Matthew 22:21
"Caesar's," they answered. So Jesus told them, "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's."
So give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s
So give back
The phrase "give back" is translated from the Greek word "ἀπόδοτε" (apodote), which means to return or to render. This implies a sense of obligation or duty to return something to its rightful owner. In the context of the passage, Jesus is addressing the issue of paying taxes to the Roman government. The use of "give back" suggests that what is being returned rightfully belongs to the one it is being given to, emphasizing the importance of fulfilling civic duties while also recognizing the higher duty to God.

to Caesar
"Caesar" refers to the Roman emperor, who was the ruling authority at the time. The mention of Caesar highlights the political context of the Roman Empire's control over Judea. This reference is significant because it acknowledges the temporal authority of earthly governments. Jesus' mention of Caesar serves as a reminder that while Christians live under earthly authorities, they must also recognize the sovereignty of God over all creation.

what is Caesar’s
This phrase underscores the distinction between the secular and the sacred. The things that belong to Caesar are those that pertain to the earthly realm, such as taxes and civic responsibilities. Jesus is teaching that there is a legitimate place for government and that believers have a responsibility to respect and fulfill their obligations to it. This does not diminish the authority of God but rather places earthly authority in its proper context.

and to God
The phrase "and to God" shifts the focus from earthly obligations to spiritual ones. It emphasizes the ultimate authority and sovereignty of God over all aspects of life. This part of the verse calls believers to recognize that their primary allegiance is to God, who is the creator and sustainer of all things. It serves as a reminder that while Christians have duties to earthly authorities, their ultimate loyalty and devotion belong to God.

what is God’s
This concluding phrase highlights the things that belong to God, which include worship, obedience, and the entirety of one's life. It calls believers to dedicate themselves wholly to God, acknowledging that everything they have and are is a gift from Him. This part of the verse challenges Christians to evaluate their priorities and ensure that their lives reflect their commitment to God above all else. It serves as a powerful reminder of the call to live a life that honors God in every aspect, recognizing His ultimate authority and ownership over all creation.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Jesus
The central figure in this passage, Jesus is responding to a question designed to trap Him. His wisdom and authority are evident in His response.

2. Pharisees and Herodians
These groups, typically at odds with each other, unite in an attempt to trap Jesus with a question about paying taxes to Caesar.

3. Caesar
Represents the Roman authority and government, symbolizing secular power and the political system of the time.

4. Jerusalem
The setting of this encounter, a city under Roman occupation, where tensions between Jewish religious leaders and Roman authorities were high.

5. Denarius
The coin used for the tax, bearing the image of Caesar, which becomes a focal point in Jesus' teaching.
Teaching Points
Dual Citizenship
As Christians, we are citizens of both earthly nations and the Kingdom of God. We must navigate our responsibilities to both with wisdom and integrity.

Stewardship of Resources
Jesus' teaching encourages us to discern what belongs to God and what belongs to earthly authorities, prompting us to manage our resources accordingly.

Image and Ownership
Just as the denarius bears Caesar's image, we bear God's image. This calls us to dedicate our lives and actions to God.

Wisdom in Conflict
Jesus demonstrates how to respond wisely to attempts at entrapment, teaching us to seek divine wisdom in challenging situations.

Separation of Church and State
This passage supports the idea that while we respect governmental authority, our ultimate allegiance is to God.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does Jesus' response to the Pharisees and Herodians demonstrate His wisdom and understanding of their intentions?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of "giving to Caesar what is Caesar's" in our modern context, particularly in relation to taxes and civic duties?

3. How does understanding that we are made in God's image influence our daily decisions and priorities?

4. What are some practical ways we can balance our responsibilities to earthly authorities and our commitment to God's Kingdom?

5. How do Romans 13:1-7 and 1 Peter 2:13-17 expand on Jesus' teaching in Matthew 22:21, and how can these passages guide our interactions with government and authority figures today?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Romans 13:1-7
This passage discusses the Christian's responsibility to submit to governing authorities, reinforcing the principle of giving to Caesar what is Caesar's.

1 Peter 2:13-17
Peter echoes the call to respect human institutions, aligning with Jesus' teaching on the relationship between believers and secular authorities.

