Exodus 32:19
As Moses approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, he burned with anger and threw the tablets out of his hands, shattering them at the base of the mountain.
As Moses approached the camp
The phrase signifies a pivotal moment of confrontation. Moses, having been in the presence of God on Mount Sinai, is now returning to the people. The Hebrew root for "approached" (קרב, qarab) implies drawing near with intention. This approach is not just physical but also spiritual, as Moses is about to confront the spiritual infidelity of the Israelites. Historically, this moment is significant as it marks the transition from divine instruction to human rebellion.

and saw the calf
The "calf" here refers to the golden calf, an idol made by the Israelites during Moses' absence. The Hebrew word for calf (עֵגֶל, 'egel) is often associated with youthful strength and vitality, but in this context, it represents a grave sin of idolatry. Archaeologically, calf idols have been found in ancient Near Eastern sites, indicating the commonality of such worship practices among neighboring cultures, which the Israelites were warned against.

and the dancing
"Dancing" (מְחֹלוֹת, mecholot) in this context is not a celebration of joy in the Lord but rather a pagan revelry. The Hebrew root suggests a circular dance, often associated with worship. This act of dancing around the idol signifies a complete turning away from the covenant with God, embracing instead the practices of surrounding pagan nations.

his anger burned
Moses' "anger" (אַף, aph) is a reflection of righteous indignation. The Hebrew root conveys a sense of flaring nostrils, a vivid image of intense emotion. This is not mere human anger but a reflection of God's own wrath against sin. Moses, as God's representative, mirrors divine justice and holiness, emphasizing the seriousness of the Israelites' transgression.

and he threw the tablets out of his hands
The "tablets" (לֻחֹת, luchot) are the stone tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments, the very words of God. By throwing them, Moses symbolically breaks the covenant that the Israelites have already shattered through their idolatry. This act is both a literal and figurative breaking, underscoring the gravity of their sin.

shattering them at the base of the mountain
The "base of the mountain" (תַּחַת הָהָר, tachat hahar) is significant as it is the very place where the covenant was established. The shattering of the tablets here symbolizes the broken relationship between God and His people. It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for repentance and restoration.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Moses
The leader of the Israelites, chosen by God to deliver His people from Egypt. He is returning from Mount Sinai with the tablets of the covenant.

2. The Camp of the Israelites
The location where the Israelites were encamped at the base of Mount Sinai. It is here that they fell into idolatry by worshiping the golden calf.

3. The Golden Calf
An idol made by Aaron and the Israelites while Moses was on Mount Sinai. It represents a significant act of disobedience and idolatry against God.

4. Mount Sinai
The mountain where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. It is a place of divine revelation and covenant.

5. The Tablets of the Covenant
Stone tablets inscribed by the finger of God, containing the Ten Commandments. They symbolize God's law and covenant with His people.
Teaching Points
Righteous Anger
Moses' anger was justified as it was directed against sin and idolatry. Believers should be stirred to righteous anger against sin, but it must be controlled and lead to constructive action.

The Consequences of Idolatry
The Israelites' worship of the golden calf serves as a warning against idolatry in any form. Believers must guard their hearts against placing anything above God.

The Broken Covenant
The shattering of the tablets symbolizes the broken covenant between God and Israel. It reminds us of the seriousness of sin and the need for repentance and restoration.

Leadership and Accountability
Moses' response to the sin of the people highlights the responsibility of leaders to confront sin and lead their people back to God.

The Need for Intercession
Moses' later intercession for the people demonstrates the power and necessity of prayer in seeking God's mercy and forgiveness.
Bible Study Questions
1. What does Moses' reaction to the golden calf reveal about the nature of righteous anger, and how can we apply this in our own lives when confronting sin?

2. How does the breaking of the tablets symbolize the broken relationship between God and His people, and what steps can we take to restore our relationship with God when we sin?

