Introduction

Moses' first speech, as recorded in the Book of Deuteronomy, serves as a historical review of the Israelites' journey from Egypt to the edge of the Promised Land. This speech is a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Israelites, as Moses seeks to remind the people of their past, the faithfulness of God, and the lessons learned through their experiences. The speech is found in Deuteronomy 1:1–4:43 and is a foundational text for understanding the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

Context and Setting

The speech takes place on the plains of Moab, east of the Jordan River, as the Israelites prepare to enter Canaan. Moses, aware that he will not enter the Promised Land, addresses the new generation of Israelites who will take possession of it. This moment is significant as it marks the transition of leadership from Moses to Joshua and the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs.

Content of the Speech

1. Recounting the Journey (Deuteronomy 1:6–3:29): Moses begins by recounting the journey from Horeb (Mount Sinai) to the plains of Moab. He reminds the Israelites of God's command to leave Horeb and take possession of the land promised to their ancestors (Deuteronomy 1:6-8). Moses highlights key events, such as the appointment of leaders to help him govern the people (Deuteronomy 1:9-18), the sending of the spies into Canaan (Deuteronomy 1:19-25), and the subsequent rebellion and lack of faith that led to their 40 years of wandering in the wilderness (Deuteronomy 1:26-46).

2. Victories Over Kings (Deuteronomy 2:24–3:11): Moses recounts the victories over Sihon, king of Heshbon, and Og, king of Bashan, emphasizing God's power and faithfulness in delivering these enemies into the hands of Israel (Deuteronomy 2:24-3:11). These victories serve as a testament to God's promise to give Israel the land and as encouragement for the battles ahead in Canaan.

3. Division of the Land (Deuteronomy 3:12-20): Moses describes the allocation of the conquered territories to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. He instructs these tribes to assist their fellow Israelites in conquering the land west of the Jordan before settling in their allotted territories (Deuteronomy 3:18-20).

4. Moses' Plea and God's Response (Deuteronomy 3:23-29): Moses shares his personal plea to God to allow him to enter the Promised Land, a request that God denies due to Moses' earlier disobedience at Meribah (Deuteronomy 3:23-27). Instead, God instructs Moses to commission Joshua as his successor and to encourage and strengthen him for the task ahead (Deuteronomy 3:28).

Theological Themes

1. Covenant Faithfulness: Moses' speech underscores the faithfulness of God to His covenant promises. Despite the Israelites' repeated failures, God remains committed to His promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to give their descendants the land of Canaan.

2. Obedience and Consequences: The historical review serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and unbelief. The Israelites' failure to trust God at Kadesh-barnea resulted in a generation perishing in the wilderness, highlighting the importance of faith and obedience.

3. Leadership and Transition: The speech marks a significant leadership transition from Moses to Joshua. Moses' role as a mediator and leader is emphasized, as is the need for strong, faithful leadership to guide the people in fulfilling God's purposes.

4. Divine Sovereignty and Provision: The victories over Sihon and Og demonstrate God's sovereignty and provision. These events reassure the Israelites of God's power to fulfill His promises and provide for their needs as they enter the land.

Conclusion

Moses' first speech in Deuteronomy is a profound historical review that serves to remind the Israelites of their past, instruct them in the present, and prepare them for the future. Through this speech, Moses calls the people to remember God's faithfulness, learn from their history, and commit to a life of obedience and trust in the Lord as they stand on the brink of the Promised Land.