Exodus 22:21

You must not exploit or oppress a foreign resident, for you yourselves were foreigners in the land of Egypt.

Study Bible

You must not exploit
The Hebrew word for "exploit" is "yanah," which conveys the idea of oppressing or mistreating someone. In the ancient Near Eastern context, exploitation often involved taking advantage of someone’s vulnerable position, especially in economic terms. This command reflects God’s justice and compassion, emphasizing that His people are to act with integrity and fairness. The prohibition against exploitation is a call to uphold the dignity and rights of every individual, recognizing that all are created in the image of God.

or oppress
The term "oppress" in Hebrew is "lachats," which means to press down or afflict. Historically, oppression could manifest in various forms, including physical, emotional, or social pressure. The Israelites, having experienced severe oppression in Egypt, are reminded not to replicate such behavior. This command underscores the importance of empathy and the moral responsibility to protect the vulnerable, ensuring that justice prevails in society.

a foreign resident
The phrase "foreign resident" translates from the Hebrew "ger," referring to a sojourner or temporary dweller who is not native to the land. In ancient Israel, foreign residents were often without the same rights as native-born citizens, making them susceptible to mistreatment. By instructing the Israelites to treat foreigners with kindness, God is establishing a standard of hospitality and inclusivity, reflecting His love for all nations and peoples.

for you yourselves were foreigners
This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the Israelites' own history as "gerim" (foreigners) in Egypt. It calls them to remember their past experiences of alienation and suffering, fostering a sense of solidarity and compassion towards others in similar situations. This historical context is crucial, as it forms the basis for ethical behavior, urging the Israelites to extend the grace and mercy they once received.

in the land of Egypt
Egypt, in this context, symbolizes a place of bondage and hardship for the Israelites. Their deliverance from Egypt is a central narrative in their identity as God’s chosen people. By recalling their time in Egypt, the Israelites are reminded of God’s redemptive power and faithfulness. This memory serves as a foundation for their conduct, encouraging them to act justly and mercifully, as God did for them. The reference to Egypt is a call to live in gratitude and obedience, reflecting God’s character in their treatment of others.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Foreign Resident (Ger in Hebrew)
Refers to a non-Israelite living among the Israelites. The term "ger" implies someone who resides temporarily or permanently in a land not their own, often without the full rights of citizenship.

2. Israelites
The descendants of Jacob, also known as the children of Israel, who were once foreigners in Egypt and are now being instructed on how to treat foreigners among them.

3. Egypt
The land where the Israelites were enslaved for 400 years. Their experience as foreigners in Egypt is a foundational memory that shapes their identity and ethical obligations.

4. Moses
The leader and prophet who delivered God's laws to the Israelites, including this commandment, as part of the covenant at Mount Sinai.

5. Mount Sinai
The place where God gave the Law to Moses, including the commandments found in Exodus, which were meant to guide the Israelites in their covenant relationship with God.

Teaching Points

Empathy from Experience
The Israelites' past as foreigners in Egypt is a call to empathy. Remembering personal or communal experiences of being outsiders can foster compassion and understanding towards others in similar situations.

God's Heart for Justice
This command reflects God's character as just and compassionate. Believers are called to mirror these attributes in their treatment of others, especially the marginalized.

Hospitality as a Witness
Showing kindness and hospitality to foreigners can be a powerful testimony of God's love and grace. It opens doors for sharing the Gospel and building community.

Cultural Sensitivity
Understanding and respecting cultural differences is crucial in treating foreigners with dignity and love. This requires active listening and learning from those who are different from us.

Legal and Social Responsibility
While this command was given in a theocratic context, it challenges modern believers to advocate for fair and just treatment of immigrants and refugees within their own legal and social systems.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the experience of the Israelites in Egypt shape their understanding of God's command in Exodus 22:21?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of not exploiting or oppressing foreigners in our current societal context?

3. How do the additional scriptures in Leviticus and Deuteronomy expand on the command given in Exodus 22:21?

4. What are some practical ways we can show hospitality and love to foreigners in our communities today?

5. How does Jesus' teaching in Matthew 25:35-40 challenge us to rethink our attitudes and actions towards strangers and foreigners?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Leviticus 19:33-34
Reinforces the command to love the foreigner as oneself, reminding the Israelites of their own experience in Egypt.

Deuteronomy 10:18-19
Highlights God's love for the foreigner, commanding the Israelites to show the same love and justice.

Matthew 25:35-40
Jesus speaks about welcoming strangers as a reflection of serving Him, emphasizing the importance of hospitality and compassion.

Hebrews 13:2
Encourages believers to show hospitality to strangers, suggesting that some have entertained angels without knowing it.