Joshua 9:4
acted deceptively and set out as envoys, carrying on their donkeys worn-out sacks and old wineskins, cracked and mended.
acted deceptively

The Gibeonites feared the judgment Israel had carried out at Jericho and Ai, and they chose deceit rather than open resistance. Their scheme exposed Israel’s need for discernment, since God had commanded the conquest of Canaan but had also provided direction for dealing with distant peoples.

Gen 27:35 But Isaac replied, “Your brother came deceitfully”…
Psa 52:2-4 Your tongue devises destruction like a sharpened razor,…
2Sa 15:6 Absalom did this to all the Israelites who came to the king…

and set out as envoys,

They presented themselves as representatives from a faraway nation seeking peace. Their apparent diplomacy concealed their true identity as inhabitants of Gibeon, a city within the land Israel was commanded to possess.

2Ch 35:21 But Neco sent messengers to him, saying,…
Ezk 17:15 But this king rebelled against Babylon by sending his envoys…
2Ch 32:31 And so when ambassadors of the rulers of Babylon were sent…

carrying on their donkeys worn-out sacks

The donkeys and weathered sacks were carefully chosen evidence for their false account of a long journey. Israel’s leaders later inspected such visible signs but failed to seek the Lord’s counsel before making a binding covenant.

Gen 42:26-27 and they loaded the grain on their donkeys and departed.…
Gen 44:1-2 Then Joseph instructed his steward: “Fill the men’s sacks…
Gen 43:21-23 But when we came to the place we lodged for the night,…

and old wineskins, cracked and mended.

The damaged wineskins completed the appearance of age and distance. Their deception succeeded because it matched what Israel expected to see, reminding God’s people that outward evidence cannot replace dependence on His wisdom.

Mat 9:17 Neither do men pour new wine into old wineskins.…
Mrk 2:22 And no one pours new wine into old wineskins.…
Luk 5:37-38 And no one pours new wine into old wineskins.…

Persons / Places / Events
1. Gibeonites
A group of people from the city of Gibeon who, fearing the Israelites, resorted to deception to secure a peace treaty.

2. Joshua
The leader of the Israelites, tasked with leading the people into the Promised Land and conquering its inhabitants.

3. Israelites
The people of God, who were commanded to take possession of the Promised Land and eliminate its idolatrous inhabitants.

4. Canaan
The land promised to the Israelites, inhabited by various groups, including the Gibeonites.

5. Deception
The act carried out by the Gibeonites to protect themselves from destruction by the Israelites.
Teaching Points
Discernment in Leadership
Leaders must seek God's guidance in decision-making to avoid being deceived by appearances.

Consequences of Deception
Deception can lead to unintended long-term consequences, as seen in the covenant with the Gibeonites.

God's Sovereignty
Despite human deception, God's plans and purposes prevail, as He used the Gibeonites for His purposes.

Importance of Seeking God
The Israelites' failure to consult God before making a treaty with the Gibeonites serves as a reminder to seek divine guidance in all decisions.

Integrity in Relationships
The account encourages believers to maintain integrity and honesty in their dealings with others.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does the Gibeonites' deception reflect their understanding of the Israelites' God and His commands?

2. In what ways can we apply the lesson of seeking God's guidance in our daily decision-making processes?

3. How does the account of the Gibeonites illustrate the importance of discernment in leadership roles?

4. What are some modern-day examples of deception that Christians might face, and how can they respond biblically?

5. How does the covenant with the Gibeonites demonstrate the importance of keeping one's word, even when made under false pretenses?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Deuteronomy 20
Provides the laws concerning warfare, including the treatment of distant cities versus those within the Promised Land, highlighting the Gibeonites' awareness of these laws.

2 Samuel 21
Discusses the consequences of Saul's breach of the treaty with the Gibeonites, showing the long-term impact of the covenant made in Joshua 9.

