Now the daughters of Zelophehad
This phrase introduces a significant narrative in the history of Israel, highlighting the daughters of Zelophehad. The Hebrew word for "daughters" (בָּנוֹת, banot) emphasizes their identity as women in a patriarchal society. Zelophehad's daughters are notable for their courage and faith, stepping forward to claim their inheritance rights. This act is a precursor to the New Testament's affirmation of the value and dignity of women in the Kingdom of God.

son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh
This genealogical detail situates the daughters within the tribe of Manasseh, one of the tribes of Israel. The lineage traces back to Joseph, a key figure in Israel's history. The mention of these ancestors underscores the daughters' legitimate claim to an inheritance, as they are part of a prominent family line. Historically, this genealogy reflects the importance of land and heritage in Israelite society, where family ties determined one's place and rights within the community.

belonged to the clans of Manasseh son of Joseph
The phrase "belonged to the clans" (לְמִשְׁפְּחוֹת, le-mishpechot) indicates their association with a larger family group within the tribe of Manasseh. This connection to Joseph, a patriarch known for his faithfulness and leadership, adds weight to their petition. Theologically, it reminds us of God's providential care and the fulfillment of His promises to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

The names of the daughters were Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah
Each name carries significance, reflecting the identity and character of these women. In Hebrew culture, names often conveyed prophetic or personal meaning. Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah are remembered for their boldness and faith. Their account is a testament to God's justice and the breaking of societal norms to uphold righteousness. This narrative foreshadows the inclusive nature of God's kingdom, where all are valued and have a place in His divine plan.

So they approached
The Hebrew root for "approached" is "qarab," which means to come near or draw close. This action signifies a bold and intentional move by the daughters of Zelophehad, demonstrating their courage and faith. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, women typically did not approach leaders with legal matters, making this act particularly significant. Their approach is a testament to their belief in the justice and fairness of God's law, and it sets a precedent for seeking God's will in matters of inheritance and justice.

the entrance to the Tent of Meeting
The "Tent of Meeting" was the sacred place where God communicated with Moses and the Israelites. It was a symbol of God's presence among His people. Approaching the entrance signifies a desire to seek divine guidance and judgment. The Tent of Meeting was central to the community's spiritual life, and coming to its entrance underscores the seriousness and sanctity of their request. It reflects the belief that God is the ultimate authority in resolving disputes and guiding His people.

stood before Moses
Moses, as the leader of Israel, was the mediator between God and the people. Standing before him indicates respect for his God-given authority and a recognition of his role in interpreting and applying God's law. This phrase highlights the importance of leadership and the responsibility of leaders to listen to and address the concerns of those they lead. It also emphasizes the orderly process of bringing matters before the community's appointed leaders.

Eleazar the priest
Eleazar, the son of Aaron, served as the high priest after Aaron's death. His presence signifies the involvement of the priesthood in legal and spiritual matters. The priesthood was responsible for maintaining the holiness of the community and ensuring that God's laws were upheld. Including Eleazar in this assembly underscores the need for spiritual discernment and the application of God's law in communal decisions.

the leaders
The leaders, or "nasi" in Hebrew, were the heads of the tribes and clans of Israel. Their inclusion in this assembly represents the collective leadership of the nation. It highlights the importance of communal decision-making and the role of leaders in representing the interests of their people. This phrase underscores the need for a collaborative approach to governance and the importance of involving multiple voices in the decision-making process.

and the entire congregation
The entire congregation refers to the assembly of the people of Israel. This inclusion signifies transparency and accountability in the decision-making process. It reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where important matters were addressed publicly and with the involvement of the whole community. This phrase emphasizes the democratic aspect of Israel's governance, where the voices of all members were considered in matters of justice and inheritance.

and said
The act of speaking, "amar" in Hebrew, is significant as it represents the daughters' articulation of their case. It highlights the power of words and the importance of voicing one's concerns and seeking justice. This phrase sets the stage for the daughters' plea, which challenges existing norms and seeks a righteous resolution. It underscores the biblical principle that God hears the cries of His people and is attentive to their needs and concerns.

Our father died in the wilderness
This phrase begins with a poignant acknowledgment of the death of the father of Zelophehad's daughters. The Hebrew word for "wilderness" is "midbar," which often signifies a place of desolation and testing. In the biblical narrative, the wilderness is where the Israelites wandered for forty years due to their disobedience and lack of faith. This setting underscores the trials and tribulations faced by the Israelites, and it is within this context of hardship that the daughters of Zelophehad make their plea. Their father’s death in the wilderness symbolizes the end of a generation that did not enter the Promised Land, yet it also sets the stage for a new beginning and a shift in inheritance laws.

but he was not among the followers of Korah
Here, the daughters clarify that their father was not part of Korah's rebellion. The Hebrew root for "followers" is "edah," meaning congregation or assembly. Korah's rebellion, as recorded in Numbers 16, was a significant event where Korah and his followers challenged the leadership of Moses and Aaron, resulting in divine judgment. By distancing their father from this rebellion, the daughters emphasize his innocence and loyalty to God’s appointed leaders. This distinction is crucial as it establishes their father’s integrity and righteousness, which strengthens their case for inheritance.

