In the context of the Bible, the issue of fugitive slaves is addressed primarily in the Old Testament, reflecting the social and legal norms of ancient Israelite society. The treatment and status of slaves, including those who fled from their masters, are discussed within the broader framework of servitude and justice as outlined in the Mosaic Law.

Biblical References:

1. Deuteronomy 23:15-16 : "Do not return a slave to his master if he has taken refuge with you. Let him live among you wherever he chooses, in the town of his pleasing. Do not oppress him." This passage provides a direct command regarding the treatment of fugitive slaves. It emphasizes the protection and freedom of a slave who has escaped, allowing them to reside freely in the land of Israel without fear of being forcibly returned to their master. This law reflects a compassionate approach, prioritizing the well-being and autonomy of the individual over the property rights of the master.

2. Philemon 1:10-16 : In the New Testament, the Apostle Paul addresses the issue of a runaway slave named Onesimus in his letter to Philemon. Paul writes, "I appeal to you for my child Onesimus, whose father I became while I was in chains. Formerly he was useless to you, but now he has become useful both to you and to me. I am sending him back to you, sending my very heart. I would have liked to keep him with me, so that on your behalf he could minister to me in my chains for the gospel. But I did not want to do anything without your consent, so that your goodness would not be by compulsion, but by your own free will. For perhaps this is why he was separated from you for a while, so that you might have him back for good—no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother." Here, Paul intercedes on behalf of Onesimus, urging Philemon to receive him not merely as a slave but as a beloved brother in Christ. This appeal highlights the transformative power of the Gospel in redefining relationships and social structures.

Cultural and Historical Context:

In ancient Israel, slavery was a recognized institution, but it was regulated by laws that sought to ensure humane treatment. The provision in Deuteronomy for fugitive slaves is unique in the ancient Near East, where returning runaway slaves was a common practice. This law underscores the value placed on individual freedom and protection from oppression.

The New Testament approach, as seen in the letter to Philemon, reflects the early Christian community's emphasis on spiritual equality and brotherhood. While not directly abolishing the institution of slavery, the teachings of the New Testament laid the groundwork for a new understanding of human relationships based on love, respect, and mutual service.

Theological Implications:

The biblical treatment of fugitive slaves reveals a tension between the legal norms of the time and the higher moral and ethical standards introduced by the Mosaic Law and the teachings of Jesus Christ. The protection offered to runaway slaves in Deuteronomy and the appeal for Onesimus in Philemon both point to a divine concern for justice, mercy, and the dignity of every human being.

These passages have been historically significant in shaping Christian thought on issues of slavery and human rights. They have been used to argue for the inherent worth of every person and the call to treat all individuals with compassion and fairness, reflecting the character of God as just and loving.