Luke 20:22

Is it lawful for us to pay taxes to Caesar or not?"

Study Bible

Is it lawful
This phrase introduces a question of legality and morality, which is central to the Jewish understanding of the Law (Torah). The Greek word used here is "ἔξεστιν" (exestin), which implies not just legal permission but also moral appropriateness. In the context of first-century Judea, the Jewish people were under Roman occupation, and questions of law often involved navigating both Jewish and Roman legal systems. This question is a trap, designed to force Jesus into a political or religious misstep.

for us
The phrase "for us" indicates the personal and communal implications of the question. It reflects the tension between the Jewish identity and Roman rule. The "us" refers to the Jewish people, who were seeking guidance on how to live faithfully under foreign domination. This highlights the broader struggle of maintaining religious integrity while under political oppression.

to pay taxes
Taxes were a tangible symbol of Roman authority and oppression. The Greek word "φόρον" (phoron) refers specifically to a tribute tax, which was a constant reminder of subjugation. For the Jewish people, paying taxes to Caesar was not just a financial burden but also a theological dilemma, as it could be seen as acknowledging the sovereignty of a pagan ruler over God.

to Caesar
Caesar represents the Roman Empire and its claim to ultimate authority. The use of "Καίσαρι" (Kaisari) is significant because it personalizes the empire's power in the figure of the emperor. For Jews, who believed in the sovereignty of God alone, the idea of paying tribute to Caesar was fraught with religious implications. This question challenges Jesus to address the tension between earthly and divine authority.

or not?
The phrase "or not?" underscores the binary nature of the question, leaving no room for nuance. It is a classic example of a dilemma intended to trap Jesus. If He says "yes," He risks alienating His Jewish followers who resent Roman rule. If He says "no," He could be accused of sedition against Rome. This question is a test of Jesus' wisdom and ability to navigate complex socio-political issues without compromising His mission.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Jesus
The central figure in this passage, Jesus is being questioned by the religious leaders. His wisdom and authority are being tested.

2. Pharisees and Herodians
These groups are attempting to trap Jesus with a question about paying taxes to the Roman government, which was a contentious issue among the Jews.

3. Caesar
The Roman emperor at the time, representing the occupying power and authority over the Jewish people.

4. Jerusalem
The setting of this encounter, a city of great religious and political significance.

5. The Temple
The location where Jesus is teaching, symbolizing the heart of Jewish worship and authority.

Teaching Points

Wisdom in Response
Jesus demonstrates wisdom in His response, avoiding the trap set by the Pharisees and Herodians. We should seek God's wisdom in navigating complex situations.

Dual Citizenship
As Christians, we hold dual citizenship in the kingdom of God and the earthly realm. We must balance our responsibilities to both.

Respect for Authority
Jesus' response underscores the importance of respecting and fulfilling our obligations to governing authorities, as long as they do not conflict with God's commands.

Discernment in Controversy
Jesus teaches us to discern the motives behind questions and challenges, responding in a way that honors God and maintains integrity.

Focus on God's Kingdom
While addressing earthly matters, our ultimate focus should remain on God's kingdom and His righteousness.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Jesus' response to the question about taxes demonstrate His wisdom and understanding of the situation?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of respecting authority in our current societal context?

3. How do the parallel accounts in Matthew and Mark enhance our understanding of this encounter?

4. What are some practical ways we can balance our responsibilities to earthly authorities and our commitment to God's kingdom?

5. How can we develop discernment to recognize when questions or challenges are meant to trap us, and how should we respond?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Matthew 22:15-22 and Mark 12:13-17
These parallel accounts provide additional context and details about the encounter between Jesus and the religious leaders.

Romans 13:1-7
This passage discusses the Christian's relationship to governing authorities, emphasizing submission to authority as ordained by God.

1 Peter 2:13-17
Peter instructs believers to submit to every human authority for the Lord's sake, reinforcing the principle of respecting governmental structures.