Moneylenders, also referred to as usurers in some biblical translations, are individuals or entities that lend money at interest. The practice of moneylending is addressed in various passages throughout the Bible, often with a focus on ethical considerations and the treatment of the poor and needy.

Old Testament Context

In the Old Testament, the practice of lending money is regulated by Mosaic Law, which emphasizes compassion and fairness, particularly towards fellow Israelites. Exodus 22:25 states, "If you lend money to one of My people among you who is poor, you must not be like a moneylender to him; you must not charge him interest." This directive underscores the importance of mercy and support within the community, discouraging the exploitation of those in financial distress.

Leviticus 25:35-37 further elaborates on this principle: "If your brother becomes impoverished and cannot support himself among you, help him as you would a foreigner or stranger, so that he can continue to live among you. Do not take any interest or profit from him, but fear your God, so that your brother can continue to live among you. You must not lend him your money at interest or sell him your food at a profit." These verses highlight the expectation of generosity and the avoidance of financial gain at the expense of a fellow Israelite's hardship.

Wisdom Literature

The wisdom literature of the Old Testament also addresses the issue of moneylending. Proverbs 28:8 warns, "He who increases his wealth by interest and usury lays it up for one who is kind to the poor." This proverb suggests that wealth accumulated through exploitative means is ultimately futile and will benefit those who are righteous and compassionate.

Prophetic Warnings

The prophets frequently condemned the unjust practices of moneylenders, associating them with broader social injustices. Ezekiel 18:13 declares, "He lends at interest and takes a profit. Will such a man live? He will not! Because he has done all these abominations, he will surely die; his blood will be on his own head." This passage reflects the severity with which God views the exploitation of the vulnerable through usury.

New Testament Teachings

In the New Testament, the teachings of Jesus and the apostles continue to emphasize the moral implications of moneylending. Jesus' parables often include references to financial transactions, urging believers to prioritize spiritual wealth over material gain. In Luke 6:34-35 , Jesus instructs, "And if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, expecting to be repaid in full. But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them, expecting nothing in return. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High, for He is kind to the ungrateful and wicked."

The apostle Paul also addresses financial ethics in his epistles. In Romans 13:8 , he writes, "Be indebted to no one, except to one another in love, for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law." This exhortation encourages believers to avoid financial entanglements that could lead to exploitation or harm to others.

Historical and Cultural Context

In biblical times, moneylending was a common practice, often necessary for those facing economic hardship. However, the potential for abuse and exploitation was significant, leading to the biblical injunctions against usury. The cultural context of ancient Israel, with its agrarian economy and emphasis on community solidarity, shaped the biblical perspective on lending and borrowing.

Theological Implications

The biblical teachings on moneylending reflect broader theological themes of justice, mercy, and love for one's neighbor. The prohibition against charging interest to fellow Israelites underscores the covenantal relationship among God's people, where mutual care and support are paramount. The New Testament expands this ethic to include all people, emphasizing the call to love and generosity as central to the Christian life.

Throughout Scripture, the issue of moneylending serves as a lens through which the values of the Kingdom of God are articulated, challenging believers to reflect God's character in their financial dealings and relationships.