3. In what ways do modern forms of idolatry manifest in our lives, and how can we guard against them?

4. How does Moses' leadership in this situation serve as a model for confronting sin within our communities or families?

5. Reflect on a time when you have interceded for someone else in prayer. How does Moses' intercession for the Israelites encourage you to continue or deepen your practice of intercessory prayer?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Deuteronomy 9:17
This passage recounts Moses breaking the tablets, emphasizing the gravity of Israel's sin and the broken covenant.

1 Kings 19:11-13
Elijah's encounter with God on Mount Horeb (Sinai) parallels Moses' experience, highlighting the mountain's significance as a place of divine encounter.

Acts 7:39-41
Stephen's speech references the Israelites' idolatry with the golden calf, illustrating the recurring theme of rebellion against God.

Psalm 106:19-23
This psalm reflects on Israel's idolatry and Moses' intercession, showing the pattern of sin and redemption.
The Return of Moses to the CampJ. Orr Exodus 32:15-25
Judgment and MercyJ. Urquhart Exodus 32:15-35
People
Aaron, Egyptians, Isaac, Israelites, Joshua, Levi, Levites, Moses
Places
Egypt, Sinai
Topics
Anger, Beneath, Brake, Breaketh, Breaking, Broke, Broken, Burned, Burneth, Calf, Camp, Cast, Casteth, Dancing, Drawn, Foot, Grew, Hands, Hot, Image, Moses's, Mount, Mountain, Nigh, Ox, Pass, Pieces, Shattered, Stones, Tables, Tablets, Tents, Threw, Waxed, Wrath
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Exodus 32:19

     4269   Sinai, Mount
     5102   Moses, life of
     5103   Moses, significance
     5287   dance
     5377   law, Ten Commandments
     5387   leisure, pastimes
     5791   anger, human
     5865   gestures

Exodus 32:15-19

     5574   tablet

Exodus 32:19-20

     5567   suffering, emotional
     7324   calf worship
     8282   intolerance

Exodus 32:19-24

     4618   calf
     5054   responsibility, examples
     8822   self-justification

Library
The Golden Calf
'And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him. 2. And Aaron said unto them, Break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them unto me. 3. And all the people brake off the golden
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

The Swift Decay of Love
'And Moses turned, and went down from the mount, and the two tables of the testimony were in his hand: the tables were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other were they written. 16. And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables. 17. And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said unto Moses, There is a noise of war in the camp. 18. And he said, It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery, neither
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

The Hebrews and the Philistines --Damascus
THE ISRAELITES IN THE LAND OF CANAAN: THE JUDGES--THE PHILISTINES AND THE HEBREW KINGDOM--SAUL, DAVID, SOLOMON, THE DEFECTION OF THE TEN TRIBES--THE XXIst EGYPTIAN DYNASTY--SHESHONQ OR SHISHAK DAMASCUS. The Hebrews in the desert: their families, clans, and tribes--The Amorites and the Hebrews on the left bank of the Jordan--The conquest of Canaan and the native reaction against the Hebrews--The judges, Ehud, Deborah, Jerubbaal or Gideon and the Manassite supremacy; Abimelech, Jephihdh. The Philistines,
G. Maspero—History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, V 6

Threefold Repentance
'And the word of the Lord came unto Jonah the second time, saying, 2. Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto it the preaching that I bid thee. 3. So Jonah arose, and went unto Nineveh, according to the word of the Lord. Now Nineveh was an exceeding great city of three days' journey. 4. And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall he overthrown. 5. So the people of Ninoveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

The Covenant of an Everlasting Priesthood
"That My covenant might be with Levi. My covenant was with him of life and peace; and I gave them to him for the fear wherewith he feared Me, and was afraid before My name. The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found in his lips; he walked with Me in peace and equity, and did turn many away from iniquity."--MAL. ii. 4-6. ISRAEL was meant by God to be a nation of priests. In the first making of the Covenant this was distinctly stipulated. "If ye will obey My voice, and keep My covenant,
Andrew Murray—The Two Covenants

