In the context of the New Testament, the term "disciples" primarily refers to the followers of Jesus Christ. The Greek word "μαθητής" (mathētēs) is used to describe these individuals, meaning "learner" or "pupil." The concept of discipleship is central to the teachings of Jesus and the early Christian movement, as it involves not only learning from a teacher but also adhering to their way of life and teachings.

The Twelve Disciples

The most prominent group of disciples in the New Testament is the Twelve Apostles, chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and to carry on His mission. The selection of the Twelve is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels. In Matthew 10:1-4 , it states: "Jesus called His twelve disciples to Him and gave them authority over unclean spirits, so that they could drive them out and heal every disease and sickness. These are the names of the twelve apostles: first, Simon, called Peter, and his brother Andrew; James son of Zebedee, and his brother John; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Him."

These twelve men were chosen to be witnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, and they played a foundational role in the establishment of the early Church. They were tasked with spreading the Gospel and were given authority to perform miracles in Jesus' name.

Broader Audience of Disciples

Beyond the Twelve, the term "disciples" also refers to a broader group of followers who adhered to Jesus' teachings. This larger group included men and women from various backgrounds who were drawn to Jesus' message of the Kingdom of God. In Luke 10:1 , it is recorded that Jesus appointed seventy-two others and sent them out in pairs to every town and place He was about to visit, indicating a wider circle of disciples beyond the Twelve.

Characteristics of Discipleship

Discipleship in the New Testament is characterized by several key elements:

1. Commitment to Jesus: Disciples are called to a deep, personal commitment to Jesus Christ. In Luke 9:23 , Jesus says, "If anyone would come after Me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow Me."

2. Learning and Obedience: Disciples are learners who seek to understand and obey Jesus' teachings. In John 8:31 , Jesus tells the Jews who had believed Him, "If you continue in My word, you are truly My disciples."

3. Transformation and Imitation: Discipleship involves a transformation of character and lifestyle, aiming to imitate Christ. Romans 12:2 exhorts believers, "Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind."

4. Mission and Evangelism: Disciples are called to participate in the mission of spreading the Gospel. The Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20 commands, "Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey all that I have commanded you."

The Audience of Jesus' Teachings

The audience of Jesus' teachings was diverse, including Jews and Gentiles, the religious and the irreligious, the wealthy and the poor. Jesus often taught in parables, which were accessible to those with open hearts but confounding to those who were hard-hearted. In Matthew 13:10-11 , the disciples asked Jesus why He spoke in parables, and He replied, "The knowledge of the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven has been given to you, but not to them."

Jesus' teachings challenged the religious leaders of His day and offered hope and redemption to the marginalized and oppressed. His audience was often astonished at His authority and wisdom, as noted in Matthew 7:28-29 : "When Jesus had finished saying these things, the crowds were astonished at His teaching, because He taught as one who had authority, and not as their scribes."

In summary, the concept of discipleship in the New Testament encompasses a committed following of Jesus Christ, characterized by learning, obedience, transformation, and participation in His mission. The audience of Jesus' teachings was broad and varied, reflecting the universal scope of His message.