Shaul is a lesser-known figure in the biblical narrative, recognized as one of the early kings of Edom. His reign is briefly mentioned in the genealogical and historical records of the Old Testament, providing insight into the early governance of the Edomite people, who were descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob.

Biblical References:

Shaul's kingship is recorded in the Book of Genesis and the First Book of Chronicles. In Genesis 36:37-38 , it is noted: "When Samlah died, Shaul from Rehoboth on the river reigned in his place. When Shaul died, Baal-hanan son of Achbor reigned in his place." This passage situates Shaul within the lineage of Edomite rulers, indicating a succession of leadership that was common among the nations surrounding Israel.

Similarly, 1 Chronicles 1:48-49 reiterates this account: "When Samlah died, Shaul from Rehoboth on the river reigned in his place. When Shaul died, Baal-hanan son of Achbor reigned in his place." The repetition of this information in Chronicles underscores the importance of maintaining an accurate record of Edomite kings, reflecting the chronicler's intent to document the history of Israel's neighbors.

Historical and Geographical Context:

Shaul's reign is associated with "Rehoboth on the river," a location that has sparked some debate among scholars. The term "Rehoboth" means "broad places" or "open spaces," and it is often linked to a city or region near a significant water source. The specific river mentioned is not identified in the biblical text, leading to various interpretations. Some suggest it could refer to the Euphrates or another major river in the region, indicating a place of strategic importance.

Edom, located to the southeast of Israel, was a mountainous region known for its rugged terrain and significant trade routes. The Edomites were often in conflict with Israel, yet they shared a common ancestry through Isaac and Rebekah. The mention of Shaul as a king highlights the organized political structure of Edom during this period, suggesting a level of sophistication and stability.

Theological Significance:

From a theological perspective, the inclusion of Edomite kings in the biblical narrative serves several purposes. It emphasizes the fulfillment of God's promises to Esau, as recorded in Genesis 27:39-40, where Isaac blesses Esau with a dwelling away from the richness of the earth and a life of servitude and eventual freedom. The existence of a line of kings in Edom demonstrates the unfolding of this blessing, as Esau's descendants establish their own nation and governance.

Furthermore, the record of Edomite kings like Shaul provides a backdrop for understanding Israel's interactions with surrounding nations. The Edomites, despite their kinship with Israel, often found themselves at odds with the Israelites, leading to various conflicts and alliances throughout biblical history. These interactions are crucial for understanding the broader narrative of the Old Testament, where God's covenant with Israel unfolds amidst a complex tapestry of regional politics and relationships.

Conclusion:

Shaul's brief mention as a king of Edom in the Bible serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of the ancient Near Eastern world. His reign, though not elaborated upon in detail, is part of the larger account of God's dealings with the nations and the fulfillment of His promises to the patriarchs. Through figures like Shaul, the Bible provides a glimpse into the diverse and dynamic history of the peoples surrounding Israel, enriching our understanding of the biblical narrative.1 Chronicles 1:48,49
And when Samlah was dead, Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead.
Nave's Topical Index

Chapter xxxvi
... are still found at the point where the ancient pilgrimage route ... And Shaul died, and
there ruled in his stead Baal-Hanan ... over the land of Edom before a king (cf. ...
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