Answer me when I call
The psalmist begins with a direct plea to God, emphasizing the urgency and personal nature of his request. The Hebrew word for "answer" is "עָנָה" (anah), which implies a response or reply. This reflects a deep relationship where the psalmist expects God to hear and respond. The phrase "when I call" suggests a habitual action, indicating that the psalmist regularly seeks God's presence and intervention. Historically, calling upon God was a common practice in ancient Israel, reflecting trust and dependence on divine aid.

O God of my righteousness!
Here, the psalmist acknowledges God as the source of his righteousness. The Hebrew term "צְדָקָה" (tsedaqah) can mean righteousness, justice, or deliverance. This phrase underscores the belief that any righteousness the psalmist possesses is derived from God. In a historical context, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God is seen as the ultimate judge and source of moral order.

You have relieved my distress
The psalmist recalls past instances of divine intervention, using the Hebrew word "רָחַב" (rachab), meaning to broaden or make room. This suggests that God has previously expanded the psalmist's circumstances, alleviating his troubles. This remembrance of past deliverance serves to bolster the psalmist's faith in God's continued faithfulness. Historically, this reflects the cyclical nature of Israel's relationship with God, where periods of distress are followed by divine rescue.

show me grace and hear my prayer
The plea for grace, or "חָנַן" (chanan) in Hebrew, is a request for unmerited favor. The psalmist seeks God's kindness and mercy, recognizing his own inability to resolve his plight without divine assistance. The phrase "hear my prayer" reiterates the desire for God's attentive listening. In the scriptural context, prayer is a vital means of communication with God, reflecting humility and dependence on His will. This closing appeal encapsulates the psalmist's trust in God's character as gracious and attentive.

How long, O men
The phrase "How long, O men" is a poignant cry from the psalmist, David, addressing the people who are causing him distress. The Hebrew word for "men" here is "בְּנֵי אִישׁ" (b'nei ish), which can be translated as "sons of men" or "people of rank." This suggests that David is speaking to influential individuals who have the power to affect his reputation and standing. Historically, David faced many adversaries, including those within his own court, who sought to undermine him. This opening question reflects a deep yearning for justice and an end to the slander he faces.

will my honor be maligned?
The word "honor" in Hebrew is "כְּבוֹדִי" (k'vodi), which can also mean "glory" or "reputation." David is concerned with the way his character and reputation are being attacked. The term "maligned" suggests a deliberate attempt to damage his honor through false accusations or slander. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, a person's honor was closely tied to their identity and social standing. David's lament highlights the pain of having one's integrity questioned and the desire for vindication.

How long will you love vanity
The word "vanity" is translated from the Hebrew "רִיק" (riq), meaning "emptiness" or "worthlessness." David is challenging his adversaries' pursuit of things that are ultimately meaningless and devoid of true value. This reflects a broader biblical theme where the pursuit of worldly desires and superficial gains is contrasted with the pursuit of righteousness and truth. The rhetorical question underscores the futility of their actions and serves as a call to turn away from such empty pursuits.

and seek after lies?
The phrase "seek after lies" uses the Hebrew word "כָּזָב" (kazav), which means "falsehood" or "deception." David accuses his opponents of actively pursuing false narratives and deceitful practices. This reflects a moral and spiritual failing, as truth is a fundamental value in the biblical worldview. The pursuit of lies not only harms others but also leads to one's own spiritual decay. David's question is a call to repentance, urging his adversaries to abandon their deceitful ways and embrace truth.

Selah
The term "Selah" is a Hebrew word found throughout the Psalms, often interpreted as a musical or liturgical pause. While its exact meaning is uncertain, it is generally understood to invite the reader or listener to pause and reflect on the preceding words. In this context, "Selah" serves as a moment to contemplate the gravity of the accusations against David and the emptiness of pursuing vanity and lies. It encourages a deeper meditation on the themes of honor, truth, and the consequences of one's actions.

Know
The Hebrew word used here is "yada," which implies a deep, intimate understanding or recognition. In the context of Psalm 4:3, it is not merely an intellectual acknowledgment but a profound awareness of God's actions and character. This word invites believers to move beyond superficial knowledge and into a relationship where they are fully aware of God's presence and His workings in their lives. It is a call to trust in God's sovereignty and His intimate involvement in the lives of His people.

that the LORD
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God revealed to Moses. This name signifies God's eternal existence and His covenantal faithfulness. It is a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His people. In the context of this verse, it emphasizes that it is not just any deity, but the covenant-keeping God of Israel who is acting on behalf of His people.

has set apart
The Hebrew word "palah" is used here, meaning to distinguish or separate for a special purpose. This indicates that God has chosen His faithful ones for a unique role or mission. It is a reminder of the believer's identity as God's chosen people, set apart for His glory and service. This setting apart is not based on human merit but on God's sovereign choice and grace.

the godly
The word "godly" is translated from the Hebrew "chasid," which refers to those who are faithful, pious, and devoted to God. It describes individuals who live in a covenant relationship with God, characterized by loyalty and love. This term underscores the importance of living a life that reflects God's character and values, as those who are set apart by Him are called to embody His holiness and righteousness.

for Himself
This phrase highlights the personal and relational aspect of God's choice. God sets apart the godly not for their own sake, but for His own purposes and glory. It speaks to the intimate relationship between God and His people, where they are called to live in a way that honors Him and fulfills His divine plan. This is a reminder that the ultimate purpose of being set apart is to bring glory to God and to participate in His redemptive work in the world.