How those who Use Food Intemperately and those who Use it Sparingly are to be Admonished.
(Admonition 20.) Differently to be admonished are the gluttonous and the abstinent. For superfluity of speech, levity of conduct, and lechery accompany the former; but the latter often the sin of impatience, and often that of pride. For were it not the case that immoderate loquacity carries away the gluttonous, that rich man who is said to have fared sumptuously every day would not burn more sorely than elsewhere in his tongue, saying, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he
Leo the Great—Writings of Leo the Great

Letter xix (A. D. 1127) to Suger, Abbot of S. Denis
To Suger, Abbot of S. Denis He praises Suger, who had unexpectedly renounced the pride and luxury of the world to give himself to the modest habits of the religious life. He blames severely the clerk who devotes himself rather to the service of princes than that of God. 1. A piece of good news has reached our district; it cannot fail to do great good to whomsoever it shall have come. For who that fear God, hearing what great things He has done for your soul, do not rejoice and wonder at the great
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux—Some Letters of Saint Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux

Seasons of Covenanting.
The duty is never unsuitable. Men have frequently, improperly esteemed the exercise as one that should be had recourse to, only on some great emergency. But as it is sinful to defer religious exercises till affliction, presenting the prospect of death, constrain to attempt them, so it is wrong to imagine, that the pressure of calamity principally should constrain to make solemn vows. The exercise of personal Covenanting should be practised habitually. The patriot is a patriot still; and the covenanter
John Cunningham—The Ordinance of Covenanting

Letter xxii (Circa A. D. 1129) to Simon, Abbot of S. Nicholas
To Simon, Abbot of S. Nicholas Bernard consoles him under the persecution of which he is the object. The most pious endeavours do not always have the desired success. What line of conduct ought to be followed towards his inferiors by a prelate who is desirous of stricter discipline. 1. I have learned with much pain by your letter the persecution that you are enduring for the sake of righteousness, and although the consolation given you by Christ in the promise of His kingdom may suffice amply for
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux—Some Letters of Saint Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux

Ninth Sunday after Trinity Carnal Security and Its vices.
Text: 1 Corinthians 10, 6-13. 6 Now these things were our examples, to the intent we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted. 7 Neither be ye idolaters, as were some of them; as it is written, The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play. 8 Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them committed, and fell in one day three and twenty thousand. 9 Neither let us make trial of the Lord, as some of them made trial, and perished by the serpents. 10 Neither murmur ye, as
Martin Luther—Epistle Sermons, Vol. III

The Prophet Micah.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS. Micah signifies: "Who is like Jehovah;" and by this name, the prophet is consecrated to the incomparable God, just as Hosea was to the helping God, and Nahum to the comforting God. He prophesied, according to the inscription, under Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. We are not, however, entitled, on this account, to dissever his prophecies, and to assign particular discourses to the reign of each of these kings. On the contrary, the entire collection forms only one whole. At
Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg—Christology of the Old Testament

Instruction for the Ignorant:
BEING A SALVE TO CURE THAT GREAT WANT OF KNOWLEDGE, WHICH SO MUCH REIGNS BOTH IN YOUNG AND OLD. PREPARED AND PRESENTED TO THEM IN A PLAIN AND EASY DIALOGUE, FITTED TO THE CAPACITY OF THE WEAKEST. 'My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.'--Hosea 4:6 ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR. This little catechism is upon a plan perfectly new and unique. It was first published as a pocket volume in 1675, and has been republished in every collection of the author's works; and recently in a separate tract.
John Bunyan—The Works of John Bunyan Volumes 1-3

