of the following Scriptural texts and then put forth our best efforts, we shall find life daily growing more holy and beautiful. The beauty and enjoyment of a holy life is that it can always be improved upon. We can live in all the light that shines upon us from these texts today, but tomorrow we find them shining a little brighter and fuller light, so that we shall have to live a little more holy than we are living
C. E. Orr—How to Live a Holy Life

What is God's Will?
"The God of our fathers hath chosen thee, that thou shouldest know His will."--ACTS xxii. 14. WE resume to-day a subject, the thread of which has been broken by the interval of a few Sabbaths--the subject of the Will of God. Already we have tried to learn two lessons:-- (1) That the end of our life is to do the will of God. (2) That this was the end of Christ's life. It will help to recall what has gone before if we compare this with another definition of the end of life with which we are all familiar.
Henry Drummond—The Ideal Life

Beyond the Brightness of the Sun
T. P. Acts xxii. 11 I was journeying in the noontide, When His light shone o'er my road; And I saw Him in that glory-- Saw Him--Jesus, Son of God. All around, in noonday splendour, Earthly scenes lay fair and bright; But my eyes no more behold them For the glory of that light. Others in the summer sunshine Wearily may journey on, I have seen a light from heaven, Past the brightness of the sun-- Light that knows no cloud, no waning, Light wherein I see His Face, All His love's uncounted treasures,
Frances Bevan—Hymns of Ter Steegen, Suso, and Others

Early Life the Place of Paul +The Man
STUDY I EARLY LIFE THE PLACE OF PAUL +The Man, Paul,+ judged by the influence he has exerted in the world, is one of the greatest characters in all history. He is pre-eminent not only as a missionary, but as a marvelous thinker and writer. "He was a personality of vast power, force, and individuality." There are some men who seem to be born and prepared to do a large work for the world; Paul makes the impression upon those who carefully read the record of his life that he stands first in this class
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

Jerusalem to Rome
Acts 21:17-28:31 THIS JOURNEY Scripture, Acts 21:17-28:31 1. The speech before the Jewish mob in the temple (Acts 22:1-29) in which Paul tells the Jews how he was changed from a persecutor to a believer in Christ. He relates also the story of his conversion. 2. The speech before the Jewish council (Acts 22:30; 23:1-10) in which he creates confusion by raising the question of the resurrection. But the provocation was great for the high-priest had commanded that Paul be smitten
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

Jesus the Guest of Martha and Mary.
(Bethany, Near Jerusalem.) ^C Luke X. 38-42. ^c 38 Now as they went on their way [he was journeying through Judæa, attended by the twelve], he entered into a certain village [It was the village of Bethany (John xi. 1), which was on the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives, less than two miles from Jerusalem]: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. 39 And she had a sister called Mary, who also sat at the Lord's feet, and heard his word. [Sitting at the feet was the ancient
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

From Antioch to the Destruction of Jerusalem.
Acts 13-28 and all the rest of the New Testament except the epistles of John and Revelation. The Changed Situation. We have now come to a turning point in the whole situation. The center of work has shifted from Jerusalem to Antioch, the capital of the Greek province of Syria, the residence of the Roman governor of the province. We change from the study of the struggles of Christianity in the Jewish world to those it made among heathen people. We no longer study many and various persons and their
Josiah Blake Tidwell—The Bible Period by Period

Divine Calls.
"And the Lord came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel; Samuel. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for Thy servant heareth."--1 Samuel iii. 10. In the narrative of which these words form part, we have a remarkable instance of a Divine call, and the manner in which it is our duty to meet it. Samuel was from a child brought to the house of the Lord; and in due time he was called to a sacred office, and made a prophet. He was called, and he forthwith answered the call. God said, "Samuel,
John Henry Newman—Parochial and Plain Sermons, Vol. VIII

Baptism, a Divinely Appointed Means of Grace.
When we inquire into the benefits and blessings which the Word of God connects with baptism, we must be careful to obtain the true sense and necessary meaning of its declarations. It is not enough to pick out an isolated passage or two, give them a sense of our own, and forthwith build on them a theory or doctrine. In this way the Holy Scriptures have been made to teach and support the gravest errors and most dangerous heresies. In this way, many persons "wrest the Scriptures to their own destruction."
G. H. Gerberding—The Way of Salvation in the Lutheran Church