The LORD will hear
The assurance that "the LORD will hear" is a profound promise of God's attentiveness and responsiveness to the prayers of His people. The Hebrew word "shama" implies not just hearing, but listening with the intent to act. This is a comforting assurance that God is not distant or indifferent, but actively engaged in the lives of His faithful ones, ready to respond to their cries and petitions.

when I call to Him
This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of prayer and the confidence that the psalmist has in God's willingness to listen. It is an invitation for believers to approach God with boldness and assurance, knowing that He is attentive to their needs and concerns. The act of calling upon God is an expression of faith and dependence, recognizing that He is the source of help and deliverance. This encourages believers to maintain a vibrant prayer life, trusting in God's faithfulness to hear and respond.

Be angry
The Hebrew word used here is "רָגַז" (ragaz), which can mean to tremble, quake, or be agitated. In this context, it suggests a righteous indignation or a deep emotional response to injustice or wrongdoing. The Bible acknowledges that anger is a natural human emotion, but it must be controlled and directed appropriately. This phrase encourages believers to recognize their anger but to channel it in a way that aligns with God's righteousness, avoiding sin.

yet do not sin
This phrase serves as a crucial reminder that while anger itself is not inherently sinful, it can lead to sin if not managed properly. The New Testament echoes this sentiment in Ephesians 4:26, where Paul advises, "In your anger do not sin." The call here is for self-control and the pursuit of holiness, even in the midst of strong emotions. It is a call to reflect God's character, who is slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.

on your bed
The imagery of lying on one's bed suggests a time of solitude and reflection, away from the distractions of daily life. In ancient Israel, the bed was not only a place of rest but also a place for meditation and prayer. This phrase invites believers to take time in quietness to examine their hearts and motives, seeking God's guidance and peace.

search your heart
The Hebrew word for "heart" is "לֵב" (lev), which encompasses the mind, will, and emotions. To search one's heart is to engage in deep introspection, examining one's thoughts, desires, and intentions. This process is essential for spiritual growth and alignment with God's will. It is a call to sincerity and truthfulness before God, acknowledging our weaknesses and seeking His strength.

and be still
The command to "be still" is a call to cease striving and to rest in God's presence. The Hebrew word "דָּמַם" (damam) implies silence and calmness. In the midst of turmoil or emotional upheaval, believers are encouraged to find peace and assurance in God's sovereignty and faithfulness. This stillness allows for a deeper communion with God, fostering trust and reliance on Him.

Selah
This term appears frequently in the Psalms and is thought to be a musical or liturgical marker, possibly indicating a pause for reflection. It invites the reader or listener to pause and consider the weight and significance of the preceding words. In this context, "Selah" encourages a moment of meditation on the call to righteous anger, self-examination, and stillness before God. It is an invitation to let the truths of the verse resonate deeply within one's soul.

Offer the sacrifices of the righteous
This phrase calls believers to present offerings that are not merely ritualistic but are rooted in righteousness. The Hebrew word for "sacrifices" is "זֶבַח" (zevach), which traditionally refers to offerings made to God, often involving the shedding of blood. In the context of ancient Israel, sacrifices were a central part of worship, symbolizing atonement and devotion. However, the emphasis here is on the "righteous" nature of these sacrifices. The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tzaddik), which implies a life aligned with God's will. This suggests that God values the heart and intent behind the offering more than the offering itself. Historically, this reflects the prophetic call found throughout the Old Testament, where God desires mercy and justice over mere ritual (see Hosea 6:6). In a New Testament context, this can be seen as a call to live a life of holiness and integrity, offering oneself as a living sacrifice (Romans 12:1).

and trust in the LORD
The phrase "trust in the LORD" is a central tenet of faith throughout the Bible. The Hebrew word for "trust" is "בָּטַח" (batach), which conveys a sense of security and confidence. Trusting in the LORD implies a deep reliance on God's character and promises. In the historical context of the Psalms, this trust was often tested by external threats and internal doubts. The psalmist encourages believers to place their confidence not in worldly powers or personal strength but in the LORD, whose covenant faithfulness is unwavering. This trust is not passive but active, requiring believers to lean on God's understanding and guidance in all aspects of life (Proverbs 3:5-6). In the broader scriptural narrative, trusting in the LORD is foundational to the relationship between God and His people, exemplified by figures like Abraham, who "believed the LORD, and He credited it to him as righteousness" (Genesis 15:6). This call to trust is as relevant today as it was in ancient times, urging believers to anchor their lives in the steadfast love and faithfulness of God.

