Numbers 35:18

If anyone has in his hand a deadly object of wood, and he strikes and kills another, he is a murderer; the murderer must surely be put to death.

Study Bible

If anyone has in his hand
This phrase indicates personal responsibility and intent. The Hebrew word for "hand" is "yad," which often symbolizes power, control, or possession. In ancient Israelite culture, the hand was seen as an extension of one's will and actions. This phrase underscores the personal accountability of the individual who wields the object, emphasizing that the act is deliberate and within the person's control.

a wooden object capable of causing death
The use of a "wooden object" highlights the premeditated nature of the act. Wood, in the ancient Near East, was a common material for tools and weapons. The Hebrew word for "wood" is "ets," which can refer to anything from a simple stick to a crafted weapon. This phrase suggests that the object is not inherently lethal but becomes so through the intent and force applied by the individual. It reflects the seriousness with which the law views the misuse of everyday items for harm.

and he strikes another man and kills him
The act of striking is deliberate and violent. The Hebrew verb "nakah" is used here, which means to strike, smite, or hit. This word conveys a sense of aggression and intent to harm. The phrase "and kills him" indicates the outcome of the action, emphasizing the gravity of taking a life. In the context of ancient Israelite law, this act disrupts the community's peace and order, necessitating justice.

the murderer must surely be put to death
This phrase reflects the principle of lex talionis, or the law of retribution, which is a foundational concept in biblical justice. The Hebrew word for "murderer" is "rotzeach," which specifically refers to one who commits intentional homicide. The phrase "must surely be put to death" uses the Hebrew construction "mot yumat," a strong imperative indicating the certainty and necessity of the death penalty for murder. This reflects the sanctity of life in biblical law and the need for justice to maintain societal order. The death penalty serves as both a punishment and a deterrent, underscoring the value God places on human life and the seriousness of taking it unlawfully.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Israelites
The people to whom the laws in Numbers were given, as they were preparing to enter the Promised Land.

2. Moses
The leader of the Israelites who received and communicated God's laws to the people.

3. The Cities of Refuge
Designated places where someone who killed another unintentionally could flee for safety until a trial could be held.

4. The Murderer
The individual who intentionally kills another person with a deadly object, such as a stone.

5. The Avenger of Blood
A family member of the victim who had the right to pursue justice for the murder.

Teaching Points

The Sanctity of Life
This passage underscores the value God places on human life and the seriousness of taking it unlawfully.

Intent Matters
The distinction between murder and manslaughter highlights the importance of intent in God's justice system.

Justice and Mercy
While justice is served through the death penalty for murder, the provision of cities of refuge shows God's mercy for those who kill unintentionally.

The Role of Community
The community plays a crucial role in upholding justice and providing protection, reflecting the importance of communal responsibility.

Heart Attitude
Jesus' teaching in the New Testament calls believers to examine their hearts, as anger and hatred can lead to sin.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the law in Numbers 35:18 reflect God's view of justice and the value of human life?

2. In what ways does the provision of cities of refuge demonstrate God's mercy, and how can we apply this principle in our communities today?

3. How does Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:21-22 expand our understanding of the commandment against murder?

4. What role does intent play in distinguishing between murder and manslaughter, and how can this understanding affect our judgment of others?

5. How can we, as a community of believers, ensure that we uphold justice while also extending mercy and grace to those who have wronged us?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 21:12-14
This passage provides additional context on the laws regarding murder and manslaughter, emphasizing the difference between intentional and unintentional killing.

Deuteronomy 19:4-6
Further elaborates on the concept of cities of refuge and the protection they offer to those who commit unintentional manslaughter.

Matthew 5:21-22
Jesus expands on the commandment against murder, addressing the heart's intentions and the sin of anger.

Romans 13:1-4
Discusses the role of governing authorities in executing justice, which can be related to the laws given in Numbers.