who banded together against the LORD
The phrase "banded together" comes from the Hebrew "no'ad," which implies a deliberate assembly or conspiracy. This rebellion against the LORD was not just against human leaders but against divine authority itself. The historical context of this rebellion highlights the severity of challenging God’s ordained order. The daughters’ assertion that their father was not part of this conspiracy further underscores his faithfulness and the legitimacy of their claim.

but he died for his own sin
This acknowledgment of personal sin reflects the biblical principle that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). The Hebrew word for "sin" is "chet," which means to miss the mark. This admission shows humility and an understanding of human fallibility. It also aligns with the conservative Christian perspective that each individual is accountable for their own actions before God. The daughters’ recognition of their father’s sinfulness, yet distinction from the rebellion, presents a balanced view of justice and mercy.

and he had no sons
In ancient Israelite culture, inheritance typically passed through male descendants. The Hebrew word for "sons" is "ben," which signifies a builder of the family name. The absence of sons in Zelophehad’s family creates a legal and social dilemma, as property and family legacy were traditionally maintained through male heirs. This situation sets the stage for a significant legal precedent in Israelite law, where God instructs Moses to grant inheritance rights to daughters, thereby ensuring justice and continuity of the family line. This change reflects God’s compassion and fairness, emphasizing that His laws are adaptable to uphold righteousness and equity.

Why should the name of our father disappear
This phrase highlights the cultural and historical importance of lineage and inheritance in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "name" (שֵׁם, shem) signifies more than just a label; it represents identity, legacy, and continuity. In the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, a family's name was carried on through male descendants. The daughters of Zelophehad, who speak these words, challenge the norm by advocating for their father's legacy despite the absence of sons. This reflects a broader biblical theme of God's concern for justice and the preservation of family heritage.

from his clan
The term "clan" (מִשְׁפָּחָה, mishpachah) refers to a larger family unit within the tribe, emphasizing the communal nature of Israelite society. Each clan had its own inheritance and land allotment, which were crucial for maintaining social and economic stability. The daughters' plea underscores the interconnectedness of individual families within the broader tribal structure and the potential impact of losing a family's inheritance on the clan's integrity.

because he had no sons?
This phrase points to the traditional inheritance laws in Israel, where property was typically passed down through male heirs. The absence of sons in a family posed a significant challenge, as it threatened the continuity of the family's name and property. The daughters' question challenges the status quo, highlighting a gap in the law that could lead to injustice. Their boldness in addressing this issue reflects a deep faith in God's justice and a willingness to seek change within the framework of the law.

Give us property
The request for "property" (אֲחֻזָּה, achuzzah) is a direct appeal for a share in the inheritance, which was a radical notion at the time. The Hebrew term implies a permanent possession, a stake in the land that was both a source of livelihood and a symbol of God's promise to His people. By asking for property, the daughters of Zelophehad assert their right to participate in the covenant blessings, challenging societal norms and advocating for a more inclusive understanding of God's promises.

among our father’s brothers
This phrase situates the request within the family and tribal context, emphasizing the daughters' desire to maintain their connection to their father's lineage. By seeking an inheritance "among our father’s brothers," they aim to preserve their father's name and ensure their place within the community. This appeal to familial ties highlights the importance of kinship and solidarity in ancient Israel, as well as the potential for legal and social reform when individuals courageously advocate for justice and equity.

So Moses
The name "Moses" is derived from the Hebrew "Mosheh," which is believed to mean "drawn out," reflecting his rescue from the Nile. Moses is a central figure in the Old Testament, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage. His role as a mediator between God and the people is crucial, and here, we see him acting in that capacity once again. Moses' willingness to seek God's guidance exemplifies humility and obedience, qualities that are essential for any leader in the faith.

brought their case
The phrase "brought their case" indicates an act of intercession. The Hebrew root for "brought" is "qarab," meaning to approach or present. This action signifies Moses' role as an intermediary, bringing the concerns of the people directly to God. The "case" refers to the legal matter presented by the daughters of Zelophehad, who sought an inheritance in the Promised Land. This highlights the importance of justice and fairness in God's law, as well as the openness of God's system to address new situations.

before the LORD
The term "LORD" in the Hebrew text is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as "Yahweh." Bringing the case "before the LORD" signifies seeking divine wisdom and judgment. It underscores the belief that God is the ultimate authority and source of justice. This act of bringing matters before God reflects a deep trust in His sovereignty and righteousness. It also serves as a reminder that all decisions and judgments should align with God's will, as He is the ultimate judge and lawgiver.

