The Breastplate of Judgment, also known as the Breastplate of Decision, is a significant element of the high priest's sacred garments as described in the Old Testament. It is primarily detailed in the Book of Exodus, where God provides Moses with specific instructions for its construction and use. This breastplate was worn by the high priest, Aaron, and his successors, as a means of bearing the names of the tribes of Israel before the Lord and for making decisions on behalf of the people.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the Breastplate of Judgment are found in Exodus 28:15-30. The breastplate was to be made of skilled craftsmanship, using materials such as gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen. It was to be square and folded double, measuring a span in length and a span in width. The breastplate was adorned with four rows of precious stones, each stone representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones were set in gold filigree, and each stone was engraved with the name of a tribe.

Exodus 28:17-21 states: "And mount on it a setting of gemstones—four rows of stones: The first row shall be a ruby, a topaz, and an emerald; the second row shall be a turquoise, a sapphire, and a diamond; the third row shall be a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst; and the fourth row shall be a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper. Mount these stones in gold filigree settings. The twelve stones are to correspond to the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes."

The breastplate was attached to the ephod, another priestly garment, by gold chains and rings, ensuring it remained securely in place over the high priest's heart.

Function and Symbolism

The Breastplate of Judgment served both a symbolic and functional role in the religious life of Israel. It was a tangible representation of the high priest's duty to bear the people of Israel before God. The presence of the twelve stones, each inscribed with a tribe's name, symbolized the unity and diversity of the nation, reminding the high priest of his responsibility to intercede for all the tribes collectively.

Moreover, the breastplate was integral to the process of divine decision-making. It contained the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used to discern God's will in critical matters. Exodus 28:30 instructs: "Place the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD."

Theological Significance

The Breastplate of Judgment underscores the mediatorial role of the high priest, who acted as a bridge between God and His people. It highlights the importance of divine guidance and the need for righteous judgment in the leadership of Israel. The breastplate's design and function reflect the holiness and order that God desired for His chosen people.

In the broader biblical narrative, the Breastplate of Judgment foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who intercedes for believers and bears them before the Father. As Hebrews 4:14-16 articulates, Jesus is the great High Priest who sympathizes with human weaknesses and provides access to God's throne of grace.

The Breastplate of Judgment remains a profound symbol of God's covenant relationship with Israel and His provision for guidance and justice through divinely appointed leadership.