Exodus 21:22

If men who are fighting strike a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, but there is no further injury, he shall surely be fined as the woman's husband demands and as the court allows.

Study Bible

If men who are fighting
The phrase sets the scene of a conflict, indicating a physical altercation between men. The Hebrew word for "fighting" is "נָצָה" (natsah), which implies a struggle or contention. This context highlights the unpredictability and potential collateral damage of human conflict, emphasizing the need for laws to govern such situations. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern context where disputes could escalate into physical confrontations, necessitating legal frameworks to address unintended consequences.

strike a pregnant woman
The Hebrew word for "strike" is "נָגַף" (nagaph), meaning to strike or hit. The mention of a "pregnant woman" underscores the vulnerability and sanctity of life, both of the mother and the unborn child. In ancient Israelite society, as in many cultures, the protection of women and children was paramount. This phrase indicates the seriousness with which the law views harm to a pregnant woman, reflecting the value placed on life and family.

and her child is born prematurely
The Hebrew term used here can be understood as "יָצָא" (yatsa), meaning to come out or depart. This phrase suggests a premature birth resulting from the altercation. The focus on the child being born prematurely highlights the potential consequences of violence and the fragility of life. It underscores the importance of accountability for actions that affect the most vulnerable.

but there is no further injury
This clause introduces a condition where, despite the premature birth, no additional harm occurs to the mother or child. The Hebrew word for "injury" is "אָסוֹן" (ason), meaning harm or mischief. This distinction is crucial in determining the legal and moral responsibility of the offender. It reflects a nuanced understanding of justice, where the outcome of an action influences the severity of the penalty.

he shall surely be fined
The phrase indicates a financial penalty, emphasizing restitution over retribution. The Hebrew root "עָנַשׁ" (anash) means to impose a fine or penalty. This reflects the biblical principle of justice that seeks to compensate for loss rather than exact vengeance. It underscores the importance of making amends and restoring what was lost or damaged.

as the woman’s husband demands
This part of the verse gives the husband a role in determining the compensation, reflecting the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society. The husband's involvement signifies his responsibility and authority within the family unit. It also highlights the personal nature of justice, where those directly affected have a say in the resolution.

and as the court allows
The involvement of the court, or "שָׁפַט" (shaphat) in Hebrew, ensures that justice is administered fairly and impartially. This phrase underscores the importance of legal oversight and the rule of law in maintaining social order. It reflects the biblical principle that justice should be tempered with wisdom and guided by established legal standards.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Men Striving Together
This refers to a conflict or fight between two or more men, which inadvertently affects a pregnant woman.

2. Pregnant Woman
A woman carrying a child, who becomes involved in the conflict unintentionally.

3. Children Come Out
This phrase indicates a premature birth caused by the altercation.

4. Husband
The woman's spouse, who has a role in determining the fine imposed on the offender.

5. Judges
Authorities who assess the situation and determine the appropriate penalty.

Teaching Points

Sanctity of Life
This passage emphasizes the value of both the mother and the unborn child, highlighting the importance of protecting life at all stages.

Responsibility and Consequences
Actions have consequences, and this law underscores the responsibility individuals have for unintended harm caused by their actions.

Role of Authority
The involvement of judges illustrates the importance of impartial authorities in maintaining justice and order.

Conflict Resolution
The passage encourages us to consider the impact of our conflicts on others and to seek peaceful resolutions.

Community and Accountability
The community, represented by the husband and judges, plays a role in ensuring justice, reminding us of our collective responsibility to uphold righteousness.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Exodus 21:22 reflect the value God places on human life, including the unborn?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of responsibility for unintended harm in our daily interactions?

3. How does the role of judges in this passage inform our understanding of justice and authority in the church today?

4. What steps can we take to resolve conflicts peacefully, considering the potential impact on others?

5. How can the community of believers support one another in upholding justice and accountability, as seen in this passage?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 9:6
This verse underscores the sanctity of life, which is a foundational principle in understanding the value of the unborn child in Exodus 21:22.

Psalm 139:13-16
These verses highlight God's intimate involvement in the creation of life in the womb, reinforcing the value of the unborn.

Matthew 5:21-22
Jesus' teaching on anger and reconciliation can be related to the broader theme of resolving conflicts peacefully.

1 Corinthians 6:1-8
Paul's guidance on resolving disputes among believers can be connected to the role of judges in Exodus 21:22.

Romans 13:1-7
This passage discusses the role of authorities, which parallels the role of judges in determining justice.