And the LORD
This phrase signifies the direct involvement of Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel, in the affairs of His people. The Hebrew term for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the tetragrammaton, which is the most sacred name of God, emphasizing His eternal existence and unchanging nature. In the context of Numbers, this highlights God's personal relationship with Israel and His role as the ultimate authority and lawgiver. Historically, the Israelites understood this name as a reminder of God's faithfulness and His deliverance from Egypt, reinforcing His sovereignty and the trustworthiness of His promises.

answered
The Hebrew word used here is "עָנָה" (anah), which means to respond or reply. This indicates that God is not distant or silent but actively engages with His people. In the narrative context, God's response is crucial as it provides divine guidance and resolution to the issue at hand. This reflects the biblical theme that God is attentive to the cries and needs of His people, and He provides wisdom and direction. Theologically, it underscores the belief that God is a living God who communicates with His creation, offering assurance and clarity in times of uncertainty.

him
The pronoun "him" refers to Moses, the leader and prophet of Israel. Moses serves as the intermediary between God and the people, a role that is central to his identity throughout the Pentateuch. This highlights the importance of leadership that is attuned to God's voice and obedient to His commands. In the broader scriptural context, Moses is a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate mediator between God and humanity. The personal nature of God's communication with Moses emphasizes the intimate relationship God desires with those He calls to lead His people, encouraging leaders to seek divine wisdom and guidance in their responsibilities.

The daughters of Zelophehad speak correctly
This phrase acknowledges the righteousness and justice in the claim made by the daughters of Zelophehad. In the Hebrew context, the word for "speak" (דִּבְּרוּ, dibberu) implies not just verbal communication but a declaration of truth and justice. The daughters' plea was not merely a request but a rightful assertion of their place within the covenant community. Historically, this moment is significant as it highlights the progressive revelation of God's justice and the inclusion of women in the inheritance laws of Israel, which was revolutionary for its time.

You must certainly give them property as an inheritance
The command "You must certainly give" (נָתוֹן תִּתֵּן, nathon titen) is emphatic in Hebrew, indicating a divine imperative. This reflects God's unwavering commitment to justice and fairness. The term "inheritance" (נַחֲלָה, nachalah) is deeply rooted in the covenantal promise of land to the Israelites, symbolizing not just physical territory but a share in the blessings and responsibilities of God's people. This directive underscores the importance of ensuring that all members of the community, regardless of gender, have a stake in the covenant promises.

among their father’s brothers
The phrase "among their father’s brothers" situates the daughters' inheritance within the broader family structure, emphasizing the communal and familial nature of inheritance in ancient Israel. The Hebrew term for "brothers" (אַחִים, achim) can also mean kinsmen or relatives, indicating the close-knit tribal and familial bonds that were central to Israelite society. This provision ensures that the inheritance remains within the tribe, preserving the integrity and identity of the family line.

and transfer their father’s inheritance to them
The word "transfer" (וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ, vehavarta) implies a legal and formal act of passing on property rights. This action not only rectifies the immediate issue of inheritance for the daughters but also sets a precedent for future generations. The term "inheritance" reiterates the concept of a divinely ordained portion, reinforcing the idea that God's promises are inclusive and adaptable to ensure justice. This transfer signifies a shift towards a more equitable system that honors the faith and courage of those who seek justice within God's framework.

And you shall speak to the Israelites
This phrase begins with a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the importance of communication and leadership. The Hebrew root for "speak" is דָּבַר (dabar), which implies not just speaking, but conveying a message with authority and purpose. In the historical context, Moses serves as the intermediary between God and the Israelites, highlighting the importance of clear and divinely guided leadership. This command underscores the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people, the Israelites, who are to be guided by His statutes and laws.

If a man dies and has no son
The phrase addresses a specific legal situation within the Israelite community. The Hebrew word for "dies" is מוּת (muth), which is often used in the context of mortality and the human condition. The absence of a son in this context is significant because, in ancient Israelite society, inheritance typically passed through male descendants. This reflects the patriarchal structure of the time, where lineage and property were closely tied to male heirs. The situation presented here necessitates a divine directive to ensure justice and continuity within the family and community.

you shall transfer his inheritance
The term "transfer" comes from the Hebrew root עָבַר (avar), meaning to pass over or pass on. This indicates a legal and formal process of moving property rights from one individual to another. The concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in the covenantal promises given to Abraham, where land and legacy are central themes. This directive ensures that the inheritance remains within the family, preserving the tribal and familial integrity that is crucial to the Israelite identity and God's promises to His people.

to his daughter
This phrase marks a significant development in the inheritance laws of ancient Israel. The inclusion of daughters as rightful heirs in the absence of a son is a progressive step within the cultural and historical context. It reflects God's justice and care for all members of the community, ensuring that women are provided for and that family property remains within the family line. This provision highlights the value and dignity of women in God's eyes, even within a patriarchal society, and sets a precedent for equitable treatment in matters of inheritance.

If he has no daughter
This phrase addresses the situation where a man dies without leaving a male heir, which was a significant concern in ancient Israelite society. The Hebrew word for "daughter" is "בַּת" (bat), emphasizing the importance of female offspring in the absence of sons. Historically, daughters were not typically primary heirs, reflecting the patriarchal structure of ancient Israel. However, this provision shows a progressive step in ensuring that the family inheritance remains within the family line, even if it means passing it to a daughter, should there be no sons. This reflects God's justice and care for family continuity and provision.

give his inheritance
The term "inheritance" in Hebrew is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which refers to the land or property passed down through generations. In the context of the Israelites, inheritance was not merely about wealth but about maintaining the tribal and familial identity tied to the Promised Land. This command underscores the importance of stewardship and the divine allocation of land among the tribes of Israel. It highlights God's covenant promise to Abraham and his descendants, ensuring that each family retains its portion of the land.

to his brothers
The Hebrew word for "brothers" is "אָחִים" (achim), which can mean literal brothers or more broadly, male relatives. This provision ensures that the inheritance remains within the extended family, preserving the family name and property. In the cultural and historical context, brothers were seen as the next logical heirs after sons and daughters, maintaining the patriarchal lineage. This reflects the biblical principle of familial responsibility and the importance of kinship ties in ancient Israelite society. It also illustrates God's order and structure within the family unit, emphasizing the value of unity and support among siblings.