Third Stage of the Roman Trial. Pilate Reluctantly Sentences Him to Crucifixion.
(Friday. Toward Sunrise.) ^A Matt. XXVII. 15-30; ^B Mark XV. 6-19; ^C Luke XXIII. 13-25; ^D John XVIII. 39-XIX 16. ^a 15 Now at the feast [the passover and unleavened bread] the governor was wont { ^b used to} release unto them ^a the multitude one prisoner, whom they would. { ^b whom they asked of him.} [No one knows when or by whom this custom was introduced, but similar customs were not unknown elsewhere, both the Greeks and Romans being wont to bestow special honor upon certain occasions by releasing
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

The Prodigal Son.
"And he said, A certain man had two sons; and the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that falleth to me. And he divided unto them his living. And not many days after the younger son gathered all together, and took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living. And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that land; and he began to be in want. And he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country; and he
William Arnot—The Parables of Our Lord

Of the Prerogatives which the Elect Shall Enjoy in Heaven.
By reason of this communion with God, the elect in heaven shall have four superexcellent prerogatives:-- 1. They shall have the kingdom of heaven for their inheritance (Matt. xxv.; 1 Pet. i. 4), and they shall be free denizens of the heavenly Jerusalem (Eph. ii. 19; Heb. xii. 22.) St. Paul, by being a free citizen of Rome (Acts xxi. 26), escaped whipping; but they who are once free citizens of the heavenly Jerusalem, shall ever be freed from the whips of eternal torments. For this freedom was bought
Lewis Bayly—The Practice of Piety

How to Make Use of Christ for Cleansing of us from Our Daily Spots.
Having spoken of the way of making use of Christ for removing the guilt of our daily transgressions, we come to speak of the way of making use of Christ, for taking away the guilt that cleaveth to the soul, through daily transgressions; "for every sin defileth the man," Matt. xv. 20; and the best are said to have their spots, and to need washing, which presupposeth filthiness and defilement, Eph. v. 27. John xiii. 8-10. Hence we are so oft called to this duty of washing and making us clean. Isa.
John Brown (of Wamphray)—Christ The Way, The Truth, and The Life

The Nature of Justification
Justification in the active sense (iustificatio, {GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA}{GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA}) is defined by the Tridentine Council as "a translation from that state wherein man is born a child of the first Adam, to the state of grace and of the adoption of the sons of God through the second Adam,
Joseph Pohle—Grace, Actual and Habitual

The Birth of Jesus Proclaimed by Angels to the Shepherds.
(Near Bethlehem, b.c. 5.) ^C Luke II. 8-20. ^c 8 And there were shepherds in the same country [they were in the same fields from which David had been called to tend God's Israel, or flock] abiding in the field, and keeping watch by night over their flock. [When the flock is too far from the village to lead it to the fold at night, these shepherds still so abide with it in the field, even in the dead of winter.] 9 And an angel of the Lord stood by them [He stood upon the earth at their side, and did
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

The Lord of Glory.
1 Cor. ii:8. OUR ever blessed Lord, who died for us, to whom we belong, with whom we shall be forever, is the Lord of Glory. Thus He is called in 1 Cor. ii:8, "for had they known they would not have crucified the Lord of Glory." Eternally He is this because He is "the express image of God, the brightness of His Glory" (Heb. i:3). He possessed Glory with the Father before the world was (John xvii:5). This Glory was beheld by the prophets, for we read that Isaiah "saw His Glory and spake of Him"
Arno Gaebelein—The Lord of Glory

Of Baptism.
1. Baptism defined. Its primary object. This consists of three things. 1. To attest the forgiveness of sins. 2. Passages of Scripture proving the forgiveness of sins. 3. Forgiveness not only of past but also of future sins. This no encouragement to license in sin. 4 Refutation of those who share forgiveness between Baptism and Repentance. 5 Second thing in Baptism--viz. to teach that we are ingrafted into Christ for mortification and newness of life. 6. Third thing in Baptism--viz. to teach us that
John Calvin—The Institutes of the Christian Religion

The Jews Make all Ready for the War; and Simon, the Son of Gioras, Falls to Plundering.
1. And thus were the disturbances of Galilee quieted, when, upon their ceasing to prosecute their civil dissensions, they betook themselves to make preparations for the war with the Romans. Now in Jerusalem the high priest Artanus, and do as many of the men of power as were not in the interest of the Romans, both repaired the walls, and made a great many warlike instruments, insomuch that in all parts of the city darts and all sorts of armor were upon the anvil. Although the multitude of the young
Flavius Josephus—The Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem

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