The Decree Against the Jews refers to the edict issued by Haman, the antagonist in the Book of Esther, which sought the annihilation of the Jewish people throughout the Persian Empire. This event is a pivotal moment in the narrative of Esther, highlighting themes of providence, deliverance, and the courage of individuals acting in faith.

Historical Context

The events of the Book of Esther are set during the reign of King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I), who ruled the Persian Empire from 486 to 465 BC. The Jewish people, having been exiled from their homeland, were living dispersed throughout the vast empire. The narrative unfolds in the citadel of Susa, the empire's capital.

The Rise of Haman

Haman, an Agagite and a high-ranking official in King Ahasuerus's court, harbored deep animosity towards the Jews, particularly Mordecai, a Jew who refused to bow to him. This personal vendetta against Mordecai escalated into a plot against all Jews in the empire. Haman's lineage as an Agagite is significant, as it connects him to the Amalekites, long-standing enemies of Israel (1 Samuel 15).

The Decree Issued

Haman manipulated King Ahasuerus into issuing a decree to destroy, kill, and annihilate all Jews, young and old, women and children, in a single day. The decree was sealed with the king's signet ring, making it irrevocable under Persian law. Esther 3:13 states, "Letters were sent by couriers to each of the royal provinces with the order to destroy, kill, and annihilate all the Jews—young and old, women and children—and to plunder their possessions on a single day, the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, the month of Adar."

Mordecai's Response and Esther's Intervention

Upon learning of the decree, Mordecai tore his clothes, put on sackcloth and ashes, and went into the city, wailing loudly and bitterly (Esther 4:1). He urged Esther, who had become queen, to intercede with the king on behalf of her people. Esther, after fasting and prayer, courageously approached the king, risking her life, as approaching the king unsummoned could result in death (Esther 4:16).

Divine Providence and Deliverance

Esther's intervention led to a series of events that culminated in the exposure of Haman's plot and his subsequent execution. The king issued a new decree, allowing the Jews to defend themselves against their enemies. Esther 8:11 records, "The king’s edict granted the Jews in every city the right to assemble and defend themselves, to destroy, kill, and annihilate any armed force of any nationality or province that might attack them and their women and children, and to plunder their possessions."

The Feast of Purim

The deliverance of the Jews from Haman's decree is commemorated annually in the Jewish festival of Purim. This celebration, established by Mordecai and Esther, is a time of feasting, joy, and the giving of gifts to one another and to the poor (Esther 9:22).

Theological Significance

The Decree Against the Jews and their subsequent deliverance underscore the sovereignty of God and His faithfulness to His covenant people. Despite the absence of direct mention of God in the Book of Esther, His providential care and orchestration of events are evident throughout the narrative. The courage and faith of Esther and Mordecai serve as enduring examples of standing firm in faith amidst adversity.