If he has no brothers
This phrase addresses a situation where a man dies without leaving any male descendants. In the ancient Israelite context, inheritance was typically passed through male lineage. The absence of brothers signifies a break in the direct line of inheritance, necessitating a broader search within the family to maintain the property within the clan. The Hebrew word for "brothers" is "אַחִים" (achim), which can also mean close relatives or kinsmen, emphasizing the importance of family ties in the distribution of inheritance.

give his inheritance
The term "inheritance" in Hebrew is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which refers to a possession or property that is passed down through generations. In the context of the Israelites, inheritance was not merely about wealth but was deeply tied to the Promised Land, which was a divine gift to the tribes of Israel. The land was a symbol of God's covenant and faithfulness, and maintaining it within the family was crucial for preserving the tribal identity and heritage.

to his father’s brothers
This phrase indicates the next line of kinship in the absence of direct male descendants. The Hebrew word for "father's brothers" is "דּוֹדִים" (dodim), which specifically refers to paternal uncles. This provision ensures that the inheritance remains within the extended family, preserving the tribal and familial structure. Historically, this reflects the patriarchal nature of ancient Israelite society, where property and leadership were typically vested in male relatives. This system also underscores the communal aspect of Israelite life, where family and tribal affiliations were paramount.

If his father has no brothers
This phrase addresses the situation where a man dies without leaving a direct male heir. In ancient Israelite society, inheritance was typically passed through the male line. The Hebrew word for "brothers" is "אַחִים" (achim), which can refer to both literal brothers and close male relatives. This reflects the patriarchal structure of the society, where family lineage and property were closely tied to male descendants. The absence of brothers necessitated a broader search within the family to maintain the inheritance within the clan.

give his inheritance
The term "inheritance" in Hebrew is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which signifies not just property but a divinely allotted portion of the Promised Land. This concept underscores the theological belief that the land was a gift from God to the Israelites, and thus, it was crucial to keep it within the family and tribe. The act of giving the inheritance to another relative ensures the continuity of God's promise and the stability of the tribal structure.

to the nearest relative of his clan
The Hebrew word for "nearest relative" is "קָרוֹב" (qarov), indicating the closest kinship ties. This provision highlights the importance of family solidarity and the preservation of tribal identity. The clan, or "מִשְׁפָּחָה" (mishpachah), was a fundamental social unit in Israel, and maintaining property within the clan was essential for its economic and social stability. This reflects God's concern for order and justice within the community.

that he may possess it
The phrase "may possess" comes from the Hebrew "וְיָרַשׁ" (veyarash), meaning to inherit or take possession. This is not merely a legal transaction but a fulfillment of divine promise. Possession of the land was a sign of God's blessing and favor, and it was a tangible expression of the covenant relationship between God and His people. The act of possessing the land was both a privilege and a responsibility.

This is to be a statutory ordinance
The term "statutory ordinance" in Hebrew is "חֻקַּת מִשְׁפָּט" (chukat mishpat), indicating a binding legal decree. This underscores the divine authority behind the law, as it was not merely a human decision but a command from God. Such ordinances were meant to provide clear guidance and ensure justice within the community. It reflects the orderly nature of God's governance over His people.

for the Israelites
The Israelites, or "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (benei Yisrael), were the chosen people of God, set apart to be a holy nation. This ordinance was specific to them, highlighting their unique covenant relationship with God. It served as a reminder of their identity and calling as God's people, entrusted with His laws and promises.

as the LORD has commanded Moses
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the command. The LORD, or "יְהוָה" (YHWH), is the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal and unchanging nature. The command given to Moses, the great leader and prophet, underscores the authority and authenticity of the law. It reassures the Israelites that these instructions are not arbitrary but are rooted in God's wisdom and purpose for His people.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase signifies a direct communication from God to Moses, highlighting the unique relationship between them. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This divine instruction underscores the authority and sovereignty of God in guiding His people. Historically, Moses is seen as a prophet and leader, chosen to mediate between God and Israel, and this direct address reaffirms his role.

