The sacred garments worn by the priests in the Old Testament hold profound symbolic significance, reflecting various aspects of holiness, service, and the relationship between God and His people. These garments, as described primarily in the Book of Exodus, were not merely ceremonial attire but were imbued with deep spiritual meaning.

Divine Command and Purpose

The instructions for the sacred garments are detailed in Exodus 28, where God commands Moses to make holy garments for Aaron and his sons, setting them apart for priestly service. "You are to make holy garments for your brother Aaron, for glory and for beauty" (Exodus 28:2). This directive underscores the garments' purpose: to reflect God's glory and the beauty of holiness.

Components and Symbolism

1. The Ephod: The ephod, a richly embroidered garment, was worn over the priest's robe. It included two onyx stones on the shoulders, engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel (Exodus 28:9-12). This symbolizes the priest bearing the people of Israel before the Lord, representing intercession and the unity of the tribes under God's covenant.

2. The Breastpiece of Judgment: Attached to the ephod, the breastpiece contained twelve stones, each inscribed with the name of one of the tribes (Exodus 28:15-21). This signifies the priest's role in seeking God's guidance and making judgments on behalf of the people. The Urim and Thummim, placed within the breastpiece, further symbolize divine revelation and decision-making.

3. The Robe of the Ephod: The robe, made entirely of blue, featured pomegranates and golden bells on its hem (Exodus 28:31-35). The blue color represents heavenly origin and divine authority, while the pomegranates symbolize fruitfulness and abundance. The bells served a practical purpose, signaling the priest's movements, but also symbolize the proclamation of God's presence.

4. The Turban and the Plate of Gold: The high priest's turban bore a gold plate inscribed with "Holy to the LORD" (Exodus 28:36-38). This inscription signifies the consecration of the priest to God, emphasizing holiness and the need for purity in approaching the divine presence.

5. The Tunic, Sash, and Undergarments: These garments, made of fine linen, represent purity and righteousness. The linen's whiteness symbolizes the absence of sin, essential for those serving in God's holy presence (Exodus 28:39-43).

Priestly Role and Christological Fulfillment

The sacred garments highlight the mediatory role of the priest, who stands between God and the people. This foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who fulfills and transcends the Old Testament priesthood. As stated in Hebrews 4:14, "Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold firmly to what we profess" . Christ embodies the perfect intercessor, bearing the sins of humanity and providing access to God.

Holiness and Separation

The sacred garments also emphasize the theme of holiness and separation. The priests were set apart for divine service, and their attire reflected this consecration. The garments served as a constant reminder of the need for purity and dedication in worship, a principle that extends to all believers, who are called to be a "royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9).

In summary, the sacred garments of the Old Testament priests are rich in symbolism, pointing to themes of intercession, holiness, and divine service. They serve as a precursor to the ultimate priestly work of Christ and a reminder of the call to holiness for all who serve God.