Numbers 5:20

But if you have gone astray while under your husband's authority and have defiled yourself and lain carnally with a man other than your husband'--

Study Bible

But if you have gone astray
The phrase "gone astray" is translated from the Hebrew word "שָׂטָה" (satah), which means to deviate or turn aside. In the context of Numbers 5, it refers to a wife who has been unfaithful to her husband. This concept of straying is not just physical but also spiritual, symbolizing a departure from the covenant relationship. In a broader biblical context, straying often represents Israel's unfaithfulness to God, serving as a metaphor for idolatry and sin.

while under your husband’s authority
The phrase "under your husband’s authority" reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society, where the husband was the head of the household. The Hebrew word "תַּחַת" (tachat) implies being under or beneath, indicating a position of submission. This reflects the biblical view of marriage as a covenant relationship with distinct roles, where the husband is seen as a protector and provider, and the wife as a partner and helper.

and defiled yourself
The term "defiled" comes from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tame), meaning to become unclean or impure. In the Levitical law, defilement had serious religious and social implications, often requiring ritual purification. This impurity is not just physical but also moral and spiritual, indicating a breach of the holiness that God requires of His people. The act of defilement in this context is a serious offense, reflecting the gravity of sin and its consequences.

with a man other than your husband
This phrase underscores the exclusivity and sanctity of the marital relationship. The Hebrew culture, as reflected in the Torah, placed a high value on marital fidelity, viewing it as a reflection of the covenant between God and His people. Adultery was seen as a violation of this sacred bond, warranting severe consequences. This highlights the importance of faithfulness and integrity in relationships, mirroring the faithfulness God desires from His people.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Israelite Woman
The passage refers to a woman suspected of adultery, highlighting the societal and religious expectations of marital fidelity in ancient Israel.

2. The Husband
He is the one who brings the suspicion of infidelity to the priest, reflecting the patriarchal structure of the society.

3. The Priest
Acts as a mediator in the ritual of the "water of bitterness," which is a test for the accused woman.

4. The Tabernacle
The place where the ritual takes place, symbolizing God's presence and the seriousness of the covenantal laws.

5. The Ritual of the Bitter Water
A ceremonial test to determine the guilt or innocence of the woman, reflecting the legal and spiritual practices of the time.

Teaching Points

The Sanctity of Marriage
Marriage is a sacred covenant before God, and fidelity is a crucial aspect of this covenant. The passage underscores the importance of trust and faithfulness in marriage.

God's Justice and Mercy
While the law provides a means to address suspicions of infidelity, it also points to the need for justice tempered with mercy, as seen in the broader biblical account.

The Role of Community and Accountability
The involvement of the priest and the community in the ritual highlights the role of accountability within the faith community.

The Consequences of Sin
The passage serves as a reminder of the serious consequences of sin, not only for the individual but also for the community and family.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the ritual described in Numbers 5:20 reflect the values and beliefs of ancient Israelite society regarding marriage and fidelity?

2. In what ways does the New Testament teaching on forgiveness and mercy, as seen in John 8:3-11, provide a different perspective on dealing with sin and accusations?

3. How can we apply the principles of accountability and community support in our own lives when dealing with personal or relational conflicts?

4. What are some modern-day challenges to maintaining fidelity in marriage, and how can biblical teachings help address these challenges?

5. How does understanding the cultural and historical context of Numbers 5:20 enhance our interpretation and application of this passage in today's world?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Leviticus 20:10
This verse outlines the punishment for adultery, providing context for the severity of the accusation in Numbers 5:20.

John 8:3-11
The account of the woman caught in adultery in the New Testament offers a perspective on mercy and forgiveness, contrasting with the Old Testament law.

Proverbs 6:32-33
These verses discuss the consequences of adultery, emphasizing the moral and social implications of such actions.