Go up this mountain
The command to "go up" indicates a physical ascent, but it also symbolizes a spiritual elevation. Mountains in biblical literature often represent places of divine revelation and encounter. The Hebrew word for "mountain" is "har," which can also imply a place of challenge and testing. This ascent is not just a geographical movement but a spiritual journey, preparing Moses for a significant revelation.

of the Abarim range
The Abarim range is a series of mountains east of the Jordan River. The name "Abarim" is derived from the Hebrew root "abar," meaning "to pass over" or "to cross." This range represents a boundary, both physically and spiritually, as it is the threshold to the Promised Land. Archaeologically, this area is significant as it provides a vantage point over the land of Canaan, symbolizing the transition from wilderness wandering to the fulfillment of God's promise.

and see the land
The instruction to "see" the land is both literal and metaphorical. The Hebrew word "ra'ah" means to see, perceive, or understand. Moses is granted a vision of the Promised Land, a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This sight is a divine gift, allowing Moses to witness the fruition of a promise, even though he will not enter it himself. It serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and the hope of future generations.

that I have given the Israelites
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and the certainty of His promises. The use of "I have given" in the past tense indicates the assurance and irrevocability of God's gift, even before the Israelites physically possess the land. The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, highlighting their identity as God's chosen people. This promise is rooted in the Abrahamic covenant, underscoring the continuity of God's plan and His unwavering commitment to His people.

And when you have seen it
This phrase refers to Moses being granted a view of the Promised Land from Mount Nebo. The Hebrew root for "seen" is "ra'ah," which means to perceive or consider. This moment is significant as it represents a culmination of Moses' leadership journey. Despite not entering the land himself, God allows Moses to witness the fulfillment of His promise to the Israelites. This act of seeing is both a privilege and a poignant reminder of the consequences of disobedience, as Moses was barred from entering due to striking the rock at Meribah (Numbers 20:12). It underscores the importance of faithfulness and obedience to God's commands.

you too will be gathered to your people
The phrase "gathered to your people" is a Hebrew idiom for death, suggesting a reunion with ancestors. The Hebrew word "asaph" means to gather or collect, indicating a peaceful transition to the afterlife. This reflects the belief in an afterlife where the faithful are united with their forebears. For Moses, this is a moment of divine assurance that his life's work was not in vain, and he will join the patriarchs who preceded him. It is a comforting reminder of the continuity of God's covenant with His people, transcending generations.

as Aaron your brother was
Aaron's death is recorded in Numbers 20:28, where he is gathered to his people on Mount Hor. The mention of Aaron serves as a reminder of the shared journey and leadership between the brothers. Both Moses and Aaron were instrumental in leading the Israelites out of Egypt and through the wilderness. The parallel in their deaths signifies the completion of their divine mission. Historically, Aaron's priestly role and Moses' prophetic leadership were foundational to the establishment of Israel's identity as God's chosen people. This phrase highlights the theme of divine justice and mercy, as both leaders face the consequences of their actions yet are honored in their passing.

For when the congregation contended
This phrase refers to a specific incident in the history of Israel, where the people of Israel, often referred to as the "congregation," expressed their dissatisfaction and lack of faith. The Hebrew root for "contended" is "רִיב" (riv), which means to strive or quarrel. This reflects a recurring theme in the wilderness journey, where the Israelites frequently challenged Moses and, by extension, God. This contention is a reminder of human nature's tendency to doubt and rebel against divine guidance, highlighting the need for faith and trust in God's plan.

in the Wilderness of Zin
The Wilderness of Zin is a geographical location that played a significant role in the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. It is a desert region, symbolizing a place of testing and trial. Historically and archaeologically, the Wilderness of Zin is identified with the Negev desert in modern-day Israel. This setting underscores the harsh conditions the Israelites faced and serves as a metaphor for the spiritual dryness and challenges believers may encounter in their faith journey.

both of you rebelled against My command
This phrase addresses Moses and Aaron, who were leaders of the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "rebelled" is "מָרָה" (marah), meaning to be contentious or disobedient. Despite their leadership roles, Moses and Aaron failed to uphold God's command at a critical moment, demonstrating that even the most faithful can falter. This serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of obedience and the consequences of failing to honor God's instructions.

to show My holiness in their sight
God's holiness is a central theme throughout the Bible, representing His purity, separateness, and divine nature. The Hebrew word for "holiness" is "קֹדֶשׁ" (qodesh), which signifies something sacred or set apart. In this context, God intended to demonstrate His holiness through Moses and Aaron's actions, but their failure to do so resulted in a missed opportunity to glorify God before the people. This emphasizes the responsibility of believers to reflect God's holiness in their lives.

at the waters
This refers to the waters of Meribah, where Moses struck the rock to bring forth water for the Israelites, contrary to God's command to speak to the rock. The incident at the waters is a pivotal moment that illustrates the consequences of disobedience. Water, often a symbol of life and sustenance, here becomes a symbol of lost opportunity and divine judgment. It serves as a reminder of the importance of following God's instructions precisely and the impact of our actions on our witness to others.