Genesis 1:27
The concept of being made in God's image connects to giving to God what is God's, as humans bear His image.
Christ Keeping to His ProvinceR. Tuck Matthew 22:21
Sacrifice to Caesar or to GodCharles KingsleyMatthew 22:21
Caesar's DuesBishop Andrewes.Matthew 22:15-22
God and CaesarE. Bersier, D. D.Matthew 22:15-22
Money Morally StampedT. Start King.Matthew 22:15-22
Our Duties as SubjectsB. W. Noel, M. A.Matthew 22:15-22
Rights of Caesar and Rights of GodMatthew Hole.Matthew 22:15-22
The Citizen's Twofold StewardshipBishop H. C. Potter.Matthew 22:15-22
The Claims of God and ManJ. Burns, LL. D.Matthew 22:15-22
The Coinage of Love and Service for God and ManBishop H. C. Potter.Matthew 22:15-22
The Conscience Exempt from Civil RuleMatthew 22:15-22
The Duty Of. an Entire Surrender to GodB. Beddome, M. A.Matthew 22:15-22
The Ethics of the TributeJ.A. Macdonald Matthew 22:15-22
Tribute to CaesarW.F. Adeney Matthew 22:15-22
Twenty-Third Sunday After TrinityJ. A. Seiss, D. D.Matthew 22:15-22
Question of the Sadducees: Whose Shall She Be?Marcus Dods Matthew 22:15-33
People
David, Herodians, Isaac, Jacob, Jesus
Places
Jerusalem
Topics
Caesar, Caesar's, Cesar, Cesar's, God's, Pay, Rejoined, Render, Replied, Says
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Matthew 22:21

     2075   Christ, sinless
     4065   orderliness
     5255   citizenship
     5594   tribute
     5959   submission
     8241   ethics, basis of
     8243   ethics, social
     8304   loyalty
     8436   giving, of possessions
     8456   obedience, to authorities

Matthew 22:15-21

     5257   civil authorities

Matthew 22:15-22

     5577   taxation
     5920   pretence

Matthew 22:17-21

     2057   Christ, obedience
     5542   society, positive

Matthew 22:18-22

     2054   Christ, mind of

Matthew 22:19-22

     2363   Christ, preaching and teaching

Matthew 22:20-21

     5352   inscriptions

Library
Sacrifice to Caesar or to God
Eversley, 1869. Chester Cathedral, 1872. Matthew xxii. 21. "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's." Many a sermon has been preached, and many a pamphlet written, on this text, and (as too often has happened to Holy Scripture), it has been made to mean the most opposite doctrines, and twisted in every direction, to suit men's opinions and superstitions. Some have found in it a command to obey tyrants, invaders, any and every government,
Charles Kingsley—All Saints' Day and Other Sermons

The Kingdom of Heaven
Chapel Royal, St James'. 1873. St. Matt. xxii. 2-7. "The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, and sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm,
Charles Kingsley—All Saints' Day and Other Sermons

Two Ways of Despising God's Feast
'And Jesus answered and spake unto them again by parables, and said, 2. The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, 3. And sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. 4. Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. 6. But they made light of it, and went their
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

On the Same Words of the Gospel, Matt. xxii. 42
1. The question which was proposed to the Jews, Christians ought to solve. For the Lord Jesus Christ, who proposed it to the Jews, did not solve it Himself, to the Jews, I mean, He did not, but to us He hath solved it. I will put you in remembrance, Beloved, and ye will find that He hath solved it. But first consider the knot of the question. He asked the Jews what they "thought of Christ, whose Son He was to be;" for they too look for the Christ. They read of Him in the Prophets, they expected Him
Saint Augustine—sermons on selected lessons of the new testament

On the Words of the Gospel, Matt. xxii. 2, Etc. , About the Marriage of the King's Son; against the Donatists, on Charity. Delivered at Carthage In
1. All the faithful [2986] know the marriage of the king's son, and his feast, and the spreading [2987] of the Lord's Table is open to them all [2988] who will. But it is of importance to each one to see how he approaches, even when he is not forbidden to approach It. For the Holy Scriptures teach us that there are two feasts of the Lord; one to which the good and evil come, the other to which the evil come not. So then the feast, of which we have just now heard when the Gospel was being read, has
Saint Augustine—sermons on selected lessons of the new testament

On the Words of the Gospel, Matt. xxii. 42, Where the Lord Asks the Jews Whose Son they Said David Was.
1. When the Jews were asked (as we have just now heard out of the Gospel when it was being read), how our Lord Jesus Christ, whom David himself called his Lord was David's Son, they were not able to answer. For what they saw in the Lord, that they knew. For He appeared to them as the Son of man; but as the Son of God He was hidden. Hence it was, that they believed that He could be overcome, and that they derided Him as He hung upon the Tree, saying, "If He be the Son of God, let Him come down from
Saint Augustine—sermons on selected lessons of the new testament

