The term "poor widow" in the Bible often refers to women who, having lost their husbands, find themselves in a vulnerable and economically disadvantaged position. Widows in ancient Israelite society were particularly susceptible to poverty and injustice due to the patriarchal structure of the society, which often left them without a male protector or provider. The Bible addresses the plight of widows numerous times, emphasizing God's concern for their welfare and the responsibility of the community to care for them.

Old Testament Context

In the Old Testament, the Law of Moses includes specific provisions for the care of widows. For instance, Deuteronomy 10:18 states, "He executes justice for the fatherless and widow, and loves the foreigner, giving him food and clothing." This verse highlights God's justice and compassion towards widows, placing them under His special protection. Additionally, Deuteronomy 24:19-21 instructs the Israelites to leave behind gleanings in the field, olive trees, and vineyards for the alien, the fatherless, and the widow, ensuring they have access to food.

The account of Ruth and Naomi is a poignant example of the challenges faced by widows and the provision made for them. Naomi, a widow, returns to Bethlehem with her widowed daughter-in-law, Ruth. Ruth's gleaning in the fields of Boaz, a relative of Naomi, illustrates the application of the law and the kindness extended to widows.

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, Jesus Christ highlights the plight of widows and condemns those who exploit them. In Mark 12:41-44 and Luke 21:1-4, Jesus observes a poor widow contributing two small coins to the temple treasury. He remarks, "Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put in more than all the others. For they all contributed out of their surplus, but she out of her poverty has put in all she had to live on" . This account underscores the widow's faith and devotion, contrasting her genuine sacrifice with the superficial offerings of the wealthy.

The early church also took the responsibility of caring for widows seriously. Acts 6:1-6 describes the appointment of deacons to ensure the fair distribution of food to widows, highlighting the church's commitment to their welfare. Furthermore, 1 Timothy 5:3-16 provides instructions on how the church should support widows, distinguishing between those who are truly in need and those who have family to care for them.

Theological Significance

The Bible's consistent emphasis on caring for widows reflects God's heart for justice and mercy. Widows, along with orphans and foreigners, are often mentioned as groups deserving special attention and care. This concern is rooted in the character of God, who is described as a "father to the fatherless and a defender of widows" (Psalm 68:5). The treatment of widows serves as a measure of the community's righteousness and faithfulness to God's commands.

The "poor widow" thus becomes a symbol of faith, vulnerability, and divine justice. Her account challenges believers to reflect on their own generosity and compassion, urging them to care for those who are marginalized and in need.