So Moses
The phrase "So Moses" introduces us to the central human figure in this narrative, Moses, who is a pivotal leader in the history of Israel. Moses, whose name in Hebrew is "Moshe," is a prophet, lawgiver, and mediator between God and the Israelites. His life is a testament to faithfulness and obedience, despite personal challenges and the burdens of leadership. Historically, Moses is revered as the one who led the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage and through the wilderness. His actions and decisions are foundational to the identity and faith of the Israelite community.

appealed
The word "appealed" in this context signifies a deep, earnest request or plea. In Hebrew, the root word is "dabar," which means to speak or declare. This highlights Moses' role as an intercessor, someone who communicates directly with God on behalf of the people. It reflects a relationship of trust and reverence, where Moses feels confident to bring his concerns before the LORD. This act of appealing is not just a casual conversation; it is a profound moment of seeking divine guidance and wisdom.

to the LORD
The phrase "to the LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenantal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal presence and faithfulness to His promises. In the context of Numbers 27, Moses' appeal to the LORD underscores the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where ultimate authority and guidance come from God Himself. The LORD is not a distant deity but an active participant in the life of His people, guiding, instructing, and providing for them. This relationship is central to the narrative of the Israelites and serves as a model for believers today, emphasizing the importance of seeking God's will in all matters.

May the LORD
The invocation of "the LORD" here refers to Yahweh, the covenantal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal presence and faithfulness to His promises. In the Hebrew text, "Yahweh" is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His intimate relationship with Israel. The use of this name in a prayer for leadership underscores the belief that true leadership comes from God alone, who is the ultimate authority and guide for His people.

the God of the spirits of all flesh
This phrase emphasizes God's omnipotence and His role as the Creator and Sustainer of all life. The Hebrew word for "spirits" (רוּחוֹת, ruachot) can also mean "breath" or "wind," signifying the life force within all living beings. By acknowledging God as the "God of the spirits," Moses recognizes that God has intimate knowledge and control over every individual. This acknowledgment is crucial in the context of appointing a leader, as it is God who understands the hearts and spirits of men, qualifying Him to choose the right person to lead His people.

appoint a man
The request for God to "appoint a man" highlights the need for divinely sanctioned leadership. The Hebrew verb used here, יִפְקֹד (yifqod), implies a careful selection or commissioning. This reflects the biblical principle that leadership is not merely a human endeavor but a divine calling. In the historical context, this was a critical moment for Israel as they stood on the brink of entering the Promised Land, requiring a leader who would faithfully guide them according to God's will.

over the congregation
The term "congregation" (עֵדָה, edah) refers to the assembly of the Israelites, God's chosen people. This word is often used in the Pentateuch to describe the community of Israel as a whole, gathered for worship, decision-making, or receiving instruction. The leader's role "over the congregation" is not one of domination but of service, guidance, and representation before God. Historically, this reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where the leader acts as a mediator between God and His people, ensuring that the community remains faithful to the covenant.

who will go out and come in before them
This phrase emphasizes the need for a leader who is actively involved in the daily lives of the people. The Hebrew roots here, "yatsa" (to go out) and "bo" (to come in), suggest a leader who is not only present but also engaged in the community's activities. Historically, this reflects the role of a shepherd who guides and protects the flock, ensuring their safety and well-being. In a spiritual sense, it underscores the importance of a leader who is both a protector and a guide, embodying the presence of God among His people.

who will lead them out and bring them in
The repetition of this phrase highlights the cyclical nature of leadership responsibilities. The Hebrew words "nasa" (to lead out) and "bo" (to bring in) convey a sense of movement and direction. This reflects the historical context of the Israelites, who were often on the move, requiring a leader who could guide them through both physical and spiritual journeys. It also points to the need for a leader who can provide stability and direction, ensuring that the people remain on the path God has set for them.

so that the congregation of the LORD
The term "congregation" (Hebrew "edah") refers to the assembly of God's people, emphasizing their collective identity as belonging to the LORD. This phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where the people are not just a random group but a divinely chosen community. The historical context here is significant, as it reminds the Israelites of their unique status and responsibilities as God's people, called to live according to His commandments and purposes.

will not be like sheep without a shepherd
This metaphor draws on the pastoral imagery common in the ancient Near East, where sheep without a shepherd were vulnerable to danger and lacked direction. The Hebrew word "ra'ah" (shepherd) is rich with meaning, suggesting care, guidance, and protection. In a scriptural context, this phrase is a poignant reminder of the need for godly leadership to prevent chaos and ensure the well-being of the community. It also foreshadows the New Testament portrayal of Jesus as the Good Shepherd, who provides ultimate guidance and care for His flock. This imagery serves as an inspirational call for leaders to emulate the shepherd's role, ensuring that God's people are nurtured and led according to His will.

So the LORD said to Moses
This phrase underscores the direct communication between God and Moses, a hallmark of Moses' leadership. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This divine instruction highlights the theocratic leadership model where God directly guides His chosen leaders. Historically, this reflects the unique relationship Moses had with God, serving as a mediator for the Israelites.

Take Joshua son of Nun
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This is significant as Joshua is a type of Christ, prefiguring Jesus, whose name in Hebrew is the same. Joshua's lineage as the "son of Nun" roots him in the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph's sons, which is important for understanding the tribal dynamics and leadership roles within Israel. Joshua's selection is a divine appointment, not based on human merit but on God's sovereign choice.

a man in whom is the Spirit
This phrase indicates that Joshua is not only chosen by God but also empowered by the Holy Spirit. The Hebrew word for "Spirit" is "Ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit, signifying life and divine empowerment. This is a critical point in understanding biblical leadership; it is not merely about human ability but about being filled with God's Spirit. This empowerment is essential for the task ahead, as Joshua will lead the Israelites into the Promised Land.

and lay your hand on him
The act of laying hands is a significant biblical gesture symbolizing the transfer of authority and blessing. In Hebrew culture, this act was often used in ordination and blessing, signifying the passing of responsibility and the conferring of God's grace and power. This physical act serves as a public endorsement of Joshua's new role, ensuring that the people recognize and accept his leadership. It also reflects the continuity of God's plan, as Moses' leadership is passed on to Joshua, ensuring that God's purposes for Israel continue unimpeded.

