Luke 18:10

"Two men went up to the temple to pray. One was a Pharisee and the other a tax collector.

Study Bible

Two men
This phrase introduces the parable with a simple yet profound contrast. The number "two" often signifies a comparison or a choice in biblical literature. In this context, it sets the stage for a moral and spiritual lesson. The Greek word for "men" (ἄνθρωποι, anthrōpoi) is generic, emphasizing that the lesson applies universally to all humanity, regardless of status or background.

went up
The act of going up is significant, as it indicates a physical and spiritual ascent. In Jewish tradition, going up to the temple in Jerusalem was not only a geographical movement but also a spiritual journey. The temple was situated on a hill, symbolizing closeness to God. This ascent represents the men's intention to seek divine presence and favor.

to the temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and the dwelling place of God's presence. It was a place of sacrifice, prayer, and atonement. The Greek word used here, "ἱερόν" (hieron), refers to the sacred precincts, highlighting the holiness and reverence associated with this location. The temple serves as the backdrop for the parable, underscoring the theme of true worship and humility before God.

to pray
Prayer is a central theme in this passage, representing communication with God. The Greek word "προσεύχομαι" (proseuchomai) implies a devotion and earnestness in seeking God's attention. This act of prayer is not merely ritualistic but is intended to be a sincere expression of the heart. The parable challenges the reader to consider the nature and attitude of their own prayers.

one a Pharisee
The Pharisees were a religious group known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. The mention of a Pharisee immediately evokes an image of religious piety and self-righteousness. Historically, Pharisees were respected for their knowledge and observance of the Law, but Jesus often criticized them for their hypocrisy and pride. This sets up a contrast between outward religiosity and inward humility.

and the other a tax collector
Tax collectors were despised in Jewish society for their collaboration with the Roman occupiers and their reputation for extortion. The Greek term "τελώνης" (telōnēs) carries a negative connotation, representing sinfulness and social ostracism. By including a tax collector, Jesus challenges societal norms and expectations, highlighting God's grace and mercy towards the repentant sinner. This contrast with the Pharisee underscores the theme of humility and repentance.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Pharisee
A member of a Jewish sect known for strict adherence to the Law and traditions. Pharisees were often seen as religious leaders and were respected for their piety, but Jesus frequently criticized them for their hypocrisy and self-righteousness.

2. Tax Collector
Considered sinners and traitors by the Jewish people because they collected taxes for the Roman occupiers and often extorted money for personal gain. They were generally despised and marginalized in Jewish society.

3. Temple
The central place of worship for the Jewish people in Jerusalem. It was the focal point for religious activities, sacrifices, and prayers.

4. Prayer
A central practice in Jewish religious life, often performed in the temple. It was a means of communicating with God, expressing worship, confession, and supplication.

5. Event
The parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector, told by Jesus to illustrate the nature of true righteousness and humility before God.

Teaching Points

Humility in Prayer
True prayer requires humility. The Pharisee's prayer was self-righteous, while the tax collector's prayer was humble and repentant. We should approach God with a humble heart, acknowledging our need for His mercy.

Self-Righteousness vs. Repentance
The Pharisee trusted in his own righteousness, while the tax collector recognized his sinfulness. We must be wary of self-righteousness and instead seek God's forgiveness and grace.

God's Grace for the Humble
God honors those who come to Him with a contrite heart. The tax collector's humility led to his justification before God, teaching us that God's grace is available to those who acknowledge their need for Him.

The Danger of Comparison
The Pharisee compared himself to others to justify himself. We should avoid comparing ourselves to others and instead focus on our personal relationship with God.

The Heart of Worship
True worship is not about outward appearances or rituals but about the condition of the heart. God desires sincere worship from those who seek Him in spirit and truth.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the attitude of the Pharisee in this parable reflect the dangers of self-righteousness in our own lives?

2. In what ways can we cultivate a heart of humility like the tax collector when approaching God in prayer?

3. How does this parable challenge our understanding of who is "righteous" in the eyes of God?

4. What are some practical steps we can take to avoid comparing ourselves to others in our spiritual journey?

5. How can we apply the lessons from this parable to our worship practices, ensuring they are sincere and pleasing to God?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Matthew 6:5-6
Jesus teaches about the proper attitude in prayer, contrasting the showy prayers of the hypocrites with the humble, sincere prayers of the faithful.

Romans 3:23
This verse underscores the universal nature of sin, reminding us that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, which is relevant to understanding the humility of the tax collector.

James 4:6
This verse speaks about God opposing the proud but giving grace to the humble, which aligns with the message of the parable.