The Wedding Garment
The parable may be discoursed upon under five heads. Here is an enemy at the feast; here is the king at the feast; that king becomes the judge at the feast; and hence the enemy becomes the criminal at the feast; and swiftly is removed by the executioner at the feast. I. We see in the text AN ENEMY AT THE FEAST. He came into the banquet when he was bidden, but he came only in appearance, he came not in heart. The banquet was intended for the honour of the son, but this man meant not so; he was willing
Charles Haddon Spurgeon—Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 17: 1871

The Parable of the Wedding Feast
In order to understand the parable before us we must first direct our attention to the design of the "certain king" here spoken of. He had a grand object in view; he desired to do honor to his son upon the occasion of his marriage. We shall then notice the very generous method by which he proposed to accomplish his purpose; he made a dinner, and bade many: there were other modes of honoring his son, but the great king elected the mode which would best display his bounty. We shall then observe, with
Charles Haddon Spurgeon—Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 17: 1871

Making Light of Christ
In the first place, we shall have a few words with you, concerning what it is that the sinner makes light of; secondly, how it is that he makes light of it; and thirdly, why it is that he makes light of it. Then a general observation or two, and we shall not weary you. In the first place, WHAT IS IT THAT THE SINNER MAKES LIGHT OF? According to the parable, the person alluded to made light of a marriage banquet which a king had provided, with all kinds of dainties, to which they were freely invited,
Charles Haddon Spurgeon—Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 2: 1856

The Beatific vision
MATTHEW xxii. 27. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. These words often puzzle and pain really good people, because they seem to put the hardest duty first. It seems, at times, so much more easy to love one's neighbour than to love God. And strange as it may seem, that is partly true. St. John tells us so--'He that loves not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen?' Therefore many good people, who
Charles Kingsley—The Good News of God

The Eternal Goodness
MATTHEW xxii. 39. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. Why are wrong things wrong? Why, for instance, is it wrong to steal? Because God has forbidden it, you may answer. But is it so? Whatsoever God forbids must be wrong. But, is it wrong because God forbids it, or does God forbid it because it is wrong? For instance, suppose that God had not forbidden us to steal, would it be right then to steal, or at least, not wrong? We must really think of this. It is no mere question of words, it is
Charles Kingsley—The Good News of God

The Heavenly Banquet.
20th Sunday after Trinity. S. Matt. xxii. 4. "Behold, I have prepared my dinner; my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready; come unto the marriage." INTRODUCTION.--The Kingdom of Heaven has two meanings in this parable. It means in the first place the Catholic Church. Into that the apostles and pastors of Christ invite men to enter, and many refuse. In the second place it means the Church Triumphant,--eternal blessedness, and into that the pastors of Christ's Church invite you
S. Baring-Gould—The Village Pulpit, Volume II. Trinity to Advent

Profession and Practice.
18th Sunday after Trinity. S. Matt. xxii. 42. "What think ye of Christ?" INTRODUCTION.--Many men are Christians neither in understanding nor in heart. Some are Christians in heart, and not in understanding. Some in understanding, and not in heart, and some are Christians in both. If I were to go into a Temple of the Hindoos, or into a Synagogue of the Jews, and were to ask, "What think ye of Christ?" the people there would shake their heads and deny that He is God, and reject His teaching. The
S. Baring-Gould—The Village Pulpit, Volume II. Trinity to Advent

The Image of Self.
23rd Sunday after Trinity. S. Matthew xxii., 20. "Whose is this image?" INTRODUCTION.--Some people are very fond of contemplating their own excellencies, of admiring their good qualities, or their success in life; they will talk to you of what they have done, how they made this lucky hit, how they outwitted so-and-so, how they escaped such a danger by their foresight. But they are not fond of considering their imperfections, of lamenting their faults, of confessing their failures, their lost opportunities,
S. Baring-Gould—The Village Pulpit, Volume II. Trinity to Advent

Thankfulness to God.
Harvest S. Matthew xxii., 21. "Render--unto God, the things that are God's." INTRODUCTION.--David says in the 8th Psalm, "What is man, that Thou art mindful of him: and the son of man that Thou visitest him? Thou makest him to have dominion of the works of Thy hands; and Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet, all sheep and oxen; yea, and the beast of the field, the fowls of the air, and the fishes of the sea." I. The mastery of man is even more extensive than this; he controls
S. Baring-Gould—The Village Pulpit, Volume II. Trinity to Advent