Have him stand
In this phrase, the act of standing is significant in biblical tradition, often symbolizing readiness, authority, and the beginning of a new role or mission. The Hebrew word used here is "amad," which conveys the idea of taking a position or standing firm. This act of standing before the congregation is not merely physical but also spiritual, indicating Joshua's readiness to assume leadership and his acceptance by the community. Historically, standing before the assembly was a common practice for leaders and prophets, signifying their role as intermediaries between God and His people.

before Eleazar the priest
Eleazar, the son of Aaron, represents the continuity of the priestly line and the spiritual authority within Israel. The mention of Eleazar underscores the importance of divine guidance in leadership transitions. The priest's role was to seek God's will, often through the Urim and Thummim, and to ensure that the new leader was aligned with God's purposes. This highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where spiritual and civil responsibilities were intertwined.

and the whole congregation
The inclusion of the entire congregation emphasizes the communal aspect of leadership in Israel. It was not enough for Joshua to be appointed by Moses alone; the people needed to witness and accept this transition. This public acknowledgment ensured transparency and unity within the community. Historically, such gatherings were crucial for maintaining social cohesion and ensuring that the leader had the people's support.

and commission him
The act of commissioning is a formal and solemn process, involving the transfer of authority and responsibility. The Hebrew word "tsavah" implies a command or charge, indicating that Joshua's leadership was not just a position of honor but one of duty and service. This commissioning was a divine mandate, reinforcing that Joshua's authority came from God through Moses. It serves as a reminder that true leadership in the biblical sense is about serving God's purposes and His people.

in their sight
The phrase "in their sight" underscores the importance of transparency and accountability in leadership. By commissioning Joshua publicly, Moses ensured that there was no doubt about the legitimacy of his leadership. This public act also served to instill confidence in the people, as they could witness the continuity of God's plan for them. It reflects the biblical principle that leaders are to be examples to their people, living and acting in ways that are open and above reproach.

Confer some of your authority on him
The Hebrew word for "confer" is "נָתַן" (natan), which means to give, bestow, or grant. This act of conferring authority is significant in the biblical context as it represents a divine transfer of leadership. Moses, who has been the leader of the Israelites, is instructed by God to pass on some of his authority to Joshua. This is not merely a human decision but a divinely ordained succession plan. The authority Moses held was not his own but was given by God, and now it is to be shared with Joshua. This act symbolizes the continuity of God's guidance and leadership over His people. It is a reminder that leadership in the biblical sense is a stewardship of God's authority, not a personal possession.

so that the whole congregation of the Israelites
The phrase "the whole congregation of the Israelites" emphasizes the collective identity and unity of God's people. The Hebrew term for congregation is "עֵדָה" (edah), which refers to an assembly or gathering. This highlights the communal aspect of Israel's identity; they are not just a collection of individuals but a unified body under God's covenant. The transfer of authority is not just for Joshua's benefit but for the well-being and order of the entire community. It underscores the importance of leadership that serves the people and maintains the unity and direction of the congregation.

will obey him
The Hebrew word for "obey" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear, listen, or obey. In the biblical context, obedience is not merely about following orders but involves a deep listening and responsiveness to God's will. The obedience of the Israelites to Joshua is crucial for the continuation of their journey and mission. It reflects the trust and respect that the people must have for their God-appointed leader. This obedience is rooted in the understanding that Joshua's authority comes from God, and thus, obeying him is part of their covenantal relationship with God. It serves as a reminder that true leadership in the biblical sense is about guiding others in faithfulness to God's commands and purposes.

He shall stand before Eleazar the priest
This phrase emphasizes the importance of spiritual leadership and guidance in the life of the Israelites. Eleazar, the son of Aaron, represents the continuation of the priestly line and the role of the priest as an intermediary between God and His people. The Hebrew root for "stand" (עָמַד, 'amad) implies a position of readiness and respect, indicating that Joshua, the leader, must approach with humility and reverence. This highlights the necessity of seeking divine guidance through established spiritual authorities.

who will obtain decisions for him
The role of Eleazar is to seek God's will on behalf of Joshua. The Hebrew word for "obtain decisions" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) can also mean to inquire or ask, suggesting a process of seeking divine wisdom. This reflects the biblical principle that leaders should not rely solely on their understanding but should seek God's direction in their decisions, reinforcing the idea that true wisdom comes from God.

by inquiring of the Urim
The Urim, along with the Thummim, were sacred lots used by the high priest to discern God's will. The exact nature of the Urim is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a part of the priestly garments, possibly stones or objects used for casting lots. This practice underscores the belief in God's sovereignty and His willingness to guide His people through established means. The use of the Urim signifies a tangible connection to divine guidance, reminding believers of the importance of seeking God's will in all matters.

before the LORD
This phrase indicates that the inquiry is made in the presence of God, emphasizing His omnipresence and the sacredness of the act. The Hebrew word for "before" (לִפְנֵי, lifnei) suggests being in the face of or in the presence of, highlighting the direct relationship between God and His people. It serves as a reminder that all actions and decisions are ultimately accountable to God, who is the ultimate authority.

