In the biblical context, the term "foreigner" refers to individuals who are not native Israelites. The treatment and status of foreigners are addressed in various parts of the Bible, reflecting both the inclusivity and exclusivity of the Israelite community.

Old Testament

The Old Testament provides numerous instructions regarding the treatment of foreigners. In the Law of Moses, God commands the Israelites to treat foreigners with kindness and justice. Leviticus 19:33-34 states, "When a foreigner resides with you in your land, you must not oppress him. You must treat the foreigner living among you as native-born and love him as yourself, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the LORD your God." This command underscores the principle of empathy, reminding the Israelites of their own history as foreigners in Egypt.

Foreigners were also subject to certain laws and could participate in religious practices. For example, they were allowed to offer sacrifices (Leviticus 17:8) and were expected to observe the Sabbath (Exodus 20:10). However, there were restrictions, such as the prohibition against foreigners eating the Passover unless they were circumcised (Exodus 12:48).

New Testament

In the New Testament, the concept of foreigners expands as the early Christian church reaches out to Gentiles. The Apostle Paul emphasizes the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles through Christ. Ephesians 2:19 declares, "Therefore you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints and members of God’s household." This reflects the inclusive nature of the Gospel, where all believers, regardless of their ethnic background, are united in Christ.

Livestock

Livestock plays a significant role in the biblical narrative, symbolizing wealth, sustenance, and sacrifice. The Bible provides detailed instructions on the care, use, and religious significance of livestock.

Old Testament

In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys were vital for economic stability and daily life. They provided food, clothing, and labor. The patriarchs, including Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, were often described in terms of their wealth in livestock (Genesis 13:2, 30:43).

The Law of Moses includes specific regulations regarding livestock. For instance, the Israelites were instructed to rest their animals on the Sabbath (Exodus 20:10) and to treat them humanely (Deuteronomy 25:4). Livestock also played a central role in the sacrificial system, with various animals prescribed for different offerings (Leviticus 1-7).

New Testament

In the New Testament, livestock continues to be a part of daily life and parables. Jesus often used imagery involving livestock to convey spiritual truths. For example, in the Parable of the Lost Sheep (Luke 15:3-7), Jesus illustrates God's concern for every individual, likening it to a shepherd's care for his sheep.

The New Testament also reflects a shift from the Old Testament sacrificial system to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ. Hebrews 10:4 states, "It is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins," highlighting the insufficiency of animal sacrifices compared to the redemptive work of Jesus.

In summary, both foreigners and livestock hold significant places within the biblical narrative, reflecting broader themes of community, justice, and redemption.