The War Against Midian is a significant event recorded in the Old Testament, specifically in the Book of Numbers, chapter 31. This conflict is notable for its divine mandate, its execution by the Israelites under the leadership of Moses, and its theological implications within the narrative of Israel's journey to the Promised Land.

Biblical Context

The backdrop of the war is set in the plains of Moab, by the Jordan across from Jericho, as the Israelites are preparing to enter Canaan. The Midianites, along with the Moabites, had previously enticed the Israelites into idolatry and immorality at Peor, leading to a severe plague among the Israelites (Numbers 25). This apostasy was instigated by the counsel of Balaam, a prophet who, despite being unable to curse Israel, advised the Midianites on how to lead Israel into sin (Numbers 31:16).

Divine Command

The war is initiated by a direct command from God to Moses: "Take vengeance on the Midianites for the Israelites. After that, you will be gathered to your people" (Numbers 31:2). This command underscores the war as an act of divine retribution against the Midianites for their role in leading Israel astray.

Execution of the War

Moses instructs the Israelites to arm themselves for battle, selecting a thousand men from each of the twelve tribes, totaling twelve thousand warriors (Numbers 31:3-5). Phinehas, the son of Eleazar the priest, accompanies the army, carrying the holy articles and the trumpets for signaling (Numbers 31:6). The inclusion of Phinehas and the sacred items highlights the religious and covenantal nature of the campaign.

The Israelites engage the Midianites in battle, resulting in a decisive victory. They kill all the Midianite males, including the five kings of Midian—Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba—as well as Balaam son of Beor (Numbers 31:7-8). The Israelites capture the women and children, seize the Midianite livestock and goods, and burn all their towns and camps (Numbers 31:9-11).

Aftermath and Purification

Upon returning from battle, Moses is angered by the survival of the Midianite women, who had been instrumental in Israel's previous sin. He commands that all the male children and non-virgin women be killed, while the virgin girls are spared (Numbers 31:14-18). This harsh measure is seen as necessary to prevent further idolatry and moral corruption among the Israelites.

The soldiers and the spoils of war undergo a purification process. Those who have killed or touched the dead must remain outside the camp for seven days and purify themselves and their captives on the third and seventh days (Numbers 31:19-20). The spoils are divided between the warriors and the rest of the community, with a portion dedicated to the Lord as a tribute (Numbers 31:25-30).

Theological Significance

The War Against Midian serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of idolatry and the seriousness with which God views covenant fidelity. It reflects the broader theme of holiness and separation from pagan practices that permeates the Pentateuch. The narrative also emphasizes the role of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's promises to protect and purify His chosen people.

This event, while difficult and complex, is integral to understanding the unfolding account of Israel's relationship with God and their journey towards becoming a holy nation set apart for His purposes.