How those are to be Admonished who Decline the Office of Preaching Out of Too Great Humility, and those who Seize on it with Precipitate Haste.
(Admonition 26.) Differently to be admonished are those who, though able to preach worthily, are afraid by reason of excessive humility, and those whom imperfection or age forbids to preach, and yet precipitancy impells. For those who, though able to preach with profit, still shrink back through excessive humility are to be admonished to gather from consideration of a lesser matter how faulty they are in a greater one. For, if they were to hide from their indigent neighbours money which they possessed
Leo the Great—Writings of Leo the Great

Purity and Peace in the Present Lord
PHILIPPIANS iv. 1-9 Euodia and Syntyche--Conditions to unanimity--Great uses of small occasions--Connexion to the paragraphs--The fortress and the sentinel--A golden chain of truths--Joy in the Lord--Yieldingness--Prayer in everything--Activities of a heart at rest Ver. 1. +So, my brethren beloved and longed for+, missed indeed, at this long distance from you, +my joy and crown+ of victory (stephanos), +thus+, as having such certainties and such aims, with such a Saviour, and looking for such
Handley C. G. Moule—Philippian Studies

How those that are at Variance and those that are at Peace are to be Admonished.
(Admonition 23.) Differently to be admonished are those that are at variance and those that are at peace. For those that are at variance are to be admonished to know most certainly that, in whatever virtues they may abound, they can by no means become spiritual if they neglect becoming united to their neighbours by concord. For it is written, But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace (Gal. v. 22). He then that has no care to keep peace refuses to bear the fruit of the Spirit. Hence Paul
Leo the Great—Writings of Leo the Great

Moses the Type of Christ.
"The Lord thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto Him ye shall hearken."--Deut. xviii. 15. The history of Moses is valuable to Christians, not only as giving us a pattern of fidelity towards God, of great firmness, and great meekness, but also as affording us a type or figure of our Saviour Christ. No prophet arose in Israel like Moses, till Christ came, when the promise in the text was fulfilled--"The Lord thy God," says Moses, "shall
John Henry Newman—Parochial and Plain Sermons, Vol. VII

Solomon's Temple Spiritualized
or, Gospel Light Fetched out of the Temple at Jerusalem, to Let us More Easily into the Glory of New Testament Truths. 'Thou son of man, shew the house to the house of Isreal;--shew them the form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out hereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the laws thereof.'--Ezekiel 43:10, 11 London: Printed for, and sold by George Larkin, at the Two Swans without Bishopgate,
John Bunyan—The Works of John Bunyan Volumes 1-3

The True Manner of Keeping Holy the Lord's Day.
Now the sanctifying of the Sabbath consists in two things--First, In resting from all servile and common business pertaining to our natural life; Secondly, In consecrating that rest wholly to the service of God, and the use of those holy means which belong to our spiritual life. For the First. 1. The servile and common works from which we are to cease are, generally, all civil works, from the least to the greatest (Exod. xxxi. 12, 13, 15, &c.) More particularly-- First, From all the works of our
Lewis Bayly—The Practice of Piety

The Old Testament Canon from Its Beginning to Its Close.
The first important part of the Old Testament put together as a whole was the Pentateuch, or rather, the five books of Moses and Joshua. This was preceded by smaller documents, which one or more redactors embodied in it. The earliest things committed to writing were probably the ten words proceeding from Moses himself, afterwards enlarged into the ten commandments which exist at present in two recensions (Exod. xx., Deut. v.) It is true that we have the oldest form of the decalogue from the Jehovist
Samuel Davidson—The Canon of the Bible

Exodus
The book of Exodus--so named in the Greek version from the march of Israel out of Egypt--opens upon a scene of oppression very different from the prosperity and triumph in which Genesis had closed. Israel is being cruelly crushed by the new dynasty which has arisen in Egypt (i.) and the story of the book is the story of her redemption. Ultimately it is Israel's God that is her redeemer, but He operates largely by human means; and the first step is the preparation of a deliverer, Moses, whose parentage,
John Edgar McFadyen—Introduction to the Old Testament

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