Matthew 10:16
Jesus instructs His disciples to be "shrewd as serpents and innocent as doves," which can be related to the discernment needed by Joshua and the Israelites.
A Stolen TreatyJ. Waite Joshua 9:3, 4
A Canaanitish StratagemA. B. Mackay.Joshua 9:3-27
A Judgment Over Self- RelianceF. B. Meyer, B. A.Joshua 9:3-27
Beguiled by the Crafty EnemyJ. C. Miller, D. D.Joshua 9:3-27
Causes of RaggednessJ. E. Clarke, M. A.Joshua 9:3-27
Going AstrayW. G. Barrett.Joshua 9:3-27
Hasty JudgmentsH. M. Scudder, D. D.Joshua 9:3-27
Joshua Made Peace with ThemC. Ness.Joshua 9:3-27
League Made with the GibeonitesW. Seaton.Joshua 9:3-27
Mistakes Divinely OverruledF. B Meyer, B. A.Joshua 9:3-27
Old Shoes and Clouted, Patched ClothingD. Davies.Joshua 9:3-27
Pious FraudsW. G. Blaikie, DD.Joshua 9:3-27
Reprehensible Self-DistortionThomas Parsons.Joshua 9:3-27
Saints May be Outwitted by the WorldH. G. Salter.Joshua 9:3-27
Seek Direction from GodR. P. Buddicom, M. A.Joshua 9:3-27
The GibeonitesJ. Parker, D. D.Joshua 9:3-27
The Submission of the GibeonitesR. Glover Joshua 9:3-27
People
Amorites, Canaanites, Gibeon, Gibeonites, Hittites, Hivite, Hivites, Israelites, Jebusites, Joshua, Og, Perizzites, Sihon
Places
Ai, Ashtaroth, Bashan, Beeroth, Egypt, Gibeon, Gilgal, Great Sea, Heshbon, Jericho, Jordan River, Kiriath-jearim, Lebanon
Topics
Acted, Acting, Ambassadors, Asses, Bottles, Bound, Cord, Cracked, Craft, Craftily, Cunning, Deceit, Delegation, Donkeys, Embassadors, Envoys, Feign, Food-bags, Got, Journey, Kept, Loaded, Mended, Patched, Prepared, Provisions, Ready, Rent, Resorted, Ruse, Sacks, Skins, Subtilty, Tied, Torn, Wilily, Wine, Wine-bottles, Wine-flasks, Wineskins, Wine-skins, Worn, Worn-out
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Joshua 9:4

     5234   bottle
     5307   envoy
     6146   deceit, and God

Joshua 9:3-6

     5948   shrewdness

Joshua 9:3-13

     4548   wineskin

Joshua 9:3-15

     8720   double-mindedness

Joshua 9:3-16

     5592   treaty

Joshua 9:3-21

     5430   oaths, human

Joshua 9:3-22

     5920   pretence

Joshua 9:3-27

     4552   wood
     6701   peace, search for

Library
Of a Good Government in External Things, and of Having Recourse to God in Dangers
"My Son, for this thou must diligently make thy endeavour, that in every place and outward action or occupation thou mayest be free within, and have power over thyself; and that all things be under thee, not thou under them; that thou be master and ruler of thy actions, not a slave or hireling, but rather a free and true Hebrew, entering into the lot and the liberty of the children of God, who stand above the present and look upon the eternal, who with the left eye behold things transitory, and with
Thomas A Kempis—Imitation of Christ

Letters of St. Bernard
I To Malachy. 1141.[924] (Epistle 341.) To the venerable lord and most blessed father, Malachy, by the grace of God archbishop of the Irish, legate of the Apostolic See, Brother Bernard called to be abbot of Clairvaux, [desiring] to find grace with the Lord. 1. Amid the manifold anxieties and cares of my heart,[925] by the multitude of which my soul is sore vexed,[926] the brothers coming from a far country[927] that they may serve the Lord,[928] thy letter, and thy staff, they comfort
H. J. Lawlor—St. Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St. Malachy of Armagh

Conflicts with Giant Mistake
CONFLICTS WITH GIANT MISTAKE I make so many mistakes, it seems I am just a bundle of contradictions. I try to do good; but at times my efforts are so crude that I seem to do more harm than good. What shall I do? And though all the time I try hard not to make mistakes, yet I still make them. It seems to me that surely I am not sanctified, or else I should be more perfect. Do not the Scriptures command us to be perfect even as our Father in heaven is perfect? I am not perfect; far from it. Really I
Robert Lee Berry—Adventures in the Land of Canaan

Being Made Archbishop of Armagh, He Suffers Many Troubles. Peace Being Made, from Being Archbishop of Armagh He Becomes Bishop of Down.
[Sidenote: 1129] 19. (12). Meanwhile[365] it happened that Archbishop Cellach[366] fell sick: he it was who ordained Malachy deacon, presbyter and bishop: and knowing that he was dying he made a sort of testament[367] to the effect that Malachy ought to succeed him,[368] because none seemed worthier to be bishop of the first see. This he gave in charge to those who were present, this he commanded to the absent, this to the two kings of Munster[369] and to the magnates of the land he specially enjoined
H. J. Lawlor—St. Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St. Malachy of Armagh

Joshua
The book of Joshua is the natural complement of the Pentateuch. Moses is dead, but the people are on the verge of the promised land, and the story of early Israel would be incomplete, did it not record the conquest of that land and her establishment upon it. The divine purpose moves restlessly on, until it is accomplished; so "after the death of Moses, Jehovah spake to Joshua," i. 1. The book falls naturally into three divisions: (a) the conquest of Canaan (i.-xii.), (b) the settlement of the
John Edgar McFadyen—Introduction to the Old Testament

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