Love Thy Neighbour
Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.--ST MATTHEW xxii. 39. The original here quoted by our Lord is to be found in the words of God to Moses, (Leviticus xix. 18:) "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the Lord" Our Lord never thought of being original. The older the saying the better, if it utters the truth he wants to utter. In him it becomes fact: The Word was made flesh. And so, in the wondrous
George MacDonald—Unspoken Sermons

Of Gratitude for the Grace of God
Why seekest thou rest when thou art born to labour? Prepare thyself for patience more than for comforts, and for bearing the cross more than for joy. For who among the men of this world would not gladly receive consolation and spiritual joy if he might always have it? For spiritual comforts exceed all the delights of the world, and all the pleasures of the flesh. For all worldly delights are either empty or unclean, whilst spiritual delights alone are pleasant and honourable, the offspring of
Thomas A Kempis—Imitation of Christ

Thoughts Upon Our Call and Election.
MANY are called, saith our Saviour, Mat. xxii. 14. but few chosen. Oh dreadful sentence. who is able to hear it without trembling and astonishment! If he had said, that of all the Men that are born in the World, there are but few saved, this would not have struck such fear and horror in us; for we might still hope, that though Turks, Jews, and Heathens, which are far the greatest part of the World, should all perish, yet we few in comparison of them, who are baptized into his Name, who profess his
William Beveridge—Private Thoughts Upon a Christian Life

The Christian State
Scripture references: Matthew 22:17-22; 17:24-27; Acts 23:5; John 6:15; Matthew 4:8-10; John 18:36-38; Mark 14; 61,62; John 18:33; 19:19; Isaiah 9:6,7; 60:3; Zechariah 9:10; Daniel 7:14; Matthew 26:64; 26:53,54; 16:16,17; 25:31,32. CHRIST AND THE STATE The Relation of Christ to the State.--He was an intense patriot. He loved His country. The names of His great countrymen, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joshua and David, were ever on His lips. He offered Himself as the national Messiah (Matthew 21:1-17),
Henry T. Sell—Studies in the Life of the Christian

In Reply to the Questions as to his Authority, Jesus Gives the Third Great Group of Parables.
(in the Court of the Temple. Tuesday, April 4, a.d. 30.) Subdivision D. Parable of the Marriage of the King's Son. ^A Matt. XXII. 1-14. ^a 1 And Jesus answered and spake again in parables unto them, saying, 2 The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a certain king, who made a marriage feast for his son, 3 and sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the marriage feast: and they would not come. 4 Again he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them that are bidden, Behold, I have made
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

Cix. Jewish Rulers Seek to Ensnare Jesus.
(Court of the Temple. Tuesday, April 4, a.d. 30.) Subdivision A. Pharisees and Herodians Ask About Tribute. ^A Matt. XXII. 15-22; ^B Mark XII. 13-17; ^C Luke XX. 20-26. ^a 15 Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might ensnare him in his talk. ^c 20 And they watched him, and sent forth { ^b send unto him} ^a their disciples, ^b certain of the Pharisees and of { ^a with} ^b the Herodians, that they might catch him in talk. [Perceiving that Jesus, when on his guard, was too wise for them,
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

The Third Day in Passion-Week - the Last Controversies and Discourses - the Sadducees and the Resurrection - the Scribe and the Great Commandment - Question
THE last day in the Temple was not to pass without other temptations' than that of the Priests when they questioned His authority, or of the Pharisees when they cunningly sought to entangle Him in His speech. Indeed, Christ had on this occasion taken a different position; He had claimed supreme authority, and thus challenged the leaders of Israel. For this reason, and because at the last we expect assaults from all His enemies, we are prepared for the controversies of that day. We remember that,
Alfred Edersheim—The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah

The Kingdom of God Conceived as the Inheritance of the Poor.
These maxims, good for a country where life is nourished by the air and the light, and this delicate communism of a band of children of God reposing in confidence on the bosom of their Father, might suit a simple sect constantly persuaded that its Utopia was about to be realized. But it is clear that they could not satisfy the whole of society. Jesus understood very soon, in fact, that the official world of his time would by no means adopt his kingdom. He took his resolution with extreme boldness.
Ernest Renan—The Life of Jesus

The Royal Marriage Feast.
PART I.--THE WEDDING GUESTS. "And Jesus answered, and spake unto them again by parables, and said, The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, and sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. But they made light of
William Arnot—The Parables of Our Lord

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