Many ask
The phrase "Many ask" reflects a common human condition of seeking answers and understanding. In the Hebrew text, the word for "ask" is "אֹמְרִים" (omrim), which can also mean "say" or "speak." This suggests a vocalized or communal questioning, indicating that the concerns expressed are not isolated but shared among a group. Historically, this could reflect the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where collective experiences and concerns were often voiced together. In a spiritual sense, this phrase highlights the universal quest for meaning and reassurance, a theme that resonates throughout the Psalms.

Who can show us the good?
This question, "Who can show us the good?" reveals a deep yearning for guidance and clarity. The Hebrew word for "good" is "טוֹב" (tov), which encompasses not only moral goodness but also well-being, prosperity, and happiness. This reflects a desire for a life that is aligned with God's will and blessings. In the historical context of the Psalms, this question could arise from a period of distress or uncertainty, prompting the community to seek divine intervention or wisdom. From a theological perspective, it underscores the belief that true goodness and fulfillment come from God alone, a central tenet in conservative Christian thought.

Shine the light of Your face upon us, O LORD
The phrase "Shine the light of Your face upon us, O LORD" is a plea for divine favor and presence. The imagery of God's face shining is rooted in the Hebrew word "אוֹר" (or), meaning "light," which symbolizes life, guidance, and blessing. This echoes the priestly blessing in Numbers 6:24-26, where God's face shining upon His people signifies His grace and peace. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the face of a deity represented their attention and favor, making this a powerful request for God's benevolent presence. For conservative Christians, this phrase is a reminder of the intimate relationship believers can have with God, seeking His light to guide and sustain them through life's challenges.

You have filled my heart with more joy
This phrase begins with an acknowledgment of divine intervention in the emotional and spiritual state of the psalmist. The Hebrew word for "filled" is "מָלֵא" (male), which conveys a sense of completeness and abundance. This suggests that the joy given by God is not partial or temporary but is full and overflowing. The "heart" in Hebrew, "לֵב" (lev), often represents the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Thus, the joy mentioned here is profound, affecting the entirety of the psalmist's inner life. Historically, joy in the biblical context is often associated with God's presence and blessings, as seen in the festivals and celebrations of Israel, which were times of great joy and thanksgiving to God.

than when their grain and new wine abound
The comparison here is between the joy given by God and the joy derived from material abundance. "Grain" and "new wine" were symbols of prosperity and blessing in ancient Israel, representing the staples of sustenance and celebration. The Hebrew word for "grain" is "דָּגָן" (dagan), and "new wine" is "תִּירוֹשׁ" (tirosh), both of which were crucial to the agrarian society of the time. The phrase "abound" suggests a time of harvest, a period of plenty and security. However, the psalmist declares that the joy from God surpasses even these times of material abundance. This reflects a deep spiritual truth that true contentment and joy are found not in earthly possessions or circumstances but in a relationship with God. The historical context of Israel, with its cycles of feast and famine, underscores the reliability and sufficiency of God's provision over temporal wealth.

In peace
The Hebrew word for "peace" here is "shalom," which encompasses more than just the absence of conflict. It signifies completeness, wholeness, and well-being. In the context of ancient Israel, "shalom" was a state of harmony with God, others, and oneself. This peace is a divine gift, reflecting a life aligned with God's will. The psalmist's use of "shalom" suggests a deep, abiding tranquility that comes from trust in God, transcending external circumstances.

I will lie down and sleep
The act of lying down and sleeping signifies trust and security. In the ancient Near Eastern context, night was often associated with danger and vulnerability. Yet, the psalmist expresses confidence in God's protection. The Hebrew verb "shakab" (to lie down) implies a deliberate act of resting, while "yashen" (to sleep) indicates a state of restfulness. Together, they portray a profound sense of safety under God's watchful care, encouraging believers to relinquish their anxieties to Him.

for You alone, O LORD
The phrase emphasizes the exclusivity of God's role as the source of security. "LORD" here is the translation of "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, highlighting His personal relationship with His people. The psalmist acknowledges that true peace and safety come solely from Yahweh, not from human efforts or other deities. This declaration of faith underscores the monotheistic belief central to Israel's identity and serves as a reminder of God's unique and sovereign power.

make me dwell in safety
The Hebrew word "betach" (safety) conveys a sense of confidence and assurance. To "dwell" (from the verb "yashab") implies a settled, enduring presence. The psalmist trusts that God provides a secure dwelling place, both physically and spiritually. This assurance of safety is not merely situational but is rooted in the eternal character of God. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' understanding of God's protection over their nation, and spiritually, it invites believers to find refuge in God's unchanging nature.