Numbers 35:19

The avenger of blood is to put the murderer to death; when he finds him, he is to kill him.

Study Bible

The avenger of blood
This phrase refers to the "go'el ha-dam" in Hebrew, which translates to "redeemer of blood." In ancient Israelite society, the avenger of blood was typically a close relative of the deceased, tasked with the responsibility of ensuring justice for the wrongful death of a family member. This role underscores the importance of familial duty and justice within the community. The concept of the avenger of blood highlights the seriousness with which God views the sanctity of life and the necessity of justice. It also foreshadows the ultimate redemption and justice found in Christ, who is our Redeemer.

is to put the murderer to death
This directive emphasizes the gravity of murder and the requirement for justice. The Hebrew word for "murderer" is "rotzeach," which specifically denotes one who has unlawfully taken a life. The command to put the murderer to death reflects the principle of lex talionis, or the law of retribution, which is foundational in the Mosaic Law. This principle is not about personal vengeance but about maintaining societal order and justice. It serves as a deterrent to crime and a means of purging evil from the community, aligning with God's holiness and justice.

when he finds him
This phrase indicates the immediacy and urgency of justice. The avenger of blood was to act upon finding the murderer, suggesting that justice should not be delayed. In the historical context, this reflects the nomadic and tribal nature of ancient Israelite society, where swift justice was necessary to prevent further bloodshed and maintain peace. It also points to the omnipresence of God, who sees all actions and ensures that justice is ultimately served.

he is to kill him
The repetition of the command underscores its importance and the seriousness of the crime of murder. The Hebrew verb "harag" is used here, which means to kill or slay. This action was not taken lightly and was regulated by the cities of refuge system, which provided a place for those accused of manslaughter to seek asylum until a fair trial could be conducted. This system highlights God's provision for justice tempered with mercy, ensuring that only the guilty were punished while protecting the innocent. It reflects the balance of justice and mercy that is fully realized in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who offers forgiveness and redemption.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Avenger of Blood
In ancient Israel, this was typically a close relative of a person who was killed. The avenger had the responsibility to ensure justice by pursuing the murderer.

2. Murderer
The individual who has unlawfully taken the life of another person. In this context, the murderer is subject to capital punishment by the avenger of blood.

3. Cities of Refuge
Although not directly mentioned in this verse, these cities are relevant to the context of Numbers 35. They were designated places where someone accused of manslaughter could seek asylum until a fair trial.

4. Israelite Community
The broader community that upheld the laws given by God, including those concerning justice and retribution.

5. Mosaic Law
The legal and moral code given to the Israelites through Moses, which includes the laws about murder and the role of the avenger of blood.

Teaching Points

Justice and Responsibility
The role of the avenger of blood highlights the importance of justice and the responsibility of the community to uphold it. In modern application, this can translate to supporting a fair legal system.

Sanctity of Life
The severe consequence for murder underscores the value God places on human life. Believers are called to respect and protect life in all its forms.

Mercy and Refuge
The provision of cities of refuge illustrates God's mercy and the opportunity for repentance and fair trial. Christians are encouraged to seek and offer refuge and forgiveness.

God's Sovereignty in Justice
While the avenger of blood had a role in ancient Israel, believers today are reminded that ultimate justice belongs to God, and they should trust Him to right wrongs.

Community and Accountability
The communal aspect of justice in ancient Israel serves as a reminder of the importance of accountability within the Christian community.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the role of the avenger of blood in ancient Israel compare to modern concepts of justice and law enforcement?

2. In what ways can the principle of cities of refuge be applied to our lives today, particularly in offering forgiveness and second chances?

3. How does the New Testament teaching on vengeance in Romans 12:19 influence our understanding of justice and retribution?

4. What steps can we take to uphold the sanctity of life in our communities, reflecting the value God places on human life?

5. How can we balance the call for justice with the call for mercy in our personal relationships and community interactions?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Deuteronomy 19
This chapter expands on the concept of cities of refuge and the role of the avenger of blood, providing additional context and regulations.

Joshua 20
Describes the establishment of cities of refuge and reiterates the laws concerning the avenger of blood and the protection of those accused of manslaughter.

Romans 12:19
Offers a New Testament perspective on vengeance, emphasizing that vengeance belongs to God, contrasting with the Old Testament practice of the avenger of blood.