At his command
This refers to the authority given to Joshua as the leader of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "command" (פָּקַד, paqad) implies a sense of oversight and responsibility. Joshua's leadership is not autonomous but is exercised under divine guidance, illustrating the biblical principle that true leadership is servanthood under God's direction.

he and the entire congregation of the Israelites
This phrase emphasizes the collective nature of the Israelite community. The Hebrew word for "congregation" (עֵדָה, edah) refers to an assembly or gathering, highlighting the unity and shared purpose of God's people. It underscores the importance of communal obedience and the idea that the actions of the leader affect the entire community.

will go out and come in
This expression is a Hebrew idiom for conducting daily affairs, including military campaigns and other activities. It signifies the totality of life and the need for God's guidance in every aspect. The phrase suggests a rhythm of life under God's direction, where every action is undertaken with His blessing and oversight. It serves as a reminder that believers are to live their lives in constant awareness of God's presence and guidance.

So Moses did
The phrase highlights Moses' obedience to God's command. The Hebrew root for "did" is עָשָׂה (asah), which means to accomplish or to act. This reflects Moses' role as a faithful servant of God, consistently acting in accordance with divine instructions. His actions set a precedent for leadership that is rooted in obedience and faithfulness, serving as a model for future generations.

as the LORD had commanded him
This phrase underscores the divine authority behind Moses' actions. The Hebrew word for "commanded" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a directive or order. It emphasizes the importance of following God's will, highlighting the belief that divine commands are not merely suggestions but authoritative instructions that require compliance. This reflects a central tenet of conservative Christian theology: the sovereignty of God and the necessity of obedience to His will.

He took Joshua
The act of taking Joshua signifies the transfer of leadership. The Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua) means "The LORD is salvation," which is significant in the context of Joshua's future role in leading Israel into the Promised Land. This transition marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, symbolizing hope and continuity. Joshua's selection is a testament to God's providence and the preparation of leaders who are equipped to fulfill His purposes.

had him stand before Eleazar the priest
Standing before Eleazar signifies a formal and public recognition of Joshua's new role. Eleazar, the son of Aaron, represents the priestly authority and the spiritual oversight of Israel. The Hebrew root for "stand" is עָמַד (amad), which conveys the idea of being established or appointed. This act of standing before the priest underscores the importance of spiritual endorsement and the integration of religious authority in leadership transitions.

and the whole congregation
The inclusion of the whole congregation highlights the communal aspect of leadership and the importance of public acknowledgment. The Hebrew word for "congregation" is עֵדָה (edah), which refers to the assembly or community of Israel. This emphasizes the collective identity of God's people and the necessity for leaders to be recognized and accepted by the community they serve. It reflects the biblical principle of accountability and transparency in leadership, ensuring that transitions are conducted openly and with the consent of the people.

He laid his hands on him
The act of laying hands is a significant biblical gesture symbolizing the transfer of authority, blessing, or the Holy Spirit. In Hebrew, the word for "laid" is "סָמַךְ" (samach), which means to support or uphold. This act is not merely symbolic but a tangible expression of conferring responsibility and empowerment. Historically, this practice is seen in various contexts, such as the ordination of priests (Leviticus 8:14) and the blessing of children (Genesis 48:14). In this context, Moses laying hands on Joshua signifies the passing of leadership and divine authority, ensuring continuity in God's plan for Israel.

and commissioned him
The Hebrew word for "commissioned" is "צִוָּה" (tzavah), which means to command or appoint. This commissioning is a formal and solemn act, indicating that Joshua is being set apart for a specific purpose. It underscores the seriousness of the task ahead and the divine mandate behind it. In the broader biblical narrative, commissioning is often accompanied by a charge to remain faithful to God's commands, as seen in Joshua 1:7-9. This highlights the importance of obedience and reliance on God in fulfilling one's calling.

as the LORD had instructed
The phrase "as the LORD had instructed" emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the commissioning. The Hebrew word for "instructed" is "צִוָּה" (tzavah), the same as "commissioned," reinforcing the idea that this act is not of human origin but a direct command from God. This reflects the biblical principle that true leadership and authority come from God, and leaders are accountable to Him. It also assures the Israelites that Joshua's leadership is part of God's sovereign plan, providing them with confidence and assurance.

through Moses
Moses, as the mediator of God's covenant and the leader of Israel, plays a crucial role in this transition. The phrase "through Moses" indicates that Moses is the channel through which God's instructions are communicated. This highlights the importance of faithful leadership and mentorship in God's work. Moses' obedience in following God's instructions serves as a model for Joshua and future leaders. It also signifies the end of an era and the beginning of a new chapter in Israel's history, with Joshua as the divinely appointed leader to guide them into the Promised Land.