Definition and Usage in Scripture:

Wine, a fermented beverage made from grapes, is frequently mentioned in the Bible. It holds both literal and symbolic significance throughout the Scriptures. Mixed drinks, often referred to as "strong drink" or "mixed wine," are also mentioned, typically indicating beverages with higher alcohol content or those mixed with spices or other ingredients.

Old Testament References:

Wine is first mentioned in Genesis 9:20-21, where Noah becomes drunk after consuming it. This early reference sets a precedent for the dual nature of wine as both a blessing and a potential source of moral failure. In Psalm 104:14-15, wine is described as a gift from God that "gladdens the heart of man," highlighting its role in celebration and joy.

The Law of Moses includes specific instructions regarding wine and strong drink. Priests were forbidden from consuming wine before entering the tent of meeting (Leviticus 10:9), emphasizing the need for sobriety in worship. The Nazirite vow also required abstinence from wine and strong drink (Numbers 6:3), symbolizing a special dedication to God.

Proverbs offers wisdom on the consumption of wine and strong drink. Proverbs 20:1 warns, "Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging, and whoever is led astray by them is not wise." This highlights the potential for wine to lead to reckless behavior. Conversely, Proverbs 31:6-7 suggests giving strong drink to those in distress, indicating its use as a form of relief.

New Testament References:

In the New Testament, wine continues to play a significant role. Jesus' first miracle at the wedding in Cana involved turning water into wine (John 2:1-11), demonstrating His divine authority and the joy of the new covenant. Wine is also central to the Last Supper, where Jesus uses it as a symbol of His blood in the institution of the Lord's Supper (Matthew 26:27-29).

The Apostle Paul addresses the use of wine in his epistles. In Ephesians 5:18, he advises, "Do not get drunk on wine, which leads to reckless indiscretion. Instead, be filled with the Spirit." This underscores the importance of moderation and the dangers of excess. Paul also advises Timothy to use a little wine for his stomach ailments (1 Timothy 5:23), acknowledging its medicinal properties.

Symbolism and Theological Implications:

Wine often symbolizes joy, abundance, and divine blessing. In the prophetic literature, it is associated with the Messianic age and the restoration of Israel (Isaiah 25:6, Amos 9:13-14). The abundance of wine in these eschatological visions signifies the fullness of God's kingdom.

Conversely, the Bible also uses wine as a metaphor for God's wrath and judgment. The "cup of wrath" imagery in Jeremiah 25:15-16 and Revelation 14:10 illustrates the severity of divine judgment, where nations are made to drink the wine of God's fury.

Cultural and Historical Context:

In biblical times, wine was a staple of the Mediterranean diet and was often safer to drink than water due to its fermentation process. It was used in religious rituals, daily meals, and festive occasions. Mixed drinks, while less frequently mentioned, were known in ancient cultures and often used in similar contexts.

Moral and Ethical Considerations:

The Bible presents a balanced view of wine and mixed drinks, recognizing them as part of God's creation and gifts to humanity, while also warning against their misuse. Drunkenness is consistently condemned as sinful behavior that leads to moral decay and spiritual insensitivity. Believers are called to exercise self-control and discernment in their consumption of alcohol, ensuring that it does not hinder their relationship with God or their witness to others.