Definition and Significance:
"Peace upon Israel" is a phrase that encapsulates the biblical hope and prayer for tranquility, security, and divine favor upon the nation of Israel. This concept is deeply rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures and reflects God's covenantal promises to His chosen people. The peace referred to is not merely the absence of conflict but encompasses a holistic sense of well-being, prosperity, and spiritual harmony.

Biblical References:
The phrase "Peace upon Israel" is prominently featured in the Psalms, particularly in the context of prayers and blessings. Psalm 125:5 states, "But those who turn to crooked ways the LORD will banish with the evildoers. Peace be upon Israel." This verse highlights the distinction between the righteous, who are recipients of God's peace, and the wicked, who face divine judgment.

Psalm 128:6 also echoes this sentiment: "May you live to see your children’s children. Peace be upon Israel." Here, the blessing of peace is linked with generational prosperity and the continuation of God's favor through family lineage.

Theological Context:
In the Old Testament, peace (Hebrew: "shalom") is a central theme that signifies completeness, welfare, and harmony. It is often associated with God's presence and His covenantal relationship with Israel. The peace of Israel is contingent upon their faithfulness to God's commandments and their reliance on His protection and guidance.

The prophetic literature also speaks to the future realization of peace for Israel. Isaiah 54:10 declares, "Though the mountains may be removed and the hills may be shaken, My loving devotion will not depart from you, and My covenant of peace will not be broken, says the LORD, who has compassion on you." This promise underscores the enduring nature of God's peace, even amidst turmoil.

New Testament Perspective:
In the New Testament, the concept of peace upon Israel is expanded through the person and work of Jesus Christ. Ephesians 2:14 states, "For He Himself is our peace, who has made the two one and has torn down the dividing wall of hostility." Here, Christ is seen as the fulfillment of God's promise of peace, not only for Israel but for all who believe, uniting Jews and Gentiles into one body.

Romans 11:26 further affirms the eschatological hope for Israel: "And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: 'The Deliverer will come from Zion, He will remove godlessness from Jacob.'" This salvation is intrinsically linked to the ultimate peace that God promises to His people.

Practical Implications:
For believers, praying for "Peace upon Israel" is an acknowledgment of God's ongoing plan for His people and a recognition of the spiritual heritage shared with Israel. It is a call to support and intercede for the nation, seeking its peace and prosperity in accordance with God's will.

The phrase also serves as a reminder of the broader biblical mandate to pursue peace in all relationships, reflecting the character of God and the teachings of Christ. As followers of Jesus, Christians are encouraged to be peacemakers, embodying the peace that God desires for Israel and the world.