The "horns of the altar" is a term frequently encountered in the Old Testament, referring to the projections or corners of the altar used in Israelite worship. These horns were integral to the altar's design and held significant religious and symbolic meaning.

Biblical Description and Function

The altar, as described in the Pentateuch, particularly in Exodus, was a central element in the tabernacle and later in the temple. The altar of burnt offering, constructed according to divine specifications, had four horns, one at each corner. Exodus 27:2 states, "Make a horn at each of the four corners, so that the horns and the altar are of one piece, and overlay the altar with bronze."

The horns of the altar served several purposes:

1. Symbol of Strength and Salvation: In biblical symbolism, horns often represent strength and power. The horns of the altar could be seen as a representation of God's power and might, offering protection and salvation to those who seek refuge. Psalm 18:2 reflects this imagery: "The LORD is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer. My God is my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold."

2. Place of Asylum: The horns of the altar also served as a place of asylum. In ancient Israel, individuals seeking mercy or protection could grasp the horns of the altar. This act was a plea for divine intervention or clemency. An example of this is found in 1 Kings 1:50-51 , where Adonijah, fearing Solomon, "took hold of the horns of the altar" seeking safety.

3. Integral to Sacrificial Rituals: The horns were also involved in the sacrificial rituals. Blood from the sacrifices was often applied to the horns of the altar as part of the atonement process. Leviticus 4:7 instructs, "The priest must apply some of the blood to the horns of the altar of fragrant incense that is before the LORD in the Tent of Meeting."

Prophetic and Symbolic Usage

The prophets of Israel used the imagery of the horns of the altar to convey messages of judgment and repentance. In Amos 3:14 , the prophet declares, "On the day I punish Israel for their transgressions, I will destroy the altars of Bethel; the horns of the altar will be cut off and fall to the ground." This imagery signifies the removal of protection and the impending judgment due to Israel's unfaithfulness.

Cultural and Theological Significance

The horns of the altar are a profound symbol within the broader context of Israelite worship and theology. They represent God's power, the sanctity of the sacrificial system, and the mercy available to those who seek it. The concept of seeking refuge at the altar's horns underscores the belief in God's justice tempered with mercy, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative.

In summary, the horns of the altar are a multifaceted symbol within the Old Testament, embodying strength, sanctuary, and the sacrificial system's centrality in Israel's covenant relationship with God.