Biblical Reference: Numbers 20:14-21

Historical Context: The event of Edom refusing passage to the Israelites occurs during the wilderness wanderings of the Israelites after their exodus from Egypt. This incident is situated in the broader narrative of Israel's journey to the Promised Land, a journey marked by divine guidance and numerous challenges. The Israelites, led by Moses, sought a direct route through Edom to reach Canaan, the land promised to them by God.

Geographical Context: Edom was a region located to the southeast of the Dead Sea, inhabited by the descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob (Israel). The territory of Edom was strategically significant, as it lay along the King's Highway, a major trade route that would have provided the Israelites with a more direct and manageable path to Canaan.

Biblical Account: In Numbers 20:14-21, Moses sends messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom with a request for passage through their land. The message is diplomatic and respectful, emphasizing the kinship between Israel and Edom as descendants of Isaac. Moses assures the king that the Israelites will not pass through fields or vineyards, nor drink water from wells, but will stay on the main road.

The Berean Standard Bible records the message as follows: "Please let us pass through your land. We will not pass through any field or vineyard or drink water from any well. We will stay on the King's Highway; we will not turn to the right or to the left until we have passed through your territory" (Numbers 20:17).

Despite this assurance, Edom responds with a firm refusal, threatening military action if Israel attempts to pass through. The Israelites reiterate their promise to pay for any water consumed, but Edom remains adamant, mobilizing a large and powerful army to block their passage. Consequently, Israel is forced to take a longer and more arduous route around Edom.

Theological Significance: The refusal of Edom to grant passage to the Israelites is significant in several ways. It highlights the ongoing tension and hostility between the descendants of Esau and Jacob, a theme that runs throughout the Old Testament. This incident also underscores the challenges faced by the Israelites in their journey to the Promised Land, testing their faith and reliance on God's provision and guidance.

From a theological perspective, the event serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations. Despite human opposition and obstacles, God's purposes for His people ultimately prevail. The refusal of Edom, while a setback, did not thwart God's plan for Israel to enter Canaan.

Prophetic and Eschatological Implications: The relationship between Israel and Edom is further explored in the prophetic literature of the Old Testament. Prophets such as Obadiah and Isaiah pronounce judgments against Edom for their hostility towards Israel. These prophecies reflect the broader biblical theme of divine justice and the eventual vindication of God's people.

In eschatological terms, the conflict between Edom and Israel is seen as part of the larger narrative of God's redemptive plan, culminating in the ultimate reconciliation and restoration of all things under the lordship of Christ.